ISO/IEC TC /SC N
FOR COMMENT ONLY
PROPOSAL FOR A
COMPULSORY
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO STANDARD
AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL FUEL- SPECIFICATION
(1st Revision)
PCTTS 569: 20XX
(Supersedes TTS 569: 2000)
Date of Issue: Closing Date for Comments:
2006-08-08 2006-10-06
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The Executive Director,
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO BUREAU OF STANDARDS
Century Drive, Trincity Industrial Estate,
Macoya, TUNAPUNA
P.O. Box 467, PORT OF SPAIN,
Trinidad and Tobago
Telephone: 662-8827, 662-3810, 663-4835/6
Telefax: 663-4335; E-mail: ttbs@.tt
GENERAL STATEMENT
The Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards (the Bureau) is a body corporate established under the authority of the Standards Act No. 18 of 1997 (herein after referred to as the Standards Act).
In accordance with the Standards Act, the Bureau shall promote and encourage the development and maintenance of standards and further shall establish standards for the following: to improve goods produced or used in Trinidad and Tobago; to ensure industrial efficiency and development; to promote public and industrial welfare, health and safety; and to protect the environment.
The Bureau develops standards through consultation with relevant interest groups, and public comment is invited on all draft standards before they are declared as Trinidad and Tobago Standards in accordance with the provisions of the Standards Act.
The Bureau is the legal custodian of Trinidad and Tobago Standard Marks, which are issued in accordance with the Standards Act. When a Trinidad and Tobago Standard Mark appears on any product, or in connection with any service, process or practice, it provides assurance that such a product, service, process or practice conforms to a Trinidad and Tobago Standard.
The Bureau’s Standards Information Centre maintains a reference library of standards, including local, regional and international standards and is the national node of the International Organization for Standardization Information Network (ISONET). The Centre also acts as the sales agent for the publications of foreign and international standards organizations.
NOTE In order to keep abreast of progress in the industries concerned, Trinidad and Tobago Standards are subject to periodic review. Suggestions for improvements are welcome.
AMENDMENTS ISSUED SINCE PUBLICATION
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ATTACHMENT PAGE FOR TTBS AMENDMENT SHEETS
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO STANDARD
AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL FUEL - SPECIFICATION
(1st Revision)
The Specification Committee responsible for the formulation of this Trinidad and Tobago Standard is as follows:
SPECIFICATION COMMITTEE FOR AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL FUEL
Members Representing
Dr Angelus Pilgrim (Chairman) University of the West Indies, Faculty of Engineering
Mr Andre Edwards Academy of Automechanics
Mr Steve Hilaire Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited
Mrs Lynda Johnson Bobb Ministry of Legal Affairs, Consumer Affairs Division
Mr Fazal Khan Ministry of Works and Transport, Mechanical Services Division
Mr Kishan Kumarsingh Environmental Management Authority
Mr Adesh Mahase Public Transport Service Corporation
Mr Michael Merritt Trinidad & Tobago National Petroleum Marketing Company Limited
Mrs Eka Rudder-Fairman Caribbean Industrial Research Institute
Mr Christopher Serrette Trinidad and Tobago Unified Maxi Taxi Association, Route 2
Mr Wendell Williams Automotive Dealers Association of Trinidad and Tobago
Mr Ricardo J. Rodriguez (Technical Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards
Secretary)
Contents Page
Foreword 1
1 Scope 2
2 Normative references 2
3 Terms and definitions 3
4 Requirements 4
4.1 General composition 4
4.2 Properties 4
5 Sampling 4
5.1 Samples from a dispensing pump 4
5.2 Samples from other than a dispensing pump 4
6 Test methods 4
Annex A (normative) Sampling 6
A.1 Scope 6
A.2 Apparatus 6
A.3 Procedure 6
A.4 Sample storage 7
Annex B (informative) Explanatory notes on the properties of automotive diesel fuel 8
B.1 Scope 8
B.2 Aromatics 8
B.3 Ash 8
B.4 Carbon residue 8
B.5 Cetane index 8
B.6 Cetane number 8
B.7 Copper strip corrosion 9
B.8 Distillation 9
B.9 Flash point 9
B.10 Kinematic viscosity 9
B.11 Oxidation stability 9
B.12 Sediment content 10
B.13 Sulphur content 10
B.14 Water content 10
Table
Table 1 — Diesel fuel requirements for different time periods 5
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Foreword
The requirements for automotive diesel fuel were declared a Trinidad and Tobago Standard with effect from……….after the draft, finalized by the Specification Committee for Automotive Diesel Fuel, had been approved by the Bureau.
The Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards has recommended that this standard be declared a compulsory standard, to protect the consumer or user against danger to health, to protect the environment, and to ensure a minimum acceptable quality of automotive diesel fuel sold or used in Trinidad and Tobago.
This first revision of the Standard will become effective as a compulsory standard on a date to be notified by the Minister responsible for trade and industry, in a Notice to be published in the Trinidad and Tobago Gazette, as required by the Standards Act. This revised standard supersedes TTS 569:2000.
This first revision was developed in recognition of the environmental and health concerns in a nation densely populated with vehicles that use automotive diesel fuel. In treating air pollution and emission control with the importance they deserve, the standard addresses three properties with the intention of reducing the harmful effects to the public: cetane number and cetane index, sulphur content and polycyclic aromatic content.
Given the present quality of diesel fuel produced locally and the intention of the local refinery to progressively upgrade the fuel to an internationally acceptable standard, it was decided that the requirements will be implemented on a phased basis in tandem with the production capabilities of the local refinery.
In the preparation of this National Standard considerable assistance was derived from the American Society for Testing and Materials standard ASTM D 975-02 - Standard specification for diesel fuel oils.
Annex A is a normative index which provides the requirements for sampling.
Annex B is an informative index which provides explanatory notes on the properties of automotive diesel fuel.
Scope
This National Standard specifies the properties and methods of test for diesel fuel intended for use in Trinidad and Tobago for the following periods:
a) January 01, 2007 to December 31, 2007;
b) January 01, 2008 to December 31, 2009; and
c) January 01, 2010 and beyond.
This National Standard is applicable to diesel fuel formulated for motor vehicles, both on and off the public roadways, equipped with compression ignition engines.
Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications shall apply.
2.1 American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM D 86-04b Standard test method for distillation of petroleum products at atmospheric pressure;
ASTM D 93-02 Standard test methods for flash-point by Pensky-Martens closed cup tester;
ASTM D 95-99e1 Standard test method for water in petroleum products and bituminous materials by distillation;
ASTM D 97-04 Standard test method for pour point of petroleum products;
ASTM D 130-04 Standard test method for detection of copper corrosion from petroleum products by the copper strip tarnish test;
ASTM D 445-04e1 Standard test method for kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids (the calculation of dynamic viscosity);
ASTM D 473-02 Standard test method for sediment in crude oils and fuel oils by the extraction method;
ASTM D 482-03 Standard test method for ash from petroleum products;
ASTM D 613-03 Standard test method for cetane number of diesel fuel oil;
ASTM D 1298-99e2 Standard practice for density, relative density (specific gravity);
ASTM D 2274-03a Standard test method for oxidation stability of distillate fuel oil (accelerated method);
ASTM D 4052-96(2002)e1 Standard test method for density and relative density of liquids by digital density meter;
ASTM D 4057-95(2000) Standard practice for manual sampling of petroleum and petroleum products;
ASTM D 4177-95 Standard practice for automatic sampling of petroleum and petroleum products;
ASTM D 4294-03 Standard test method for sulfur in petroleum products by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry;
ASTM D 4530-03 Standard test method for determination of carbon residue (micro method);
ASTM D 4737-04 Standard test method for calculated cetane index by four-variable equation;
ASTM D 5186-03 Standard test method for determination of the aromatic content and polynuclear aromatic content of diesel fuels and aviation turbine fuels by supercritical fluid chromatography;
ASTM D 5950-02 Standard test method for pour point of petroleum products (automatic tilt method).
2. Institute of Petroleum
IP 391- 01, Determination of aromatic hydrocarbon types in middle distillates- high performance liquid chromatography method with refractive index detection.
Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this National Standard the following terms and definitions shall apply:
3.1 additive means a chemical substance added to diesel fuel usually in small quantities, to impart desirable properties to, or to prevent deterioration of the diesel fuel;
3.2 aromatics mean hydrocarbon compounds containing one or more ‘benzene-like’ ring structures;
3.3 automotive diesel fuel means a middle distillate fuel formulated for use in vehicular compression ignition engines;
3.4 cetane number means an indicator of the ignition quality of a fuel measured by an engine test;
3.5 cetane index means an estimation of the cetane number of a fuel that is calculated using correlations of physical properties;
3.6 compression ignition engine means an automotive engine in which the fuel is ignited by the heat of highly compressed air;
NOTE In compression ignition engines, ignition occurs spontaneously when the diesel fuel is sprayed into the hot air. In some cases, ignition is also induced by the presence of a glow plug.
3.7 flash point means the lowest test temperature at which a fuel sample produces a vapour-air mixture that ignites on exposure to an open test flame.
Requirements
4.1 General composition
Automotive diesel fuel shall:
a) consist of hydrocarbons;
d) be visually free of undissolved water, sediment and suspended matter; and
e) not contain any inorganic acids.
NOTE Diesel fuel may contain additives.
4.2 Properties
Automotive diesel fuel shall conform to the requirements specified in Table 1.
Sampling
5.1 Samples from dispensing pumps
Representative samples of automotive diesel fuel from dispensing pumps shall be collected in accordance with annex A.
5.2 Samples from other sources
Sampling from sources other than dispensing pumps shall be carried out in accordance with ASTM D 4057 or ASTM D 4177 where appropriate.
Test methods
Tests to determine compliance with the requirements given in clause 4.2 shall be carried out in accordance with the method(s) specified for each property presented in Table 1.
Table 0>= 1 "A." 1 — Diesel fuel requirements for different time periods
|Property |Unit |Limit from January |Limit from January |Limit from January |Test method |
| | |2007 |2008 |2010 | |
| |
A.
(normative)
Sampling of automotive diesel fuel
A.1 Scope
This annex sets out procedures for obtaining a representative sample of automotive diesel fuel for analysis from a dispensing pump.
A.2 Apparatus
The apparatus for obtaining a representative sample from a dispensing pump shall include the following items:
a) a stock of cans to be used for the sole purpose of obtaining samples of diesel fuel. The cans shall be of 1l and 5l capacity and shall comply with the requirements of ASTM D 4057-95. Each can shall have a fuel-resistant sealing washer positioned in its cap; and
NOTE Other suitable sample containers may be used. These containers must also meet the requirements specified in ASTM D 4057-95.
f) a clean dry metal funnel.
NOTE A metal funnel has been specified because some plastic funnels are prone to static charge generation.
A.3 Procedure
Where practical, it shall be ensured that the sampling procedure is not carried out in direct sunlight. The following procedure shall be observed:
a) before use, all cans shall be checked to ensure that each is sound and does not allow leakage. Also, each can shall be thoroughly rinsed with a small quantity of diesel fuel from the stock to be sampled and checked to ensure that it is cool;
b) using the clean, dry, metal funnel, carefully draw 5l of diesel fuel into cans from the dispensing pump. Where it is desirable to have more than a 5l sample, the operation shall be repeated immediately and before the pump has been used again for any other purpose; and
c) immediately after drawing the diesel fuel from the pump, using the funnel, decant the 5l of sample or samples into the requisite number of 1l cans, ensuring that the cans are filled to approximately 25 mm from the brim. Tighten the screw caps fully and check to ensure that there are no leaks.
NOTE Although two 1l cans of sample are sufficient for the determination of cetane number and certain other tests, it is advisable to collect and retain extra stock of the diesel fuel being sampled to cater for repeated testing.
A.4 Sample Storage
Except when being transferred, samples shall be maintained in a closed container in order to prevent loss of light components. Samples shall be protected during storage to prevent degradation from light, heat or other detrimental conditions.
B.
(informative)
Explanatory notes on the properties of automotive diesel fuel
B.1 Scope
This annex provides a general explanation of the significance of the properties of automotive diesel fuel.
B.2 Aromatics
Aromatic hydrocarbons in comparison to other types of hydrocarbons are more dense, have poorer self-ignition qualities and produce more soot on combustion. A typically straight run diesel fuel may contain 20% - 40% aromatics by volume in comparison to a diesel fuel blended from catalytically cracked stocks which may contain between 40% and 60% aromatics. The latter in comparison has significantly lower cetane number values, and results in more difficulty in cold-starting, increased combustion noise, and emissions of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Efforts to reduce diesel emissions have resulted in the regulation of aromatic hydrocarbon content.
B.3 Ash
Ash-forming materials in diesel fuel may be present in two forms (i) suspended solids (ii) soluble metallic soaps. The suspended solids contribute to wear of various engine components and also to engine deposits. The metallic soaps have little effect on engine wear but may contribute to engine deposits.
B.4 Carbon residue
Carbon residue is a measure of the carbon/coke-forming tendencies of a diesel fuel when heated under prescribed conditions. It cannot be directly related to the formation of deposits in engine components; it is considered to be an indication of this tendency.
B.5 Cetane index
The cetane index is an estimation of cetane number of a fuel which is often used for routine monitoring. The index value is computed from correlations of the diesel fuel’s physical properties. It may be used for estimating cetane number when:
a) a cetane test engine is not available;
b) the quantity of sample is insufficient for a test engine determination; or
c) a quick check on the quality of fuel during production is needed.
NOTE For this purpose it has limited application.
Cetane index may also be specified as a limitation on the amount of high aromatic components in some fuel types.
B.6 Cetane number
Cetane number is a measure of ignition quality of a fuel. Ignition quality describes the readiness of the fuel to ignite spontaneously under certain conditions of temperature and pressure conditions in the engine’s combustion chamber.
Increasing cetane number typically requires lowering the aromatic content of the fuel, unless it is increased by the use of additives. It also increases engine efficiency up to a certain level and reduces the emission of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates in some cases.
B.7 Copper strip corrosion
This test is a measure of possible corrosiveness of the diesel fuel to copper, brass or bronze parts of the fuel distribution and storage network, and the engine fuel system.
B.8 Distillation
Distillation tests reflect the volatility of the fuel. Volatility requirements vary with engine design, size, speed, load variations, starting and atmospheric conditions. Generally, there must be some trade off made between the better performance of high volatility fuels with respect to rapidly fluctuating loads and speeds, particularly in relation to emissions, and the better fuel economy of the heavier types of fuel.
B.9 Flash point
Flash point is the temperature at which the fuel produces a vapour-air mixture that ignites on exposure to a test flame. This measurement is specified as a safety precaution against hazards under normal use, storage and handling. It is an indication of the flammability of the diesel fuel.
B.10 Kinematic viscosity
The actual injection timing of an engine depends on fuel viscosity (among other properties). Optimization of vehicle manufacturer’s pump setting will therefore depend upon the specified range for fuel viscosity. Values outside this range will affect fuel delivery and other operations under running conditions.
Low viscosity fuel may cause excessive wear in some injection pumps and power loss due to pump injector leakage. Combustion may also be impaired and power economy decreased.
High viscosity fuel may cause filter damage or pump drive-line wear because of increased pump resistance. It can also cause poor atomization and hence poor combustion. This may be accompanied by loss of power and economy, and the washing away of the lubricating oil film on cylinder walls which may in turn cause dilution of the crankcase oil and excessive wear. In addition, there is also a risk of rotary fuel injection pump seizure at start up under cold conditions.
B.11 Oxidation stability
The ability of the fuel to retain its pertinent properties between manufacture and use is an important quality requirement. Oxidation stability is one of the measures of diesel fuel stability.
Air and water in contact with diesel fuel may cause oxidation, particularly if the fuel contains hydrotreated cracked products which are relatively unstable. High temperatures may also accelerate the oxidation process. Accordingly, prolonged storage of fuel in such environments can result in oxidation which is accompanied by the formation of gums and sediment. These may cause filter plugging, combustion chamber deposit formation, and gumming or lacquering of injection system components with resultant sticking and wear.
B.12 Sediment content
Generally sediment in fuel consists of carbonaceous material, metal or other inorganic material. It may consist of rust and metal particles from fuel tanks and lines or dirt entering from the atmosphere or poor house-keeping practices. Instability and resultant degradation of fuel in contact with air contribute to the formation of organic sediment, particularly during storage and handling at elevated temperatures. Sediment can cause premature blocking of filters, deposits, and wear in both the injection system and the engine itself.
B.13 Sulphur content
Sulphur content of fuels affects vehicular emissions and engine wear. It also contributes to engine deposits. Engine wear is a result of both the corrosive nature of the combustion by-products of sulphur containing compounds present in the fuel, and the ‘active’ sulphur which tends to attack and corrode injection system components. A reduction in the sulphur content of diesel fuel, results both in a decrease of sulphur oxides and particulates in exhaust emissions and engine wear. However if the sulphur content is reduced below a certain level and lubricating additives are not added to the fuel, engine wear may increase since the inherent lubricating properties of some of the naturally occurring sulphur compounds is lost.
B.14 Water content
Water in fuel may cause corrosion of the injection system components and may promote fungal and bacterial growth which can cause filter blocking. Water generally impairs the desirable bright and clear appearance of the fuel.
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