Review Sheet #1 - Mr Volkmar's Course Pages



PsychologyReview Sheet for the Final ExamUnit 1: Intro & Research Methods Case Studies, Naturalistic Observation, SurveysCorrelation research methods Experimental researchIndependent vs. dependent variable Experimental vs. control groups ControlsRandom sampling Random assignment Double-blindPlacebo Hindsight BiasOverconfidenceNormal distributionUnit 2: The Biological School Axons, dendrites, synaptic gap, myelin sheathEndorphins, serotonin, dopamineSympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic nervous systemBrainstemmedulla (heartbeat and breathing)reticular formation (arousal center)thalamus (the “sensory switchboard”)Limbic system hippocampus (memory)hypothalamus (drives (eating and sex)/”pleasure center”)cerebellum (balance and coordination)amygdala (fear and aggression)Cerebral Cortex Occipital Lobe (Vision)Parietal Lobe (Sensory Cortex)Temporal Lobe (Hearing) Frontal (Personality/Judgment/ Motor Cortex)Right hemisphere: Spatial and EmotionsLeft: Language and LogicUnit 3: Developmental PsychologyIdentical twins (from same fertilized egg)Fraternal twins (from two separate eggs)Attachment Cognitive Development (Piaget)Schema, assimilation, accommodationObject permanenceEgocentrismStranger anxietySensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, formalAuthoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive Moral Development (Kohlberg)Pre-conventional, conventional, post-ConventionalAlzheimer’s Disease (decreased acetylcholine)Parkinson’s Disease (decreased dopamine)Unit 4: Sensation and Perception Absolute ThresholdVisionParts of the eye: pupil, lens, retina (rods and cones), foveaBlind spotHearingParts of the ear: eardrum, bones of the middle ear, cochlea, hair cellsKinesthesisSelective attentionPerceptual setVisual captureBinocular cues (retinal disparity, convergence)Monocular cues (relative size, relative height, texture gradient, interposition, linear perspective, relative clarity)Unit 5: States of Consciousness Sleep and Dreams:Alpha waves, delta waves, circadian rhythm, manifest/latent dream contentSleep CycleREM Sleep (paradoxical)Sleep disorders (Night terrors, Narcolepsy, Insomnia, Sleep Apnea)HypnosisDrugs (depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens)Unit 6: Learning Classical conditioning (Pavlov)CS, UCS, CR, and UCRAcquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, discrimination, generalizationOperant Conditioning (Skinner)Positive and Negative reinforcersObservational Learning (Bandura and “Bobo doll” experiment)Unit 7: Memory and ThinkingContext effectEncoding, Storage, RetrievalMnemonic devices Spacing EffectSerial position effectProactive interferenceRetroactive interferenceForgetting AlgorithmsHeuristicsRepresentativenessAvailabilityFunctional FixednessUnit 8: Intelligence, Motivation and Emotion Achievement tests (AP exams)Aptitude tests (SATs, IQ tests…)ReliabilityValidity Factor Analysis“G” Factor (Spearman)Gardiner’s Multiple intelligencesEmotional IntelligenceIntrinsic and extrinsic motivationInstinct vs. Drive-reduction vs. Optimum ArousalTheories of EmotionPolygraphStressBurnoutType A, B PersonalitiesUnit 9: Personality Psychoanalytic TheoryFree AssociationFreudDream interpretationId, Ego, SuperegoDefense mechanisms (repression, reaction formation, projection, displacement, sublimation)Projective tests (TAT, Rorschach)ArchetypesUnit 10: Abnormal PsychologyDSM-IVAnxiety DisordersGeneralized Anxiety DisorderPanic DisorderPhobias (agoraphobia)Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderPersonality DisordersAnti-socialDependentHistrionic Narcissistic Somatoform DisordersConversion DisorderHypochondriasisDissociative Disorders (Amnesia, Fugue, DID)Mood DisordersMajor Depressive DisorderDysthymic disorderBipolar Disorder Schizophrenia Therapies/Treatment ................
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