Expanded Answer to Problem 13a in Chapter 5:
Calculating Cash Flows due to Investment in Fixed Assets
• Net Value of Fixed Assets on the Balance Sheet
o The Net Value of Fixed Assets equals Fixed Assets minus Accumulated Depreciation.
o Some Balance Sheets just show the net result and some show both the value of Fixed Assets and the Accumulated Depreciation.
o See pages 169 thru 171 in Riggs.
• Accumulated Depreciation and Depreciation Expense are not the same
o Accumulated Depreciation is an ongoing account over many accounting periods
o Depreciation Expense is the amount of Accumulated Depreciation during the current accounting period.
▪ This is the value of the CHANGE in Accumulated Depreciation over the accounting period.
▪ Depreciation Expense is the amount that Net Value of Fixed Assets was reduced over the accounting period.
▪ This is the value on page 98 of Riggs. It is also the value on the Income Statement and Cash Flow Statement for the accounting period.
• Calculating the Investment in Fixed Asset for the Cash Flow Statement (pg 98 in Riggs).
o The change in the NET value of Fixed Assets was an increase of $11,939 ($113,650 – $101,711).
▪ To increase your investment you must USE cash.
o But this increase in the NET value was understated.
▪ It was actually higher and was reduced by some amount of Depreciation over the accounting period.
▪ This amount of Depreciation would be the Depreciation Expense for the accounting period.
▪ Therefore, Depreciation Expense must be added back to the NET value of Fixed Assets to figure the true amount of the change in Fixed Assets (the true amount of cash USED).
o Thus, the Investment in Fixed Assets is $11,939 + $28,941.
o The same logic (and math) is applied even if there is a decrease in the Fixed Assets on the Balance Sheet.
The Procedure for Non-cash Expenses on the Cash Flow Statement
• Cash Flows for Depreciation Expense
o Depreciation Expense is a non-cash transaction that is used to reduce taxable income.
▪ Net Income is a cash flow (a SOURCE if a profit and a USE if a loss).
▪ Thus, Net Income (whether a profit or loss) was understated by the Depreciation Expense, so it is added back as a cash flow.
o The GAIN ON THE SALE OF A FIXED ASSET is usually listed under OTHER INCOME AND EXPENSES on the Income Statement
▪ It is actually a non-cash transaction since it is only the accounting difference between the selling price and the book value of an asset (reference pg 171 in Riggs).
▪ Since a GAIN is a non-cash transaction that overstates Net Income, it will show as a USE of cash under CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES.
▪ Similarly, a LOSS understates Net Income and will be a SOURCE of cash.
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