Proceedings Template - WORD
MLE during the Spanish Period: Philippine Dictionaries from 1521 to 1896
Amelia E. Punzalan
University of the Philippines National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education Development
U.P. Diliman, Quezon City
63 – 2- 927 4276 ext 104
amelia.punzalan@up.edu.ph
ABSTRACT
What was the language of instruction used by the Spanish friars in the evangelization campaign? What was the language policy during the period? What was the status of dictionaries in the Philippines from 1521 to 1896?
The paper will try to answer the above questions based on an initial study on dictionaries in the Philippines written from 1521 to 1896 as well as on a representative analysis of two major Tagalog-Spanish dictionaries written in 1624 and 1754 namely, Vocabulario Tagalo [7] and Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala, respectively [4].
The paper may provide insights into the language of instruction policy and intellectualization issue about Philippine languages.
Categories and Subject Descriptors
Dictionaries, language policy, Spanish period
General Terms
Philippine dictionaries
Keywords
Dictionaries during the Spanish period, language policy
INTRODUCTION
The main purpose of the Spaniards in coming to the Philippine archipelago was to baptize and instruct the natives in the Christian faith as well as to have them subject to the Spanish Crown. It may be recalled that Ferdinand Magellan, the great navigator, arrived in Cebu on March16, 1521. After the blood compact ceremony with Rajah Humabon, the latter agreed to be baptized along with his men. However, Magellan might have a big communication problem with Raja Lapu-lapu of Mactan. The Malay assistant-interpreter (Enrique de Malacca) of Magellan seemed not to help in convincing the Rajah to be baptized. Magellan along with his 26 men died in the hands of Lapu-lapu.
The language problem might be one of the concerns taken into consideration when Commander Miguel Lopez de Legaspi including six (6) Agustinian friars arrived in Cebu on February 13, 1565. Faced with the wide linguistic diversity of the natives, the missionary friars were aware, from the very beginning, of the necessity of mastering the language in order to evangelize. Indeed, one of the three first works published in the Philippines is a bilingual book on the Christian faith, Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua española y tagala Manila 1593.
The Royal decree of 1594 granted the allocation of territories for equitable evangelization campaign of the four religious orders as follows:
Dominicans Cagayan, Pangasinan, Batanes
Agustinians Visayas, Ilocos, Pampanga
Franciscans Camarines
Jesuits other parts of Visayas, Sulu, Mindanao
However, all the four religious orders were given parishes in Manila and the surrounding Tagalog provinces.
This arrangement allowed all the Orders to cultivate Tagalog, and permitted the Orders to concentrate their efforts in at least four other important languages.
LANGUAGE POLICY
The language policy of the Eclessiastical Junta in 1582 was to use the native language in preaching the Christian faith. The same language policy was sent to Captain General Tello in February 1596 for the 264 Spanish friars in the Philippines. The aim was to accomplish the two mandates: reduction, and evangelization. This policy allowed the establishment of chairs for the study of the local languages and hence, publication of catechisms, confessionals, grammars and dictionaries. Although subsequent language policy of the King of Spain (dated 1686, 1770, 1772, 1774 & 1792) was the use of Spanish, the Church maintained the use of local languages.
DICTIONARIES PUBLISHED from 1521 to 1896
It was recorded that about 70 manuscripts of completed dictionaries written from 1565 to 1898 were not at all published. Permission from both the Church and the King of Spain must be obtained before a book is published. It was a long process and sometimes, some authors lose their patience and do their own printing without putting the name/s of author/s and date, of course.
Based on the studies of Medina (1972) and Hidaldo (1977), shown below is a list of published Philippine dictionaries from 1521 to 1896, more than 375 years of writing dictionaries mostly undertaken by friars.
|Year and Place | |Name of Author |
|of Publication |Title of the Dictionary |(Religious |
| | |Order) |
|1521 |Cebuano Wordlist |Antonio |
| |(In The Philippine Islands by Blair |Pigafetta |
| |and Robertson: 1908. Cleveland) | |
|1580 |Arte Vocabulario y Confessionario – |Diego Ochoa |
| |Pampango |(Agustinian) |
| |(mentioned by Perez in Catalogo and by| |
| |Blake A Bibliography of Philippine | |
| |Languages. 1920) | |
|1580 |Arte y Vocabulario – Tagala |Juan Quiñones |
| |(Binanggit ni Perez sa Catalogo V. 3 |(Agustinian) |
| |1580) | |
|1610 |Arte y Reglas de Lengua Tagal 785 p. |Francisco |
|Bataan |1832 2nd ed (Manila) 919 p. |Blancas de San |
| | |Jose (Dominican)|
|1613 |Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala |Pedro de San |
|Pila |707 p. |Buena Ventura |
| | |(Franciscan) |
|1613 |Diccionario Ibanag – Español |Jose Bugarin |
|Manila | | |
|1628 |Arte y Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala |Teodoro Madre de|
|Manila | |Dios (Dominican)|
|1637 |Bocabulario de Lengua Bisaia |Alonso de |
|Manila |Hiligueyna y Haraia de la Isla de |Mentrida |
|1841 |Panai y Sugbu y ar alas delas Islas |(Agustinian) |
|1842 |Note: Also published in 1841 – and in | |
|1894 |1842; expanded by Julian Martin | |
| |(Agustino). Last published as “Arte de| |
| |la Lengua Bisaya-Hiligaynan de la Isla| |
| |de Panay” in 1894 reorganized and | |
| |expanded by Jose Aparicio | |
|1647 |Arte de la Lengua Bicol |Andres de San |
| | |Agustin |
| | |(Fraciscan) |
|1648 |Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala. |Geronimo Montes |
|Manila | |y Escamilla de |
| | |San Antonio |
| | |(Jesuit) |
|1662 |Arte Bisaya de Leyte y Samar |Domingo Esguerra|
| | |(Jesuit) |
|1663 Manila |Arte dela Lengua Bisaya de la |Domingo Esguerra|
|1747 |Provincia de Leyte |(Jesuit) |
|2nd ed | | |
|Manila | | |
|1679 |Arte de la Lengua Tagala, Sacado de |Agustin de la |
|Mexico |Diversos Artes |Magdalena |
| | |(Franciscan) |
|1703 |Compedio de la Arte dela Lengua Tagala|Gaspar de San |
|Manila |2nd limbag 1747 |Agustin |
| |3rd limbag 1879 |(Agustinian) |
|1703 |Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala |Domingo de los |
|Tayabas |2nd ed 1749 Manila |Santos |
| |3rd ed 1835 Manila |(Franciscan) |
|1711 |Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya |Matheo Sanchez |
|Manila |551 p |(Jesuit) |
|1729 |Vocabulario de la Lengua Camarina o |Anonimo |
|Manila |Bicol |(Franciscan) |
|1729 |Arte de la Lengua Pampanga |Diego Bergaño |
|1st ed |1736 2nd ed |(Agustinian) |
|Manila |1916 3rd ed | |
|1729 & 1736 |Arte de la Lengua Pampanga (10 at 20 |Diego Bergaño |
|Manila |Parte) |(Agustinian) |
| |1916 3rd ed. | |
|1732 |Bocabulario de Pampango en Romance y |Diego Bergaño |
|Manila |Diccionario de Romance en Pampango |(Agustinian) |
| |1860 reprinted | |
|1732 |Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga |Diego Bergaño |
|1st ed |(1860 – reprinted) | |
|Manila | | |
|1739 Lisboa |Arte de Lengua Bicol |Andres de |
| |(2nd Ed., Lisboa) |SanAgustin(Franc|
| | |iscan) |
|1740 |Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala |Tomas Ortiz |
|Manila | |(Agustinian) |
|1742 |Tagalysmo Elucidado |Salinas Melchor |
|Mexico | |de Oyanguren |
| | |(Franciscan) |
|1745 |Arte de la Lengua Tagala y Manual |Sebastian de |
|Sampaloc |Tagalog para la Administracion de los |Totanes |
| |Santos Sacramentos (1796, 1850 and |(Franciscan) |
| |1865 editions) | |
|1754 |Vocabulario de la Lengua Bicol |Marcos de Lisboa|
|Manila |(May be from the manuscript of |(Franciscan) |
| |1628-“Diccionario del Idioma Bicol” | |
| |Reprinted in 1865 | |
|1754 |Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala |Juan de Noceda |
|Manila |(2nd Ed. 1832 Valladolid, Espana at |and Pedro de |
|1832 |Manila |Sanlucar |
| |3rd Ed. 1860 Manila) |(Jesuit) |
|1754 |Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala |Juan Jose de |
|Manila |Tabaxada por varios Sugitos, Dactos y |Noceda |
| |Graves |(Jesuit) |
|1754 |Diccionario Tagalog |Diego de la |
|Manila | |Asumpcion |
| | |(Franciscan) |
|1760 |Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya – |Francisco Encina|
|Manila |Zebuana |(Agustinian) |
|1780 |Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala |Tomas Ortiz |
|Manila | |(Agustinian) |
|1795 |Arte de la Lengua Bicol para la |Andres de San |
|Manila |Enzeñanza de este Idioma en la |Agustin |
| |Provincia de Camarines |(Franciscan) |
| |(2nd printing) | |
|1804(?) |Arte de la Lengua Zebuana | |
| |616 p published in 1801according to | |
| |Retana 1 | |
| |There is another edition in 1836 | |
|1808 |Bocabulario Chino-Espanol de Lengua |John Leyden |
|London |Sangleys | |
| |(A Chinese dialect spoken in the | |
| |Philippines) | |
|1826 |Arte Nuevo de la Lengua Ibanag |Jose Maria |
|Manila |(With 2 editions: 1854 and 1865 |Fausto de Cuevas|
| |2nd ed) |(Dominican) |
|1836 |Arte de la Lengua Cebuana | |
| |168 p | |
|1840 |Arte de la Lengua Pangasinan o |Mariano Pellicer|
|Manila |Caboloan |(Agustinian) |
| |198 p | |
|1849 |Vocabulario de la Lengua Ilocano |Andres Carro |
|Manila |356 p. |(Agustinian) |
|1850 |Gramatica de la Lengua Tagala |Manuel Buzeto |
|Madrid |dispuesta para mas facil inteligencia |(Agustinian) |
| |de los religiosos principianten, con | |
| |un breve confesario y otras varias | |
| |materias. | |
| |171 p. | |
|1851 |Diccionario Bisaya-Español (634 p.) |Juan Felix de la|
|Manila |2nd ed 1866 (388 p) |Encarnacion |
| |3rd ed 1885 (2 vol.) Vol 2 is entitled|(Agustinian) |
| |Diccionario Español-Bisaya inedit by | |
| |Jose Sanchez del Carmen | |
|1852 |Diccionario Español-Bisaya |Juan Felix de |
|Manila |6 + 573 p. |Encarnacion |
|1854 |Ejercicio Cotidiano, iti Amanuyang |Luisa Gonzaga de|
|Manila |Castila Bildug Ne Quing Amawing |Leon |
| |Capanpangan 308 p. | |
|1854 |Diccionario de Terminus Comunes |Rosalio Serrano |
|Manila |Tagalo-Castellano | |
|1855 |Grammatica Bisaya-Cebuana |Nicolas Gonzales|
|Manila |160, 44(2) p. |de San Vicente |
| | |Ferrer |
|1860 |Vademecum Filipino o Manual del |Venancio Maria |
|Manila |Conversacion Familiar Español-Tagalo, |de Abella |
| |Segundo de un Curioso Vocabulario de | |
| |Modismos Manileño Reprinted 4x | |
| |1869-1873 | |
|1865 |Diccionario Pangasinan-Español |Lorenzo |
|Manila |(reorganized and expanded by Fr. Pedro|Fernandez |
| |Vilanova) |Cosgaya |
| | |(Agustinian) |
|1867 |Diccionario Español-Ibanag; o sea, |Dominicans in |
|Manila |Tesauro Hispano-Cagayan, sacado de los|Cagayan province|
| |manuscritos, y nuevamente corr. Y | |
| |añadido en gran parte | |
| |511 p. | |
|1869 |Gramatica Hispano-Ilocano |Gabriel Vivo y |
|Manila |225 p. |Juderias |
|1872 |Nueva Gramatica Tagalog: |Joaquin de Coria|
|Madrid |Teorico-Practica |(Franciscan) |
| |522 p. | |
|1872 |Arte de Idioma Visaya de Samar Y Leite|Antonio Figueroa|
|Manila |135 p. |(Franciscan) |
|2nd ed | | |
|1872 |Lecciones de gramatica Hispano-Tagala |Jose Hevia y |
|Manila | |Campamanes |
| | |Dominican |
|1872 |Nuevo Diccionario Manual |Rosalio Serrano |
|Manila | | |
|1873 |Diccionario Ilocano-Castellano |Gabriel Vivo y |
|Manila |228 p. |Juderias |
|1876 |Nuevo Vocabulario o Manual de |Eligio Fernandez|
|1st ed |Conversaciones en Español, Tagalo y | |
|Binondo |Pampango 80 p. Reprinted 8x | |
| |1882 – 2nd ed; 1893 – 3rd ed | |
|1876 |Cursos de Lengua Panayana |Raymundo Lozano |
|Manila | |y Megia |
| | |(Agustinian) |
|1876 |Gramatica Hispano-Ilocano |Jose Naves |
|(1st ed) | |(Agustinian) |
|1892 | | |
|(2nd ed) | | |
|Tambobong | | |
|1878 |Ensayo de Gramatica Hispano-Tagala |Toribio Miguella|
|Manila |302 p. |y Arnedo |
|1884 |Breve Compendio de Gramatica |Gabriel Vivo y |
|Manila |Iloco-Castellano |Juderias |
| |98 p. | |
|1884 |Vocabulario Militar y Guia de |Eusebio Salva |
|Manila |Conversacion Español-Tagalo-Visaya | |
|1886 |Gramatica na isinauikang Tagalog nang |Asiscio F. |
|Manila |sa Castila sa Caparaanang mga Tanong |Vallin y |
| |at Sagot (Gramatica Traducida en |Bustillo |
| |Lengua Tagala de Castellano…) | |
| |202 p. | |
|1887 |Gramatica Hispano-Visaya, con algunas |Antonio Sanchez |
|Manila |lecciones practices intercaladas en el|de la Rosa |
| |texto que facilitan a los niños |(Franciscan) |
| |indigenas de las provincias de Leyte y| |
| |Samar la verdadera y genuine | |
| |expression de la Lengua Castellana | |
|1887 |Metodo Teorico-Practica y Compendiado |Julius Miles |
|Barcelona |para aprender en Brevisimo tiempo, el |(pseudonyon) |
| |Lenguaje Tagalog 135 p. | |
|1888 |Compendido de Historia Universal desde|Jacinto |
|Singapore |la creacion del Mundo Hasta la venida |Juanmarti |
| |de Jesucristo, y un Breve Vocabulario |(Jesuit) |
| |en Castellano y en Moro-Maguindanao, | |
| |por un Padre Misionero de la Compania | |
| |de Jesus | |
|1888 |Vocabulario Iloco-Español |Mariano Garcia |
|Manila | |(ed.) |
|1889 |Vocabulario; o Manual de Dialogos en |Dionisio M. |
|3rd ed |Español y Bisaya 80 p. |Mirasol |
|Manila | | |
|1889 |Compendio de Gramatica |Ramon Zueco de |
|Manila |Bisaya-Española, adaptada al sistema |San Joaquin |
| |Ollendorff. |(Agutinian) |
|1989 |Diccionario Hispano-Tagalo-Primera |Pedro Serrano |
|Manila |Parte |Laktaw |
|1890 |Agguriammuan tac Cagui Gasila; o |Pedro Nolasco de|
|Manila |Gramatica Ibanag-Castellana 317 p. |Medio |
| | |(Agustinian) |
|1890 |La Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua |Jose Rizal |
|Barcelona |Tagala | |
|1892 |Diccionario Bagobo-Español 64 p. |Mateo Gisbert |
|Manila | |(Jesuit) |
|1892 |Diccionario Tiruray- Español (1893 |Guillermo |
|Manila |printing 201 p. |Bennasar |
| | |(Jesuit) |
|1892 |Diccionario Moro-Maguindanao- Español |Jacinto |
|Manila |272 p. |Juanmarti |
| | |(Jesuit) |
|1894 |Arte compendiado de la Lengua Cebuano |Francisco Encina|
|Manila |por el Fr. Julian Bermejo |(Agustinian) |
| |180 p. | |
|1895 |Los Antigos Alfabetos de Filipinas |Wenceslao |
|Madrid | |E. Retana |
|1895 |Gramatica Ilocano reorganized and |Andres Carro |
|Manila |espanded 3548 p. | |
|1898 |Vocabulario Castellano-Ingles el mas |John Bordman |
|Manila |complete que ha publicado, seguido de | |
| |un pequeño Diccionario | |
| |Castellano-Tagalog-Ingles 60 p. | |
|1898 |Gramatica bisaya para facilitar el |Felix Guillen de|
|Malabon |studio del Dialecta Bisaya-Cebuano 157|San Jose |
| |p. |(Agustinian) |
Based on the above list, there are 77 published dictionaries. From these and other source [7], the different languages of Philippines dictionaries are:
|Aetas |Ilocano |
|Batan |Isinay |
|Bagobo |Lepanto |
|Banaue |Leyte and Samar (Visaya) |
|Bicol |Maguindanao |
|Bicol (Camarina) |Panayano (Visaya) |
|Bontoc |Pangasinan |
|Cebuano (Zebuano) |Pampango |
|Chinese |Sulu and Malay |
|Gaddang |Tagalog |
|Hiligaynon (Visaya) |Tiruray |
|Ibanag (Cagayan) |Zambal |
SAMPLE ENTRIES from TWO DICTIONARIES WRITTEN in
1624 and 1754
Below are 11 entries randomly selected from Vocabulario Tagalo written by Francisco de San Antonio in 1624 [7] and Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala, by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de San Lucar 1754 [4]. Some comments are included upon comparing the two entries.
|San Antonio |Noceda & Sanlucar |Comment |
|Entri: Anhin |pc. Que se me da ami? |There are two entries |
|Anhin, tiene mucha |Di co anhin |in Noceda & San Lucar |
|significacio. Anhin baga? | |while 6 entries in San|
|que se puede hacer? Aanhin|Di anhin, porque |Antonio with all the |
|co yaon? para que quiero |Paanhin. di pa anhin |possible usage of the |
|aquello. Anhin ca man? por| |entry. Perhaps, after |
|mas que te hagar? Aanhin | |130 years the facility|
|co yaon sa loob co? en mas| |with the language |
|estimo novoluntad que | |gained by the friars |
|todo. Aanhin ito? para que| |does not need such |
|esto? Caya co binigya’y di| |elaboration. |
|anhin ay sugo mo. por que | |The two last examples |
|tu, dicen, lo mandaste? | |of San Antonio were |
|Paroon na e quitat di | |included by Noceda & |
|anhin? Venga lo que | |Sanlucar. |
|viniere. Ibig mo man ang | | |
|marami, ay anhin cun | | |
|iilan? que se ha de hacer | | |
|si son pocos? Nasira man | | |
|ang bucqir co, ay anhin? | | |
|que se me da?pc. Que se me| | |
|da ami? Di co anhin | | |
|Di anhin, porque Paanhin. | | |
|di pa anhin | | |
|Anim Seis, |Seis. Icanim, sexton |There is one entry |
|Manganim pa, “barangay” de|en orden. Sa icanim, |each. On the other |
|seis bancos: Vide: Apat |sexta parte. Tiganim a|hand, Noceda & San |
| |cada uno seis. Inanim,|Lucar included a |
| |hacer seis. |comprehensive listing |
| |Pinagaanim, hacer |of the uses/ |
| |queden a cada uno |meanings/examples of |
| |seis. Papagtiganimin, |the entry which is |
| |acidar a cada uno con |remarkable. |
| |seis o tomar seis a | |
| |cada uno. | |
| |Pagmacaaanimin mong | |
| |ipanhic, subelo en | |
| |seis veces. | |
| |Pacaanimin, Nagaanim, | |
| |Nagcaanim, | |
| |Nagcacaanim, hacer | |
| |entre seis. Di umanim | |
| |no llega a seis. | |
|4. Bato |pc Piedra in El que |More entries in San |
|La piedra. Por la de um y |camina por ellas: |Antonio than in Noceda|
|man: arrojar piedras en la|tambien Namamato, |& San Lucar.. |
|mar, para que se juntan |tirarlas. Batohin mo |Moreover, the former |
|pescado. Batohan. Por la |si Pedro. |has included much more|
|de mag. labrar piedra. A | |richness in the |
|este se allegan otras |Arroz tostado que no |meaning of the word |
|raices: |se abre. Bato nang |and included cross |
|- Baton sorlan: el |bulaclac, Bato nang |reference within the |
|tortero del huso. (Vide: |binosa. pc Na, arroz |dictionary. It seems |
|Sulir) |que no revienta. B. |San Antonio is richer |
|- Baton dala: las pesgas|in. El que come lo no |in content than Noceda|
|(l.pesas) del plomo, que |reventado. Pamatohin, |& San Lucar, or |
|echan a la atarray. (Vide:|los cornidos, |perhaps some of the |
|Dala) |Pamatohan, el bilao, |entries were no longer|
|- Bato nang palay: el |donde se echan. |in use as is normal in|
|arroz que no nace. |Ipamato, la persona |any living language. |
|(Vide:palay) |para quien. | |
|- Baton sinantanan:el | | |
|peso de romana |Vender peidra, | |
|(l.balanza). Vide:sinantan|cortarla. Mag. La | |
|- Batong lapis: la losa |cantera. Batohan pp. | |
|(Vide: Lapis) | | |
|- Baton dalig: idem. |Empedrar, Mag. Loque | |
|(Vide: Dalig) |Han, Laque esta, Na. | |
|- Bato ng caray: en que | | |
|guardan los instrumentos |Poner majon de piedra,| |
|de pesar el oro o plata. |con los juegos de | |
|(Vide:Caray) |antecedente | |
| | | |
|2. Riñones del animal |Endurecerse algo como | |
| |piedra. Mag. A quien | |
| |Pinag Han. | |
| | | |
| |Hacer algo de piedra. | |
| |Nagbabato si Pedro | |
| |nang caniyang bahay. | |
| |Pedro hace su casa de | |
| |piedra. Cabatohan, | |
| |lugar de mucha piedra.| |
| |Mabatong buquid, | |
| |sementera de muchas. | |
| | | |
| |Riñon | |
| | | |
| |Riñon de animal | |
|5. Lamay |Velar, hacer algo de |The same single entry,|
|El acto de hacer algo de |noche In, por loque, |but the additional |
|noche. Por la de um para |mag Velar hacienda |idiomatic expression |
|acto de movimiento Por la |algo. Loque, |in Noceda & San Lucar |
|de mag para accion |Pinaglalayan Lamay pa,|indicates the richness|
|particular. Linalamay: ir |cuanto ha. Lamay na di|and depth of the |
|por el de noche. |lamay, de muy lejos. |language and the high |
|Pinaglalamayan: hacer algo|Ano mo si Juan? Que |level of proficiency |
|de noche. |parentesco tienes con |in the language gained|
| |Juan? R. Lamay na di |by the friars. |
| |lamay, este muy lejos |. |
| |de mi. | |
|7. Lirip |Buscar algo |Almost similar entries|
|pp. El acto de zabullierse|zambullendose debajo |by the two authors. |
|(l. zambullirse debajo del|del agua, o |The major contribution|
|agua, buscando algo, como |sambullinerse, Vm. |of Noceda & San Lucar|
|el buzo. *metaforica: Dili|Donde, An. Loque |in this entry is the |
|co malirip-lirip ang |busca, In. Sondar el |inclusion of folk |
|cahologan nang uica niya: |agua, In. Y de aqui Di|sayings in poetic form|
|cuendo no puede entenderla|co malirip ang uica, |mirroring the |
|(Vide: Sisir) |no entiende lo que |richness of the |
| |dices. Ang tubig mo, |Tagalog culture (e.g.,|
| |I, malalim, malilirip |comparing the clear |
| |cun lipdin itong |water with honor and |
| |budhing magaling |clear conscience. |
| |maliuag paghanapin. | |
|8. Magcano |pp. Cuanto, que tanto.|More than the meaning |
|Magcano–1, pp. Que tanto, |Nagmagcacano, en |itself, Noceda & San |
|1. Cuanto. Adverbio. |cuanto esta apreciado.|Lucar included the |
|Minamagcano?: en cuanto se|Minapagcano, en cuanto|literary meaning of |
|aprecia? Para preguntar la|se aprecia. |the entry (e.g., |
|grandeza de las vasijas |Mamagcanohin mo caya |judging or evaluating |
|que denotan por el numero |ito, por mas que sea |a person). |
|de gantas, preguntan con |tal, v. g. feo, bueno | |
|esta: Magcano?, postpuesta|o malo, etc. | |
|“-an”. Magcanohan itong |Magcanohan, de cuantas| |
|banga, 1. Itong gusi? |gantas es esta medida,| |
|Responde: Tonggal, 1. |o a como se vende este| |
|Suboc salop: una ganta. |vino. | |
|Dalauahang salop. | | |
|Tatlohan. Pouoan: Diez. | | |
|Labihan dalaua: doce. | | |
| | | |
|Magcano-2. pp. Para | | |
|preguntar el precio, es | | |
|tambien por la dicha | | |
|composicion. | | |
|Magcanohan itong alac?: | | |
|como se vende? Responde: | | |
|Tonggal: una ganta, un | | |
|toston. Dalauahan ang | | |
|isang salapi: dos por un | | |
|toston. Apatan pouoan ang | | |
|salapi. Tambien, dicen: | | |
|Magcanong pagbibili mo | | |
|nitong cayo?: a como lo | | |
|vendes? Responde: Tatlong | | |
|salapi. | | |
| | | |
|Magcano-3. pp. Tambien | | |
|preguntan: Magcanong | | |
|pagbibilihan, 1. Magcanong| | |
|bilihan dito sa bayan nang| | |
|palay?: a como se vende? | | |
|Responde: Labin dalaua. | | |
|Labin tatlo ang salapi. | | |
|Para preguntar: cuantos | | |
|dias cada uno. Magcanohang| | |
|arau camo nang paggaua | | |
|ninyo? Maghaponan cami.: | | |
|cada uno un dia. | | |
|Maghanggan tanghalian, | | |
|. magdalauang arau, | | |
|maglinggohan cada uno un | | |
|dia, o medio, o una | | |
|semana. Lo mismo por | | |
|“macailan”. Magmacailan | | |
|ang arau camong gumaua | | |
|nang sanglinggo? Responde:| | |
|Magmacalouahan cami, etc. | | |
|Cquinaaauaan nang di | | |
|sasang-magcanong yaman. | | |
|Entiendese que se | | |
|aprovecha della luego. | | |
|Empero: nang di | | |
|mamagcanong {sasang anong}| | |
|yaman, aunque se la dio, | | |
|no ha recibido aun el | | |
|provecho, como cuando dan | | |
|una encomienda. Y notese, | | |
|que cuando dice: Nang di | | |
|sasang magcano: habla de | | |
|cosa vista, empero, nang | | |
|di mamagcano: de oidas. | | |
|9. Palay |pp. Arroz en cascara. |As in the previous |
|Palay-1. pp. Todo genero |Mag, venderlo, pagar |entries, Noceda & San |
|de arroz scuio. |algo con el. Magpa |Lucar had simplified |
|Nagpapalay: tartar en el. |cobrar el tribute en |the meaning and use of|
|Tambien dicen: Nagpapalay:|el. Magca, tener mucho|the word, as well as |
|pagar el tribute en arroz.|arroz. La causa, |collapsing entries |
|Nagpapapalay: el que la |Ipinagcaca, l. |that were separated by|
|cobra. Macabuhay alila: |Pinagcacapalayan, |San Antonio. However, |
|Ilaman al arroz, que |Mapalay, el que tiene |some were missing like|
|aunque no esta del todo |mucho. Capalayan, pc |the use of palay as a |
|maduro, se puede comer. |Un solo grano. Ang |standard unit of |
|Ipinagcaca-palay: lo que |pinagcacapalayan |measure in the amount|
|es causa de tener arroz. |nitong mandala, lo que|of gold, or perhaps |
|Ang pinagcapalayan ni |rendira, etc. Ang |there are new units or|
|Pedro ay yaong lupang |napalay co sa hasic co|technology introduced |
|yaon: no es causa, sino la|lo que saque de lo que|by the colonizers in |
|tierra en que lo cogio o |sembre, etc. Himalay |these period. |
|hubo. Y tambien, lo que |rebuscar. Nag, l. Nan |This shows the |
|saca en cantidad. Ang |Lo que, pinag. L. |inventiveness and |
|pinagca-palayan niong |Pinan Endonde, |creativity of our |
|isang mandala ay sanglibo:|pinag-an, l. Pinan-an |forefathers which is a|
|lo que saco es mil. Y a |Palayan la sementera. |good material for |
|este modo: Ang |Napalayar na, naisipan|cultural studies and |
|pinagca-alacan niong |na. activo. Nagpalay |an example of extant |
|limang tapayang tuba, |metafora |units of measure. |
|dalauang tapayan. Ang | |Cross references were|
|pinagcasalapian niong | |also included. |
|ilang pitacang cayo ay | | |
|sanglibo. De manera, que | | |
|esto mira siempre el | | |
|“bilang”. Empero: ang | | |
|napalay co sa hasic co, ay| | |
|dalauang daan: mira a la | | |
|tierra, de donde le cogio.| | |
|Y de aqui: Himalay: | | |
|entresacar las espigas que| | |
|esta de sazon, o lo que | | |
|sobra, despues de haber | | |
|cogido que es la rebusca. | | |
| | | |
|Palay-2. pp. Pesa: Palay | | |
|porque son 9 sangpalay, 1.| | |
|capalay, un grano de oro; | | |
|y tres granos hacen una | | |
|Saga. Vide: bahay-2 | | |
| | | |
|Palayan. pp. La sementera | | |
|de regadio. Nagpapalayan: | | |
|hacer. | | |
|esperanzas. | | |
|10. Singa |Pc. Reñir marido, y |Noceda & San Lucar |
|Sonamiento de mocos. |mujer, y los amigos; |included more meanings|
|Suminga ca. Sonarse. |pero sin odio. |such as showing |
|Magpasinga: a otro. |Nagsinga silang |displeasure with the |
|Pasingahi |magasaua. Acaso |act of doing it. |
| |reñimos, onos | |
| |enfadamos. Anong | |
| |ipinagca singa ninyo? | |
| |Que fue la causa del | |
| |enfado? | |
|11.. Socqi |Suque, 1. Suqui. Pp. |The spelling of the |
|Los cuadros de la casa, |El comprador, y |entries are different |
|como los del claustro. |vendedor que se |although they provided|
|Tambien, los puntales, que|compran y se venden |the same meaning. |
|se ponen pos debajo de la |frecuentemente sus |San Antonio’s meaning |
|casa. |mercancias, se llaman |has more depth |
|Y metaporica: Maraming |mutuamente. Suque |although Noceda & San |
|socqi ang loob niya. |Parece ser de origen |Lucar gave 3 meanings.|
| |chinico este termino. | |
| |Lo que en España se | |
| |llama parroquiano. |The origin of the word|
| |pp. Puntalesque ponen |was also given (from |
| |cruzados, como aspas |the Chinese). |
| |de bajo de las casas.| |
| |Naquiquibo, at ualang | |
| |mañga suqui yaring | |
| |bahay. Esta casa se | |
| |menos, porque no tiene| |
| |puntales. | |
| |pp. Apuntalar | |
From the foregoing, it is clear that the Philippine languages are highly intellectualized. The efforts of Spanish friars to unravel meanings of varied Filipino tongues were gloriously documented in these dictionaries.
CONCLUSION and REFLECTION
From the foregoing initial study, the following may be stated:
1. The tremendous effort and dedication of the Spanish friars who wrote the dictionaries cannot be overemphasized.
2. The wealth of our culture and wide linguistic diversity as documented in the dictionaries during the Spanish period indicate that our languages are intellectualized. Otherwise, the dictionaries would not be written at all. A study on these dictionaries is quite important to promote our people’s identity and self-esteem. Our forefathers are indeed inventive, creative and resourceful as reflected in the dictionaries.
3. The language policy is problematic even in the early years of the Spanish regime. It is fortunate that the friars stick to the languages of the locals as medium of instruction in the faith. Aside from preventing the death of our languages, this may be one of the reasons for the general deep religiosity of the Filipinos. This clearly shows the power of using the mother tongue as language of instruction.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many thanks for the valuable comments and suggestions of Dr. Virgilio S. Almario and Reynaldo Candido in the conduct this study.
REFERENCES
1] Hidaldo, C. 1977. Philippine lexicography from 1521 to the present (1977). Quezon City: NRCP-UP.
2] Landau, S. I. 1991. Dictionaries – The arts and craft of lexicography. Cambridge: University Press.
3] Medina, I.R., 1972. Filipiniana materials in the National Library. National Library and UP Press.
4] Noceda de, J. & San Lucar de, P. 1860 ed. Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala. books. – (free download).
5] Pila Historical Foundation, Inc. 2009. Draft Copy. The vocabulario de lengua Tagala by Pedro San Buenaventura – Historic and linguistic value of an important Spanish-Filipino incunabulum.
6] Rubrico, J.G.U. 1998. Katayuan at ambag ng linggwistiks sa Pilipinas (1898-1998). Language Links.
7] San Antonio, F. (+ 1624). 2000. Vocabulario Tagalo. Pulong-Sources for Philippine Studies. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University.
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