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Key TermsUse the spaces below to define the key terms in your own words.3.1Key TermTextbook DefinitionPicture / In my own wordsDNAGenetic CodeChromosomesGeneAlleles3.2Key TermTextbook DefinitionPicture / In my own wordsMitosisMeiosis3.3Key TermTextbook DefinitionPicture / In my own wordsTraitsPurebredHybridDominant TraitRecessive TraitIncomplete Dominance(Co-dominance)Pick a term you struggled with. Come up with a definition that even a grade 3 student could understand in the space below.5059680-120650Chapter 3 – Genetics3.1 – DNA: The Transmitter of Genetic CodeNucleus – The __________ __________ of the cell. It contains the ___________ __________ that directs all the cell’s activities. 4193540110490If we zoom in on the nucleus, we will see long strands. These long strands contain the genetic code that our cells read. These strands of genetic code are called ___________________. DNADiscovered by _____________ and _____________________________ are made up of _________If we look closely at DNA we will see it looks like a _____________ _____________-89535039370The “notes” that make up the DNA are _________________ (A), ____________________ (G), ___________________ (C), and _________________(T)A _______ “song” is written by how these pair on the ladder, and read like a song.Genes________ are a small section of a ________________Different sections of the chromosome control different __________You have _____ __________ for every trait…. Why?Responsible for _________________ characteristicsOffspring inherit genes from ________ ________________An uninterrupted piece of _______ that has the coded instructions for an organismLocated in the __________________Each chromosome has numerous gene _____________Are always _____________Each gene of a pair carries ________ instructions for the ________ ________4422140-36195AllelesBecause we receive ____ sets of _______ for each trait, each trait has _____ genes controlling itThe different ways a gene can ____________ itself is called an ____________An allele is often represented with a ___________ ___________Homework Assignment – Pg. 45Define the term DNA in your own words and explain its function.What four chemicals make up the genetic code? Describe how these chemicals are arranged in a DNA molecule.What is a chromosome? Describe its function.What is an allele? Describe its function.Explain why chromosomes are considered to be the “source of diversity”.Which of the following contain DNA? Explain your answer.Chromosome YES / NONucleus of a cell YES / NOGene YES / NOExplain how a chromosome may be involved in the inheritance of a disease, such as Severe Combined Immune Deficiency.3.2 – Cell DivisionCells are considered to be living things because they ___________________ themselves. The type of cells that are produced by the parent cell depends on the type of ____________ ____________ the parent cell goes through. _____________ cell division produces body cells of multicellular organisms.____________ cell division produces ______________ (sex cells).MITOSIS -52260520955The processes of ___________ and ____________ _____________ are similar because the _________________________ splits in two resulting in two new, genetically _____________________ cells called “_______________________ _________________”. The difference is whether the cell division is occurring in a _______________________ organism (many cells) or in a ___________ ___________organism (one cell, like bacteria and paramecium).In single celled organisms, the term __________________ ___________________ is used. In multi-cellular organisms, the term used is _________________________. ___________________________ produces two ______________ daughter cells from 1 parent cell. Each daughter cell has the _________ number of _________________ as the parent cell. In humans, each body cell has _______ chromosomes.Mitosis is very important for ________________ and ______________________ ___________________ of multi-cellular organisms. 5269865209550MEIOSISProduces sex cells or ___________________Since half the DNA comes from each parent, gametes have ________ the number of chromosomes.In humans, gametes contain ________ chromosomes.The end result is ________ daughter cells with half the ___________________ of the parent cell. (NOT IDENTICAL).(It is really just ________________ done ____________, with no duplication of ______________ on the second round)Summary: Mitosis – One parent cell produces 2 identical daughter cellsMeiosis – One parent cell produces 4 non-identical gametes that contain only half the DNA/chromosomes/genetic material of the parent cellMitosisMeiosisTypes of Cells ProducedNormal body cellsGametes – sperm and eggEnd number of Chromosomes (human)46(Same as parent cell) 23(Half)Number of Cell Divisions12Number of Cells Produced2 identical4 non-identical (1/2 set of chromosomes in each)Homework Assignment – Pg. 48Describe a type of cell division that occurs during the asexual reproduction of a unicellular organism.What type of cell division is required for sexual reproduction? How does it differ from cell division during asexual reproduction?Describe the type of cell division that occurs in the body cells of multicellular organisms.Using diagrams, explain what happens to the DNA during cell division to produce sex cells (gametes).When a cell divides during mitosis, it divides its cell contents between the two resulting cells. Describe what happens to the DNA of the cell during this type of cell division. Explain how this process ensures that the same characteristics are passed from generation to generation.Why does sexual reproduction produce offspring with characteristics that are different from their parents, whereas offspring produced through asexual reproduction are identical to their parents?If the amount of DNA in a gamete of an organism is n, is the amount of DNA in the body cells of that organism equal to ? n, n, or 2n? Explain.Which form of cell division—mitosis or meiosis—poses the lower risk for the transmission of genetic disorders? Support your answer.3.3 – Patterns of InheritanceRemember: _______________________ of multi-cellular organisms occur in __________ (one from the female gamete and one from the male gamete)Genes are found on chromosomes. Different forms of the same gene are called ___________________.Dominant and Recessive TraitsWhen 2 different ______________ are inherited, one is often in “______________” over the otherThe allele that has control over the other is called the _________________ alleleThe allele that is controlled or hidden is called _________________“expressed” genes are alleles seen as the ________________ trait of an organism498602042545When two different alleles are present on the chromosome pair, the _________________________ trait is the expressed trait and the _________________________ trait is not expressed (but still PRESENT!).A _______________________ trait cannot be expressed unless BOTH alleles are that recessive trait. Purebred vs. HybridIf the two alleles are the same the organism is referred to as _________________ or _________________for that traitA _____________ contains two ______________ allelesHybrids are ____________ (AKA ______________)______________________________ traits cannot normally be expressed in a _________________________________ offspring. However, if two ___________________ parents reproduce, there is a chance the recessive gene will be expressed. To determine the likely expressed trait for offspring, a “__________________ ___________” can be used. A Punnett Square is simply a square divided in quarters with each ______________________ alleles placed above and beside the square. The possible combinations are then put together in the boxes within the square. ___________________ alleles are denoted by a capital letter, while ___________________ alleles are lower case letters. BBbbBbBbOther Patterns of Inheritance1. Incomplete Dominance (Co-Dominance) – _______________________ allele is dominant, thus _________________________ is recessive. This causes a _________________________ of both traits as a type of ____________________________ variation.2. Offspring Unlike Either Parent (_______________________________) – Some traits are the result of more than one __________ and more than one ________________ determining the expression of the trait. This results in an _________________________ pattern. 3. Environmental Factors – DNA ___________________or__________________ can occur by chance or by exposure to toxins. Even if the DNA molecule is not changed or damaged, exposure to some toxins can __________________ the DNA message during embryo _______________. (Ex. Foetal Alcohol Syndrome; Thalidomide)Homework Assignment – Pg. 54Explain how dominant and recessive traits differ from each other.How does a purebred individual differ from a hybrid individual?Give an example of incomplete dominance.How could two black cats produce a kitten that has white fur? Use a diagram to explain your answer.If you wanted to be certain that a trait would appear in the offspring of the plants or animals that you were breeding, what would you have to find out about the parents? Explain your answer.Suppose a new flower in your garden displays an intermediate colour. For example, you begin to see orange flowers although you originally planted only red and yellow flowers. What pattern of inheritance would you be observing in this situation? Explain your answer.Can dominance or recessiveness explain why two cats from the same litter may be different masses or have different leg lengths? Explain your answer.Section Review – Pg. 55How does sexual reproduction contribute to genetic variation?In your own words, define DNA, genes, and chromosomes. Explain how they work together to pass on characteristics from parents to pare and contrast dominant and recessive traits.What is incomplete dominance? Give an example.What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis?How is the genetic material of a parent inherited by offspring in asexual reproduction? In sexual reproduction?Explain how the recessive trait for coat colour is hidden in cats when two parents that are purebred for different fur colour are crossed.Why does meiosis produce cells with only half the amount of DNA? How does this aid in the formation of a healthy zygote? ................
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