Soy Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings



Soy Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings

Soy consumption has been suggested to exert effects in premenopausal women, such as increased menstrual cycle length and sex hormone-binding globulin levels and decreased estrogen levels. One cross-sectional study showed serum estrogens to be inversely associated with soy intake. Seven soy intervention studies controlled for phase of menstrual cycle. These studies provided 32-200 mg/d of isoflavones and generally showed decreased midcycle plasma gonadotropins and trends toward increased menstrual cycle length and decreased blood concentrations of estradiol, progesterone and sex hormone-binding globulin.

(- J Nutr 2002 Mar;132(3):570S-573S -- Hormonal effects of soy in premenopausal women and men. -- Kurzer MS

Soy isoflavones can function as estrogen agonists, antagonists or selective estrogen receptor modulators, depending on the conditions.

-J Nutr 2002 Mar;132(3):559S-565S -- The health consequences of early soy consumption. -- Badger TM, Ronis MJ, Hakkak R, Rowlands JC, Korourian S.

(Decreased serum estradiol concentration associated with high dietary intake of soy products in premenopausal Japanese women.

- Nutr Cancer 1997;29(3):228-33 -- Decreased serum estradiol concentration associated with high dietary intake of soy products in premenopausal Japanese women. -- Nagata C, Kabuto M, Kurisu Y, Shimizu H.

(((Various wheat and soy protein sources, including the soy protein isolates used to make infant formulas, have been related to juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), a common chronic disease of childhood.

- Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1997 Apr;75(4):241-54 -- Adverse reactions to food constituents: allergy, intolerance, and autoimmunity. -- Kitts D, Yuan Y, Joneja J, Scott F, Szilagyi A, Amiot J, Zarkadas M.

(Soy protein formulas are often poorly tolerated by infants with chronic nonspecific or postinfectious diarrhea syndrome.

- Am J Dis Child 1987 Oct;141(10):1069-71 -- Chronic diarrhea and soy formulas. Inhibition of diarrhea by lactose. -- Donovan GK, Torres-Pinedo R.

(Soy and soy products may have an effect on calcium absorption.

- Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Mar;53(3):745-7 -- Soybean phytate content: effect on calcium absorption. -- Heaney RP, Weaver CM, Fitzsimmons ML.

(Soy may also have an effect on zinc absorption.

- Am J Clin Nutr 1984 Nov;40(5):1064-70 -- The effect of individual components of soy formula and cows' milk formula on zinc bioavailability. -- Lonnerdal B, Cederblad A, Davidsson L, Sandstrom B.

((Use caution if you have thyroid problems or conditions. Iodine deficiency greatly increases soy antithyroid effects. The possibility that widely consumed soy products may cause harm in the human population via either or both estrogenic and goitrogenic activities is of concern.

- Environ Health Perspect 2002 Jun;110 Suppl 3:349-53 -- Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones. -- Doerge DR, Sheehan DM. -- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA.

(There is a possibility that dietary soy raises the serum homocysteine level because isoflavones, which are weak estrogens contained in soybeans, may exert antiestrogenic effects in a high estrogen environment, such as in premenopausal women.

- J Nutr 2003 Mar;133(3):797-800 -- Soy product intake is inversely associated with serum homocysteine level in premenopausal Japanese women. -- Nagata C, Shimizu H, Takami R, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K.

(Soy contains genistein and daidzein, two phytoestrogens, which work through the estrogen receptor and cause alterations in serum lipids, bone metabolism, and possibly cognition.

- Maturitas 2003 Mar 14;44 Suppl 1:S21-9 -- Soy isoflavones: hope or hype? -- Fitzpatrick LA.

(Soy protein food-drug interactions with warfarin may be more common than the literature suggests, and further studies are needed to determine the exact mechanism. Healthcare professionals should be alerted to the potential implications of this food-drug interaction.

- Ann Pharmacother 2002 Dec;36(12):1893-6 -- Effect of soy milk on warfarin efficacy. -- Cambria-Kiely JA.

(Caution is warranted for postmenopausal women consuming dietary genistein while on tamoxifen therapy for E-responsive breast cancer.

- Cancer Res 2002 May 1;62(9):2474-7 -- Dietary genistein negates the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells implanted in athymic mice. -- Ju YH, Doerge DR, Allred KF, Allred CD, Helferich WG.

((Administration of levothyroxine concurrently with a soy protein dietary supplement results in decreased absorption of levothyroxine and the need for higher oral doses of levothyroxine to attain therapeutic serum thyroid hormone levels.

- Endocr Pract 2001 May-Jun;7(3):193-4 -- Use of soy protein supplement and resultant need for increased dose of levothyroxine. -- Bell DS, Ovalle F.

((Results show that low dose simvastatin may enhance the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy protein compared to animal proteins in the rabbit. - J Am Coll Nutr 1997 Apr;16(2):166-74 -- Simvastatin further enhances the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy protein in rabbits. -- Giroux I, Lavigne C, Moorjani S, Jacques H.

Phytoestrogens in soy-based formulas have potential side effects(1)

our leading scientists(2) in New Zealand have raised serious concerns about the high levels of phytoestrogen hormones found in soy-based formulas. Measurements of two phytoestrogens, daidzein and genistein in several brands of soy-based formulas available in New Zealand, found intakes by infants to be extremely high. Intakes were two to three times greater than amounts required to disrupt the menstrual cycle of premenopausal women. Soy phytoestrogens act as antagonists to the naturally occurring oestradiol, inhibiting its activity. Reduced activity of oestradiol may be beneficial to adults, but for infants it can be deleterious. Research has shown that oestradiol is essential in the "imprinting and development of many physical, physiological and behavioural characteristics during the neonatal period and infancy". Also, any decrease in oestradiol activity has been found to be harmful. As yet no research has been done to document the effects of soy-formula feeding on infant characteristics. Rejecting manufacturers claims that soy formulas have been used for many years without side effects, the authors cite the use of diethylstilbestrol (DES), which was prescribed to women for three decades before harmful effects appeared, to highlight their concerns of long term use and effects. Even the usually conservative US Food and Drug Administration's Department of Health stated at a recent conference on phytoestrogens, "given the DES tragedy, it would be foolish to ignore the possibility that some phytoestrogens constitute a developmental hazard". The New Zealand Ministry of Health recommends soy-formula feeding only if parents have been advised to do so by health specialists. Yet soy-formulas can be self selected on supermarket and pharmacy shelves. The authors recommend that routine sales of soy-formulas be stopped. At the very least they recommend that physicians and parents be informed.

Soybeans Linked To Brain

Atrophy & Cell Death

From Ian Goddard

11-28-99

 

|  |

|As a vegetarian, I present the following with great regret. Soy products like tofu have provided the staple alternative to eating murdered animals. |

|Unfortunately the study reported here: has found a significant link between eating tofu and brain aging and atrophy! My first reaction was to hope that |

|the study was flawed. Unfortunately, a quick study of published research at the National Library of Medicine indicates that there is a STRONG |

|physiological basis for the findings in that study. It seems that a main phytochemical in soybeans, genistein, reduces DNA synthesis in the brain, and |

|reduced DNA synthesis promotes apoptosis, which is also known as "programmed cell death." Multiple studies I found indicate that drug-induced reduction |

|of DNA synthesis is routinely assoicated with reduced cell proliferation and death. DNA synthesis is a critical part of the life cycle of a cell: |

|  |

|It appears that the ability of genistein to reduce DNA synthesis may be why it is a promising anti-cancer agent, for research suggests genistein can kill|

|cancer cells and other drugs that reduce DNA synthesis kill cancer cells. Unfortunately, genistein's cytotoxic properties appear to be nonspecific, ie, |

|it doesn't only kill cancer cells. In the first abstract below, it was found that genistein "induced significant testicular cell death." Ouch! The second|

|study finds that genistein reduced DNA synthesis in the brain. To get the full picture of what I've stated here, I recommend using the National Library |

|of Medicine's search engine: It is easily the most powerful tool on the Internet, accessing most of the published |

|medical research since around 1965. |

|  |

| |

| (((Too much tofu induces ‘brain aging,’ study shows |

|A Hawaii research team says high consumption of the soy product by a group of men lowered mental abilities |

|By Helen Altonn |

|Star-Bulletin |

|[pic] |

|Tofu is touted for its health benefits, but also may pose health risks, says a Hawaii scientist. |

|A Hawaii study shows a significant statistical relationship between two or more servings of tofu a week and "accelerated brain aging" and even an |

|association with Alzheimer's disease, says Dr. Lon White. The Pacific Health Research Institute researcher urged caution at a recent conference in |

|Washington as scientists from around the world discussed the role of soy products in the prevention and treatment of disease. The symposium was sponsored|

|by giant soybean growing and processing firms such as Archer Daniels Midland and DuPont. |

|The largely unregulated food supplements industry is preparing to step up sales, claiming that isoflavones, plant chemicals found in high concentrations |

|in soybeans, offer "natural" cures for breast cancer, osteoporosis, prostate cancer, heart disease, menopausal "hot flashes" and other chronic |

|conditions. |

|Negative conclusions |

|But, White said in an interview, "The majority of scientists said the data they were talking about for beneficial effects on health is very weak" and |

|doesn't really support health claims for soy foods. White and his associates have been studying diseases and aging in a group of Japanese-American men |

|who volunteered for medical research in 1965. The Honolulu Heart Program began with 8,006 men born from 1900 through 1919. They were identified through |

|World War II Selective Service registration records. In comparing the dietary habits and health of the Japanese-American men in the study group between |

|1965 and 1993, White said the scientists found "a significant link between tofu consumption during midlife and loss of mental ability and even loss of |

|brain weight." The men were questioned about 27 foods and drinks, with data showing that those who ate more tofu were apt to have impaired mental |

|ability, White said. Tofu was the only consistent link among the men, he said. The rate of brain impairment, which normally increases with age, also went|

|up faster in the men who ate the most tofu, he said. "The test results were about equivalent to what they would have been if they were five years older,"|

|he said. "Guys who ate none, their test scores were as though they were five years younger." The brains of 300 men who died also were examined in a |

|unique autopsy study conducted as part of the Honolulu aging project, White said. The 300 men didn't appear to have had any more strokes than the average|

|person, and their blood vessels didn't look different. "But what I did see was (that) the simple weight of the brain was lower," he said. Shrinkage |

|occurs naturally with age, but atrophy progressed more rapidly in those men who had consumed more tofu, White said. He said the wives of about 500 men |

|also provided information about what they ate, and the findings correlated with what their husbands said. |

|Stark contrast |

|So the scientists obtained four independent indicators of an adverse effect from frequent eating of tofu and changes in the brain with aging, White said.|

|Those who ate a lot of tofu, by the time they were 75 or 80 looked five years older, he said. "Why in the world would that happen?" he said. "Everyone |

|knows protein in tofu and soy is wonderfully nutritious. Everyone knows fats are wonderfully nutritious."But more and more and more over the last five to|

|10 years, people have been claiming the health benefits of soy foods are less related to its nutrient composition, proteins and fat, and more related to |

|other molecules that occur in tofu made by soy plants and act as pharmacological agents." Isoflavones, the most talked about, "are molecules that the |

|soy plant makes while it's germinating to help it fend off mold and other things that attack the plant in the ground," White said. They're plant |

|molecules that look like estrogens but they're not natural estrogens, he said. "When they get into cells, they actually affect the metabolism of cells. |

|They inhabit certain kinds of enzymes and alter (the) metabolism of cells. "The bottom line," stressed White, "is these are not nutrients. They are |

|drugs. They will have some benefits and some negative things." |

|Groundbreaking work |

|White said his study, to his knowledge, is the only one to show strong evidence of serious adverse effects from a soy product. His group is seeking a new|

|National Institutes of Health grant to continue research on the effects of tofu. It may be beneficial for heart disease and bones, White said. "We don't |

|know. All we know, in our study, is there appears to be an adverse relationship." Among those at the conference was Finnish scientist Herman Adlercreutz,|

|who became interested in soy after observing that breast cancer and colon cancer were less common in Japan than in Finland. His studies 20 years ago led |

|to a scientific explosion of interest in soy and its components. Adlercreutz believes more dietary soy, a staple of Asian diets, would improve the health|

|of Americans and people of other Western countries. But he said at the conference, "I am myself frightened a little bit by all of this. There is so much |

|we don't know." Mark Messina, a soy foods expert and former researcher with the Diet and Cancer Branch of the National Cancer Institute, told the |

|scientists, "It's simply not possible as yet to draw any conclusions about soy consumption and cancer prevention, but further research is certainly |

|warranted." Companies that make money from soy products are pushing hard to have people think of them as "perfect food," White said |

|"But if we're talking about soy foods containing substances that have effects on health that aren't nutrients, that are not vitamins, or fat, but change |

|how cells operate, they're acting as drugs act. And the way we think of them should be how we think about drugs." |

| |

| |

|Soy-phytochemical genistein "induced significant testicular cell death." |

|  |

|Biol Cell 1999 Sep;91(7):515-23 |

|  |

|Cytotoxic potential of the phytochemical genistein isoflavone (4',5',7-trihydroxyisoflavone) and certain environmental chemical compounds on testicular |

|cells. |

|  |

|Kumi-Diaka J, Nguyen V, Butler A |

|  |

|Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Davie 33314, USA. |

|  |

|[Medline record in process] |

|  |

|The effects of genistein (Gn), sodium azide (naz), and dexamethasone (dxm) on testicular cells TM3, TM4 and GC-1 spg were studied in vitro. First, a |

|series of experiments were performed to assess the response of the cells to the exposure of Gn, naz, dxm, a combination of Gn with naz and Gn with dxm. |

|Trypan blue exclusion assay was used to determine the percentage of viability, and LDH-cytotoxicity test was used to assess the degree of |

|treatment-induced cytotoxicity on each cell type. A second series of experiments were performed to study cytomorphology and determine the type and |

|percentage of treatment-induced cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) on each cell line, using fluorescent dye technique to detect apoptotic and necrotic |

|cells, and tunnel assay to confirm apoptosis. The results from the data obtained demonstrated: i) that incubation of testis cells with each of the agents|

|(Gn, dxm, naz) alone and in two combinations (Gn-dxm, and Gn-naz) induced significant testicular cell death; ii) that both genistein and dexamethasone |

|mostly and significantly induced apoptotic cell death while sodium azide induced necrotic cell death; iii) that addition of dexamethasone to genistein |

|demonstrated synergism in apoptosis on testis cells; and iv) that combination of naz with Gn demonstrated synergism in necrosis on testis cells even |

|though Gn alone did not induce significant necrosis. It is concluded that the synergistic actions of genistein and dxm, and of genistein + sodium azide |

|in induction of apoptosis and/or necrosis may be of clinical and pathophysiological research interest considering the chemopreventive and |

|chemotherapeutic potential of genistein; and the clinico-pharmacological application of dexamethasone and sodium azide. |

|  |

| |

|  |

|"Genistein decreased the DNA synthesis within less than 30 min." |

|  |

|Exp Neurol 1999 Sep;159(1):164-76 |

|  |

|Early effects of protein kinase modulators on DNA synthesis in rat cerebral cortex. |

|  |

|Yakisich JS, Siden A, Vargas VI, Eneroth P, Cruz M |

|  |

|Applied Biochemistry, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Novum, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, S-141 86, Sweden. |

|  |

|By using tissue miniunits, protein kinase modulators, and topoisomerase inhibitors in short-term incubation (0-90 min) we studied (1) the role of protein|

|phosphorylation in the immediate control of DNA replication in the developing rat cerebral cortex and (2) the mechanism of action for genistein- mediated|

|DNA synthesis inhibition. Genistein decreased the DNA synthesis within less than 30 min. None of the other protein kinase inhibitors examined (herbimycin|

|A, staurosporine, calphostin-C) or the protein phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate inhibited DNA synthesis and they did not affect the |

|genistein-mediated inhibition. The selective topoisomerase inhibitors camptothecin and etoposide decreased the DNA synthesis to an extent similar to that|

|of genistein and within less than 30 min. In addition, the effects of these substances on topoisomerase I and II were studied. Etoposide and genistein |

|but not herbimycin A, staurosporine, or calphostin-C strongly inhibited the activity of topoisomerase II. Our results (1) strongly suggest that the net |

|rate of DNA replication during the S phase of the cell cycle is independent of protein phosphorylation and (2) indicate that the early inhibitory effect |

|of genistein on DNA synthesis is mediated by topoisomerase II inhibition rather than protein tyrosine kinase inhibition. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. |

|  |

|  |

|Reduce DNA synthesis associated with aging |

|  |

|Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1999 Jan;97(1):71-81 |

|  |

|Age-related changes of DNA repair and mitochondrial DNA synthesis in the mouse brain. |

|  |

|Schmitz C, Axmacher B, Zunker U, Korr H |

|  |

|Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH University of Aachen, Germany. cschmitz@alpha.imib.rwth-aachen,de |

|  |

|Using quantitative autoradiography, both nuclear DNA repair - measured as nuclear unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) - and mitochondrial (mt) DNA synthesis |

|were evaluated in situ for several types of cells in the brains of untreated mice of various age. It was found that distinct types of neuronal cells |

|showed a decline of both UDS and mtDNA synthesis with age, whereas - except for glial cells of the cerebral cortex - no glial or endothelial cells showed|

|age-related alterations of UDS. Together with various data reported in the literature, these patterns of a cell type-specific decrease of UDS and mtDNA |

|synthesis with age in the mouse brain lead to an improved understanding of the complex interrelationships between the molecular events associated with |

|the phenomenon of aging as well as to a new idea regarding the cause of the specific distribution pattern of those cells in the human brain that are |

|affected by the formation of paired helical filaments in Alzheimer's disease. |

|  |

| |

|Reheating of soy oil is detrimental to bone metabolism in oestrogen deficient rats. |

| |

| |

|Ima-Nirwana S, |

|Ahmad SN, |

|Yee LJ, |

|Loh HC, |

|Yew SF, |

|Norazlina M, |

|Abdul MT, |

|Kamsiah J. |

|Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia. |

|imasoel@medic.ukm.my |

|INTRODUCTION: The short-term and long- term effects of heated soy oil on bone metabolism in ovariectomised Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. METHODS: |

|Three-month-old female rats, were divided into five groups: normal control (NC); ovariectomised control (OVXC); ovariectomised and fed rat chow with |

|added fresh soybean oil (SOF) or once-heated soy oil (SO1) or five-times-heated soy oil (SO5). Short-term parameters measured after one month were serum |

|interleukin-6 (IL-6) and osteocalcin. Long-term parameters measured after six months were the structural bone histomorphometrical parameters. Vitamin E |

|content in the soy oil subjected to the different heating treatments were also measured. RESULTS: Rats in the SO5 group had higher levels of IL-6 after |

|one month compared to the other four groups. Osteocalcin levels in the SO1 and SO5 groups remained high after treatment, while those in the NC and SOF |

|groups declined. After six months, bone mass declined in the SO5 group. Vitamin E assay in the oils showed that levels of alpha-tocopherol decreased |

|after heating the oil once and five times, while levels of gamma- and delta-tocopherols only declined after heating five times. CONCLUSION: Repeated |

|heating of soy oil destroyed the tocopherols causing raised serum IL-6 and osteocalcin levels, leading to increased bone resorption and osteoporosis in |

|the long term. |

|((FAST FOOD INDUSTRY REPEAT USE OF THEIR COOKING OIL… |

| |

[pic]

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download