8th Grade Biology Review Sheet - Biology with Mrs. McGaffin



Name: ______________________________________________________ Period: _____________

Honors Biology: Chemistry of life Review sheet

Chemistry Questions

1. Know the vocabulary words from your biochem list/quiz.

2. What is the difference between a solute, a solvent, and a solution?

A solute is what is being dissolved. A solvent is what is doing the dissolving (water) and a solution is when a solute is dissolved into a solvent.

3. If sugar is dissolved in water, what would be the:

a. Solute? sugar

b. Solvent? water

c. Solution? Sugar water

4. What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?

In a covalent bond the atoms share valence electrons. In an ionic bond one atom loses electrons (has a positive charge) the other atom gains electrons (has a negative charge) and then they stick together because they have opposite charges.

Questions on water:

|[pic] |

5. Why is water considered polar? Water is polar because the oxygen does not share electrons evenly with the hydrogen. This causes the oxygen end of the water molecule to be negative and the hydrogen end to be positive.

6. Draw a molecule of water with partial charges. --------------------(

7. What kind of bonds form between different water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds form between the positive end of the hydrogens from one water and the negative end of the oxygen molecules from another water molecule.

8. Explain each of the following properties of water:

|Polarity- Separation of charge in a water molecule because the oxygen does |High heat of vaporization |

|not share the electrons evenly with the hydrogens. |Because water takes so much energy to evaporate (because of the sticky |

|“Universal” Solvent- Because water has both a positive and negative charge it|hydrogen bonds), it leaves an organism cooler when the high energy molecules |

|has the ability to rip apart other molecules that have a charge (polar or |turn to gas. |

|ionic) |f. High specific heat |

|Cohesion |Because water forms hydrogen bonds it takes a lot of energy to change the |

|Hydrogen bonds form between the opposite charges of water molecules. This |temperature of water. |

|cause the water to stick together. | |

|Adhesion |Most dense at 4 degrees Celsius |

|The positive and negative charges of water cause it to stick to other |Because of hydrogen bonds, water expands when it cools down and forms into a |

|molecules that have a charge. |solid. Water is most dense as a cool liquid. |

| | |

| |Surface tension |

| |Water forms hydrogen bonds between water molecules (cohesion). At the surface|

| |of water this causes it to form a layer that is strong enough to hold up a |

| |weight that would normally sink. |

| | |

Macromolecules

9. What elements a molecule contain to be “organic”? ___Carbon and Hydrogen __________________

10. A. What is a Monomer? A unit that is repeated to make a bigger molecule

B. What is a polymer? A big molecule made up of smaller repeated units (monomers)

11. What elements make up a carbohydrate? ___C H O___________________

12. What is the basic building block (monomer) of the carbohydrate? ____Monosaccharide__________________

13. What functions do carbohydrates do? What functions are only for animals? Plants?

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for a cell. They also provide dietary fiber (cellulose). They are in the exoskeletons of insects (chitin). Animals create a molecule called glycogen to store the glucose. Plants create a molecule called starch to store the glucose.

14. What is a starch molecule? What is a glycogen molecule? What organisms make each?

Animals create a molecule called glycogen to store the glucose. Plants create a molecule called starch to store the glucose. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides

15. Differentiate between a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, and a polysaccharide.

Monosaccharide is a single sugar. Disaccharide is a double sugar and polysaccharide is many sugars.

16. What ending do the names of simple sugars and some complex carbohydrates have? __-ose_____________

17. What is “fiber”? What is it comprised of? What purpose does it have in plants?

Fiber is a carbohydrate that we can not digest. It is made of cellulose. In plants it is in the cell walls to provide support and structure.

18. What is the structural difference between a complex carbohydrate and a simple sugar? Give an example of each.

Complex carbohydrates are made up of many repeated units of simple sugars. Examples of complex carbohydrates are: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, Chitin Simple sugars are made up of only one ring- examples: Glucose, Fructose

19. What elements make up proteins?_____C H O N___________________

20. What is the monomer of a protein? _____Amino Acid______________________

21. What is created when amino acids are linked together? Polypeptide

22. What group in the amino acid can vary, creating the 20 amino acids that we find in our bodies?

The R group is what varies among the 20 amino acids.

23. List 3 functions (including enzymes below) of proteins in the body.

a. Enzymes: Control reactions in our cells

b. Repair Tissues

c. Build Muscles

24. List 4 functions of lipids.

a. __Energy reserve for our cells______________________________________________________

b. _____Insulation for mammals_________________________________________________

c. __Main Component of the cell membrane _______________________

d. ______Non-Polar________________________________________________________________

25. What are the building blocks that make up a lipid molecule? ______Glycerol_____& ____Fatty Acid

26. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat? A saturated fat is solid at room temperature (butter) and has single bonds. An unsaturated fat is liquid at room temperature (oil) and has double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail.

27. What elements comprise a lipid? ___C H O__________________

28. What is the function of a nucleic acid? Nucleic Acids store genetic information

29. What is the relationship between nucleic acids, nucleotides, and a nitrogen bases?

A nucleic acid is a polymer made up of repeated nucleotides. Ex: DNA and RNA

A nucleotide is a monomer of a nucleic acid. Made up of Sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base.

A nitrogen base is one of the parts of the nucleotide. There are 4 bases in DNA- A, T, C, and G.

30. What are the groups that make up a nucleotide? Draw one and label it (

Sugar, Phosphate and Nitrogen Base.

[pic] [pic]

31. What are the two types of nucleic acids? Name 2 differences (structural or functional) between them.

Type 1: __DNA_____________ Type 2: __RNA______________

Difference 1: DNA is double stranded and contains the bases A, T, C, and G and the sugar deoxyribose

Difference 2: RNA is single stranded and contains the bases A, U, C and G and the sugar ribose.

Where is the “information” actually held within a DNA molecule?

The information held by DNA is the instructions on how to build a protein…the order of the amino acids.

32. What elements comprise a nucleic acid? __C H O N P _________________________

33. For each of the following, write the monomer and the polymer for the type of organic molecule.

Carbohydrates:

a. monomer: ___monosaccharide_____________________________

b. dimer (2 units linked): ___disaccharide________________________

c. polymer: _____polysaccharide________________________________

Lipids:

a. Building Blocks: _______Glycerol and Fatty Acid

Proteins:

a. Monomer: ___Amino Acid______________________________

b. Dimer (2 units linked): _____DiPeptide_________________________

c. Polymer: ______Polypeptide_______________________________

Nucleic Acids:

a. Monomer: ___Nucleotide____________________________________

b. Polymer: ____Nucleic Acid____________________________________

***Use your foldable notes to study the general overview of each of the 4 organic macromolecules.**

For each diagram below, label it as part of a carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid, and then with a more specific term from this list (not all terms will be used): Dipeptide, DNA, Triglyceride, Amino Acid, polysaccharide, monosaccharide, polypeptide, disaccharide, nucleotide, phospholipid

| | |

| | |

|Type of Macromol.(circle): Carb Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid | |

|Specific type (from list): __Polysaccharide__________________ | |

| | |

| | |

| |Type of Macromol.(circle): Carb Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid |

| |Specific type (from list): __Amino Acid_____ |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|Type of Macromol.(circle): Carb Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid | |

|Specific type (from list): __DiPeptide |Type of Macromol.(circle): Carb Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid |

| |Specific type (from list): ___Triglyceride___________________ |

| |[pic] |

| |Type of Macromole.(circle): Carb Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid |

| |Specific type (from list): ____Glucose_________________ |

|Type of Macromol.(circle): Carb Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid | |

|Specific type (from list): _____Polypeptide________________ | |

|[pic] |[pic] |

|Type of Macromol.(circle): Carb Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid |Type of Macromol.(circle): Carb Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid |

|Specific type (from list): ____DNA______________________ |Specific type (from list): __Nucleotide_____________________ |

|[pic] |[pic] |

|Type of Macromol.(circle): Carb Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid |Type of Macromol.(circle): Carb Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid |

|Specific type (from list): ___RNA________________________ |Specific type (from list): ____Phospholipid__________________________ |

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