2.1 Data: Types of Data and Levels of Measurement
2.1 Data: Types of Data
and Levels of Measurement
1
Quantitative or Qualitative?
! Quantitative data consist of values representing counts or measurements
Histogram of 'Year in School'
"Variable: Year in school
Frequency 0 10 20 30 40
1
2
3
4
class
! Qualitative (or non-numeric) data consist
of values that can be placed into nonnumeric
categories.
"Variable: Political affiliation (rep, dem, ind)
2
Types of Data
! Quantitative
"Numerical values representing counts or measures.
"Something we can `measure' with a tool or a scale or count.
"We can compare these values on a number line.
! 2 pounds is less than 4 pounds
"You can take a mathematical `average' of these values, i.e. can be used in computations.
! e.g. weight ! e.g. number of students in a class
3
Types of Data
! Qualitative (or non-numeric)
" Non-numerical in nature (but could be `coded' as a number, so be careful).
! e.g. low=1, med=2, high=3 (still qualitative)
" Could be considered a label in some cases. !e.g. Political affiliation (dem, rep, ind) !e.g. Numbers on a baseball uniform
"#90 isn't "larger than" #45 in the mathematical sense. They're just a label.
!e.g. ID (34B, 67AA, 19G, ...) !e.g. Education level (HS, 2-yr, 4-yr, MS, PhD)
4
Types of Data
! Qualitative (or non-numeric)
"Can't use meaningfully in a computation... !Can you take the average of the observed political affiliations? No, it's non-numerical.
"Dem, Dem, Rep, Ind, Dem, Rep...
!e.g. ID #s 56, 213, 788,... Average ID? no.
"If variable is represented by numbers (as with IDs), ask yourself if an average makes sense... if not, then it's qualitative not quantitative.
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