Developmental Psychology - wsfcs.k12.nc.us



Chapters 3 and 4: Developmental Psychology

Developmental Studies

1. Cross-sectional study: Study comparing development between age groups over a relatively short period of time.

2. Longitudinal study: study tracing the development of one age group over a more extensive period of time.

3. gene: segment of DNA that determines biological traits

4. monozygotic twins: identical / 100% shared DNA

5. Dizygotic twins: fraternal = ~50 shared DNA

6. zygote: fertilized egg (begins cell division)

7. Bouchard Minnesota Twin Study / Adoption Studies: Significant correlational studies that suggest genes affect certain traits

8. Heritability: Extent to which differences between individuals can be attributed to genes

9. Temperament: emotional excitability (tends to remain stable over time…)

10. Evolutionary Psychology: study of how traits that enhance survival are passed down over generations (encoded in DNA)

11. Gender identity (one’s sense of being male or female)

12. Gender roles- traditional behaviors, duties of genders

13. Gender-typing: expectation or assignment of traditional male, female roles

14. Gender schema theory: theory that children learn what it means to be male or female from the culture in which they live

15. Social learning theory: We learn through social interaction, experience with others (Albert Bandura and observational learning)

16. Individualist vs. collectivist cultures

Early Development

17. DNA: complex molecule containing genes

18. Chromosome: thread-like structure containing genes (23rd pair determine sex of offspring)

19. teratogens: toxic substances that can pass through the placenta and harm the baby during fetal development.

20. fetal alcohol syndrome: leading teratogen related developmental issue: results in mental retardation, poor motor coordination or impaired attention etc.

21. maturation: Biological, universal growth processes / orderly changes in behavior (sets the basic course of development while environment adjusts it)

22. Newborn instincts (reflexes): rooting reflex, morrow reflex, sucking reflex, grasping reflex

23. Habituation: used to study infants’ cognition (the newer the stimulus, the more attention paid)

24. Harlow’s Monkey Experiment: (Early attachment) Contact / touch critical for early attachment and emotional security

25. Critical Period: Optimal period right after birth in which exposure, nurture creates proper development

26. Imprinting: attachment based on first experience (gosling, chick, duckling)

27. Memes: learning through mimmicking or copying behaviors, actions of others)

28. Mary Ainsworth: Secure / Insecure attachment

a. Secure attachment: comfortable in mother’s presence / Mother’s departure = initial distress / Mother’s return = seek contact

b. Insecure attachment: Cling to mother /Mother’s departure = extended distress or indifference / Return = cling or indifference

c. Avoidance attachment: Indifferent to mother’s presence, departure, return

29. Parenting styles:

a. Authoritarian parents: impose rules and expect obedience. (Strict- “Because I said so.”

b. Permissive parents: Few demands, little punishment- (submit to child’s demands / “Do your own thing.”)

c. Authoritative parents: Demanding and responsive (Enforce and explain / justify the rules / Open discussion with teenagers / exceptions to rules…)

Stage Theories of Development

30. Piaget: Cognitive development (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Op. , Formal Op.)

a. Schema: concept

b. Object Permanence: (still there even if you can’t see it…!) (sensorimotor)

c. Assimilation: Incorporating new experiences in terms of existing schema (Sensorimotor)

d. Accommodation: Adapting schemas to incorporate new information (Sesorimotor)

e. Egocentrism: Can’t perceive things from others’ point of view (to age 3) (Preoperational)

f. Theory of mind (age 4)– Understand another’s perspective / infer other’s feelings

g. Conservation: “Quantity remains same despite changes in shape.” (Concrete Operational)

31. Kohlberg: Moral development (Preconventional, Conventional, Post-conventional)

32. Erikson: Psychosocial development (8 stages- trust vs. mistrust, identity vs. role confusion, generativity vs. stagnation)

Adolescence / Adulthood

33. Primary Sex Characteristics body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

34. Secondary Sex Characteristics: nonreproductive sexual characteristics (female--breast and hips, male--voice quality and body hair)

35. Menarche: first menstrual period

36. Menopause: end of menstrual cycle

37. Fluid Intelligence: Speedy abstract reasoning / very gradual decline after 20’s

38. Crystallized Intelligence: Knowledge base / continues to expand through lifetime

39. Dementia = mental erosion (memory, processing etc.)

40. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross: 5 Stages of Grief: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance)

41. Social Clock: Cultural or societal timetable that is expected for certain developments of your life. (example: marriage, retirement etc.)

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