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Ch 11: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART Name (in ink)

1. Figure 11-2 is an anterior view of the heart. Identify each numbered structure and write its name in the corresponding numbered space below the figure. Then, select different colors for each structure provided with a color-coding circle, and use them to color the coding circles and corresponding structures on the figure.

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⃝ ____________________________ 1. ⃝ ____________________________ 6. ⃝ ____________________________ 11.

⃝ ____________________________ 2. ⃝ ____________________________ 7. ⃝ ____________________________ 12.

⃝ ____________________________ 3. ⃝ ____________________________ 8. ____________________________ 13.

⃝ ____________________________ 4. ⃝ ____________________________ 9. ____________________________ 14.

⃝ ____________________________ 5. ⃝ ____________________________10. ____________________________ 15.

Path of blood flow

2. The heart is called a double pump because it serves two circulations. Trace the flow of blood through both the pulmonary and systemic circulations by writing the missing terms in the answer blanks. Then, color regions transporting O2-poor blood blue and regions transporting O2-rich blood red on Figure 11-1. Finally, identify areas of systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation, systemic pump, and pulmonary pump.

1. Blood flows from the right atrium through the valve.

2. The blood enters the ______ (chamber).

3. It is pumped out of the heart, first passing through the valve.

4. Blood then passes into the trunk.

5. Then to the right and left .

6. Arteries branch to form smaller and smaller .

7. Gases are exchanged once blood enters the of the lungs.

8. Blood returns to the heart first through the smallest .

9. Vessels merge to become larger .

10. The largest vessels that deliver oxygenated blood back to the heart are the left and right ____.

11. Blood enters the .

12. Then passes through the valve.

13. And into this chamber with a larger muscle layer due to pumping to the systemic circuit.

14. From there, blood exits through the valve.

15. Entering the , which branches into systemic arteries.

16. These vessels branch to form the smaller .

17. Gases are exchanged at the smallest of body tissues.

18. Blood returns to the heart first through the small .

19. Which join to form larger systemic .

20. The largest systemic veins, the superior and inferior ___, deliver deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium of the heart.

3. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks.

1. The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the cavity

2. Its apex rests on the

3. And its base is at the level of rib.

4. The heart muscle, or myocardium, is composed of a specialized type of muscle tissue called

5. The arteries that oxygenate and nourish the myocardium are the

6. The coronary sinus returns blood from the heart tissue to the

7. Relative to the roles of the heart chambers, the are receiving chambers

8. Whereas the are discharging chambers.

9. The membrane that lines the heart and also forms the valve flaps is called

10. The outermost layer of the heart is called the

11. The sac of serous membrane around the heart is the

12. It is composed of two layers: The layer on the surface of the heart is the

13. The layer that anchors the heart to the cavity wall and surrounding structures is the

14. The fluid that fills the space between the layers of the pericardial sac is

15. This serous fluid acts to decrease during heart activity.

The Cardiac Cycle (The period during which both atria and ventricles contract and relax)

4. Complete the following statements that describe these events. Insert your answers in the answer blanks.

1. The events of one complete heartbeat are referred to as the .

2. The contraction of the ventricles is referred to as .

3. The period of ventricular relaxation when AV valves are open, is called .

4. The monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac cycle .

5. The first heart sound is a result of closure of the valves, which prevents blood from flowing backwards from ventricles back into atria during systole.

6. Closure of the valves causes the second heart sound, which prevents backflow from aorta and pulmonary trunk into ventricles during diastole.

7. The heart chambers that have just filled when you hear the first heart sound are the .

8. And the chambers that have just emptied are the .

9. Immediately after the second heart sound, the are filling with blood.

10. And the are empty.

11. Abnormal heart sounds are called , and usually indicate valve problems.

5. Figure 11-4 is a diagram of the frontal section of the heart. Follow the instructions below to complete this exercise.

(a) Correctly identify each of the heart valves (numbers 6-9 on the figure) by inserting the appropriate terms in the blanks left of the figure.

(b) Use the numbers from the figure to identify the structures described below. Place the numbers in the lettered answer blanks.

_______ A. ______ B. Prevent backflow into the ventricles when the heart is relaxed

______C. ______ D. Prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting

______E. Atrioventricular (AV) valve with three flaps

______ F. AV valve with two flaps

(c) Identify each of the elements of the intrinsic conduction system (numbers 1-5 on the figure) by inserting the appropriate terms in the blanks left of the figure.

(d) Indicate with green arrows the pathway that impulses take through this system.

______ G. The pacemaker of the intrinsic conduction system

______ H. The point in the intrinsic conduction system where the impulse is temporarily delayed

(e) Draw in and identify by name the cordlike structures that anchor the flaps, of the AV valves. (chordae tendineae)

(f) Draw arrows to indicate the direction of blood flow through the heart. Draw the pathway of the oxygen-rich blood with red arrows, and trace the pathway of oxygen-poor blood with blue arrows.

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6. Complete the following statements relating to cardiac output by writing the missing terms.

1. The amount of blood pumped in 1 minute is called the

2. In the relationship CO = HR X SV, CO stands for

3. HR stands for

4. SV stands for (the volume of blood pumped by ventricles with each heartbeat)

5. For the normal resting heart, the value of HR is approximately

6. The value of SV is

7. The normal average adult cardiac output, therefore, is

8. The time for the entire blood supply to pass through the body is once each

9. According to Starling's law of the heart, the critical factor that determines force of heartbeat (stroke volume) is the degree of ___ of the cardiac muscle just before it contracts. (Stroke volume increases as force of contraction increases)

10. Consequently, the force of heartbeat can be increased by increasing the amount of ____ returned to the heart.

11. Because the heart of a highly trained athlete hypertophies, its stroke volume

12. But its rate of contraction

13. The period when the ventricles are contracting is

14. The period when the ventricles are relaxing is

15. The pumping action of the healthy heart ordinarily maintains a balance between cardiac output and

7. Check (√) all factors that lead to an increase in cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume.

1. Epinephrine 6. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

2. Fever 7. Activation of the vagus nerves

3. Hemorrhage 8. Low blood pressure

4. Fear 9. High blood pressure

5. Exercise 10. Thyroxine – hormone released by thyroid gland

that controls metabolism

8. First, select different colors for each of the three blood vessel tunics listed in the key choices and illustrated in Figure 11-6 on p. 185. Color the color-coding circles and the corresponding structures in the three diagrams. In the blanks beneath the illustrations correctly identify each vessel type. In the additional spaces provided, list the structural details that allowed you to make the identifications. Then, using the key choices, identify the blood vessel tunics described in each of the following descriptions. Insert the term or letter of the key choice in the answer blanks.

Key Choice

⃝ A. Tunica intima ⃝ B. Tunica media ⃝ C. Tunica externa

1. Single thin layer of endothelium

2. Bulky middle coat, containing smooth muscle and elastin

3. Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow

4. The only tunic of capillaries

5. Composed of connective tissue

6. The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation through vasoconstriction

7. Supporting, protective coat

8. Action is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

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9. Complete the following statements concerning blood vessels.

1. The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the

2. Enlargement of the vessel diameter is called

3. Reduction of the diameter of this cavity is called

4. Vasoconstriction is the major action of the ___ Nervous System to increase blood pressure

5. Blood is carried to the heart by

6. Blood is carried away from the heart by

7. Capillary beds are supplied by small arteries called

8. Capillaries are drained by small veins called

9. Cold has a effect.

10. Heat has a effect.

11. The ____ circulation is a high pressure system.

12. The ____ circulation is a low pressure system.

10. Fill in the order blood would pass through the vessels of the systemic circulation.

Beginning with blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart ( ______________ (

______________ ( ______________ ( (nutrient & gas exchange at smallest vessels)

______________ ( ______________ ( ______________

( superior and inferior ______________ ( back to right atrium of the heart.

11. Briefly explain in the space provided why valves are present in veins but not in arteries.

12. Name two events occurring within the body that aid in venous return. Place your responses in the blanks that follow.

and

13. Vital Signs: 1. 3.

2. 4.

14. Assume someone has been injured in an automobile accident and is bleeding profusely. What pressure point could you compress to help stop the bleeding from the following areas?

1. Thigh 5. Top/back of foot

2. Arm 6. Wrist

3. Behind knee 7. Neck

4. Medial ankle 8. Armpit

15. The following section relates to understandings concerning blood pressure and pulse. Match the items given in Column B with the appropriate descriptions provided in Column A.

Column A

1. Alternating expansion and recoil of an artery with each beat of the left ventricle

2. Pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls

3. The amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows through vessels

4. The amount of blood pumped in one minute

5. Two factors that affect blood pressure

6. Increased blood pressure, generally >140 systolic, called the silent killer because often there are no symptoms for years while damage is being done.

7. Decreased blood pressure, generally ................
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