Anatomy and Physiology



Anatomy and Physiology Review: The Nervous System

Notes and diagrams can be found at anatomyscholarsrphs.

How is the nervous system organized? Draw the diagram below.

What what does the somatic, autonomic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems control?

Somatic: skeletal muscles, and motion

Autonomic: Involuntary functions controls cardiac and smooth muscles and glands

Parasympathetic: involuntary routine functions, resting state

Sympathetic: involuntary functions, high alert.

What is the difference between afferent signals and efferent signals?

Afferent signals are sensory input, while efferent signals are motor impulses and other output.

Know placement terms: Anterior, Posterior, Dorsal, Ventral, Superior, Inferior.

Anterior (ventral): front Posterior (dorsal): back

Superior: Above Inferior: below

What are the six glial cells (neuralglia), their functions, and their locations? ie. PNS or CNS

Astrocytes; support cells that hold on to the neurons and capillaries. They nourish the neurons. CNS

Oligodenrocyte: Produce the myelin sheaths for neuron axons. CNS

Ependymal cells: act as a protective covering for the spinal cord and surround cavities in the central nervous system. CNS

Microglia: absorb dead cells and bacteria. Protect neurons from infection. CNS

Schwann cells: Produce myelin sheaths for neuron axons. PNS

satellite cells: Cushioning support cells. PNS

*Know and be able to identify in a diagram the parts of the neuron.

*Study neuron diagram

What is a myelin sheath?

A multi-layered sheath of myelin, a fatty insulating substance that covers the neuron axons. Produced by oligodendrocytes and schwann cells.

Draw the three different structures of neurons: Bipolar, Unipolar, Multipolar.

What direction does the signal travel through the cell? From what part to what part?

Dendrite to axon terminal

Describe what happens to the cell membrane of a neuron when it is stimulated or excited. Be specific.

When a neuron is excited gated pores in the cell membrane open to let ion flow in and out. This causes the electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of the cell to become neutral. The cell depolarizes. This depolarization causes an electrical discharge to travel down the length of the cell.

Explain how the signal travels from one neuron to another? Again, be specific.

When the electrical impulse reaches the axon terminals vesicles carrying neurotransmitters are stimulated to fuse with the cell membrane pushing out these neurotransmitters. The chemical messengers are released into the synaptic gap where they flow across and bind to neurotransmitter receptor sites on the dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron. Neurotransmitters may excite the other neuron or inhibit it.

Draw a diagram of the synapse with appropriate labeling.

What is an inter-neuron and what is it's role in the reflex response?

An inter-neuron is located in the spinal cord and programmed to send out an efferent signal upon receiving certain stimuli. This allows the body to react faster by bypassing the need for the brain to come to a decision before enacting a response.

What are the four anatomical parts of the brain?

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and diencephalon

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum and their functions?

Frontal: motor function and cognition

Parietal: sensory

Occipital: vision and visual proccessing

Temporal: speech, hearing, vision, emotion, and memory.

*Be able to identify the parts of the brain, and lobes of the cerebrum in a diagram.

*Study lobes of the brain and brain stem diagram.

What lobe is the primary motor cortex located? The primary somatic sensory cortex? What are their functions?

primary motor cortex: frontal lobe, motor function and movement

primary somatic sensory cortex: parietal lobe, sensory processing

What are the three parts to the diencephalon? Where are these parts located in relation to each other?

Thalamus

Hypothalamus: anterior to the thalamus

Epithalamus: posterior to the thalamus

What is the function of the Thalamus?

The function of the thalamus is to act as a relay station for sensory and motor information between the body and the cerebral cortex. Also regulates the body's states of arousal: sleep, wakefulness, and high alert.

What are the three parts of the brain stem and their functions?

Midbrain: act as a relay station for sensory and motor information.

Pons: primarily controls breathing

Medulla Oblongata: regulates breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and controls coughing, sneezing, and vomiting reflexes.

*Be able to identify the parts of the brain stem in a diagram.

*Study lobes of the brain and brain stem diagram.

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Coordinates our movements and controls balance, it uses sensory information to analyze and adjust the body's movements so that it matches the body's intended motion.

What are the three meninges and what are their properties?

Dura Mater: tough outer membrane

Arachnoid Mater: web-like middle membrane that holds cerebral-spinal fluid to cushion the brain and spinal cord.

Pia Mater: delicate inner membrane that adheres directly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

What is the blood-brain barrier, and why is it different from other capillary networks in the body?

The blood-brain barrier refers to the increased impermeability of the the brain's capillary networks compared to those located in the rest of the body. This property protects the brain from substances that may affect it negatively, like surges of ion, hormones and other chemicals.

What three kinds of connective tissues are used to give the nerve structure?

Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

*Be able to identify the parts of a nerve, including connective tissues in a diagram.

*study cranial nerve diagram (structure of a nerve)

What are the twelve cranial nerves and what do they control? What part of the brain do they connect to? ie. Cerebrum, brain stem, etc. Which ones are afferent only nerves?

Cerebrum

Olfactory: Afferent (sensory) only, smell

Diencephalon

Optic: Afferent (sensory) only, sight

Brain Stem

Oculomotor: up and down eye motion

Trochlear: rotational eye movement

Abducens: side to side eye movement

Facial: facial muscles and sensation

Trigeminal: Jaw motion and sensation

Vestibulocochlear: Afferent (sensory) only, Hearing

Hypoglossal: Tongue movement

Vagus: organs, autonomic functions

Accessory: back and side neck muscles

Glossopharyngeal: controls the muscles around the pharynx

*Be able to identify the cranial nerves on a diagram. (Study carefully)

*study cranial nerve diagram

What is a plexus?

Major nerve center

What are the three main plexuses and where are they located?

Brachial: neck vertebra

Lumbar: lower back vertebra, just above pelvis

Sacral: tailbone, attached to the pelvis.

*Be able to identify in a diagram the nerves from these three plexuses.

*Study spinal nerve diagram

The key to this review will be posted Sunday morning.

Completed diagrams will be posted on the site Saturday morning to use as reference.

Blank diagrams will also be available for you to practice with.

Completed reviews may be turned in on the day of the test, Monday, to receive a bonus 5 points on the test.

The test will contain a combination of multiple choice and matching. Good Luck!

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