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ENVIRONMENT- Sankar IASChapter 01: EcologyDefine Ecology.Define environment.How many main levels of organizations of ecology exist? Name them (Different in NCERT)Differentiate between ecology, environment, and ecosystem. What is the difference between decomposer and detritivores? (Link)Define homeostasis? Is homeostatis a negative feedback system? (Yes- positive feedback system are not stable) Link ? (internal equilibrium of an organism)What are autotrophs, phagotrophs, heterotrops, osmotrophs, and saprotrophs?What is an Ecotone? Name the ecotone between a) forest/desert b) dry and wet c) fresh and salt water c) marine and terrestrial ecosystemExplain the ‘edge effect’. What are edge species? With reference to ecosystem, what’s meant by ‘Niche’? Can 2 organisms have same niche?Does Habitat include only abiotic components? What are the objectives of Nagar Vana Udyan and School Nursery Yojana? (MoEFCC)What are biomes?How many major types of biomes exist? Name them, and describe the countries they cover, rainfall they receive, and the flora and fauna they harbor.Name the three main kinds of Aquatic Zones.What is the average salinity of the ocean? What % of this is sodium chlorideWhat is meant by Biosphere? What are its 3 componentsWhat is ENVIS? What are Ecad and Ecotype ? (Ecad- plant species – physically different but genetically same- reversible; ecotype- physically and genetically different- irreversible)Chapter 02: Functions of an EcosystemWhat are the 3 broad functions of an ecosystem?What are trophic levels? How many of these usually exist, and why?Can energy flow from higher trophic levels to lower levels i.e multi-directional?How is hibernation of bear different from hibernation of other snaimals? Asiatic bears do not hibernate, why? Define ‘food chain’. How many types of food chains exist? How are they different from each other?What is foodweb? What can get extinct easily- foodweb or chain?What are ‘cetaceans’? Give some examples.What is an ecological pyramid?How many types of ecological pyramids exist? Are they all necessarily inverted?What is the phenomenon of biological magnification? How is it different from bioaccumulation? What are key consitions for biomangnification?Define: mutualism, commensalism, competition, predation, parasitism, amensalism, and neutralism.What is a bio-geo chemical cycle?Name the two ways in which nutrient cycle can be classified based on replacement rates?Name the two ways in which nutrient cycles can be classified based on reservoir?Describe water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorous cycle, sulphur cycleEven though there is an almost inexhaustible supply of nitrogen in the atmosphere, why can’t plants use it directly? What needs to be done to it so that it’s usable as a nutrient? Describe the various ways in which this process can take place. ?What are the two major gases associated with Surphur gaseous cycle. What is the composition of the pyrite rock. What is meant by ‘succession’?What is a ‘pioneer community’? Give examples? ‘Climax community’? Seral community?Key difference between primary and secondary succession?What is ‘autogenic succession’ and ‘allogenic succession’? ?What is ‘autotrophic succession’ and ‘heterotrophic succession’? ?What is nudation? (initiatation of suiccession in a new area)What is ecsasis (a new organism establishes in a new environment)Chapter 03: Terrestrial EcosystemsWhat is ‘terrestrial ecology’?What is the literal meaning of ‘tundra’? How many basic types exist? Name them.Do any flora and fauna exist in tundra regions?Describe the body features of mammals found in tundra regions.What are the three main kinds of forest ecosystems?What is another name for boreal forests?Describe coniferous forests with respect to the following features: temperature, rainfall, and length of winter and summer, soil. Why is soil in coniferous areas acidic/ mineral deficient? Technical term for such soils? ?What are podzols and latosols? In which areas are they found? ?Name 3 prominent causes of deforestation.What is the annual range of rainfall in grasslands? Differentiate between steppes and savannas. ?What are 4 types of grasslands in India? Where are they located? ?Name 2 grassland research institutes in India? Where are they located? ?What are the some negative effects of over grazing? ?How much rainfall do deserts typically receive?Which is the largest zoo in the country? Name some ways in which desert flora and fauna adapt themselves to survive in the extreme climatic conditions. True or False. Are mammals very well adapted to deserts?What is desertification? What % of India’s land is classified as ‘dry land’? ?What is the main UN convention that deals with desertification? Is India a signatory to it?Name some government programmes that aim to deal with desertification.Who publishes India State of Forest Report using which satellite? ?What % of India’s land is under forest cover?As per India State of Forest Report 2017- ?Top 3 states/UT with forest cover (absolute)Top 2 states/UT with maximum forest cover (%) Number and names of states with >75% forest cover Number of states with >33% forest coverIndia’s rank in world forest?Area of mangrove increase <Highest, lowest area- does all coastal states/UTs?>Other new additions in ISFR 2017 <Carbon stock>This is which addition?Chapter 04: Aquatic EcosystemsOn basis of salt content how are aquatic ecosystems classified? Name them.Name the 5 classifications of aquatic organisms. ? <Periphyton>Is there photosynthesis in aphotic zone? What is winterkill? What are the 3 main classifications of lakes on the basis of their nutrient content?Compare the above on oxygen in hypolimnion ? , animal/plant production, species, conductanceWhich is possibly the oldest man-made lake in India? Location? Which lake is the first Biodiversity Heritage site in India? Is this man-made? What are the benefits of such notification? Explain 5 steps in eutrophication? What are 4 key effects of eutrophication? ?What is N-Testing? ? What are algae? ?What is scientific name of Red tides? Why is Red tide a misnomer? Which fish is specifically effected by these?Name two common causes of algal blooms? What are the effects of an algal bloom?What are the potential effects of an algal bloom on humans? ?What are wetlands? What kind of soils do they have? Can they exist inland? (Depth?)Name some reasons for the depletion of wetlands.What are some of the differences between wetlands and lakes? (water turnover, uses, dominant producer, type of food chain, trophic status, vertical mixing) ?Which one of these is more important from the viewpoint of ecosystem and biodiversity conservation?What is meant by a littoral and pelagial zone? ?What % of India’s lands are wetlands? These are used for which crop cultivation? ? (%)Is wetland a transitional ecosystem or ecotone? (Link)What is the major programme run by the Indian government to conserve wetlands? ?What is the role of the central and state governments here?What is the international convention on which the above programme is modeled?Disucss 4 key criteria for identification of wetlands of national importance? ? ?What is Montreux record? 2 such wetlands in India- why are they kept in the record?What are the invasive species in the above wetlands? ?Which wetland received Ramsar Award 2002? What was it for? What is phumids/phumshongs, athampuns? found in one of the Ramsar sites? LinkWhich lake in India recently adopted Floating treatment plant? ? ?What is an estuary? 4 processes that lead to estuary formation? ?What are signs of a healthy estuary ecosystem? On which coast do most of India’s major estuaries lie? What are some key issues of Indian Estaury ecosystem? What are mangroves? ? What are the best locations for growth of mangroves?Desrcibe the terms related to mangroves?Penumatophores/blind roots, lenticellated bank, viviparity mode of reproduction, stilt rootsWhere are salt secreting glands located in mangroves? What is the single largest area of mangroves in the world? Also, second largest in Indian subcontinent? Other locations mangroves are found in India? ? List 4 uses of mangroves? What is utility of anoxic sediments under mangroves ?What are corals? What are the algae that live on them? Describe their symbiotic relationship.What are the two types of corals? Which type build reefs- technical term for this? ?How is a coral reef formed? In what latitudes are you most likely to find corals?Where is largest cold water coral reefs found? ?Why are coral reefs called Tropical rainforest of Oceans? Depending upon their location, what are the 5 major classifications of coral reefs? Which type is found on different coral ecosystems in India? ?Arrange the 4 major coral reefs of India based on their biodiversity? ?List 4 points about why coral reefs are useful. ? <natural source of which mineralWhat is coral bleaching? What is the major cause of coral bleaching?Is PAR and UV both responsible? (also xenobiotic, Epizootics) ?Explain the effects of eutrophication on corals.Is coral reef protected under schedule 1 of Wildlife Act?Discuss the 4 components of Namami Gange? ?NGF is administered by what body/headed by who? Key activites allowed ?Chapter 05: Environmental PollutionWhat are primary and secondary pollutants? Give examplesWhat are qualitative and quantitative pollutants? Give examples ?What is the most common reason for the formation of ozone at the ground level? What is radon? Why is it harmful?What is fly ash? Its 3 key constituents? How is it separated before releasing in air? Its key applicationsWhat is MoEFCC policy for its disposal? (2016 guidelines in CA)Which air pollutants cause the following health issues: Humans- Gingivitis, minamata, Byssinosis, Plants- Chlorosis, plasmolysis (what are these?)What is the full form of NAAQS? What are 8 pollutants considered for AQI? ? Are CO2/CH4 part of it? Which organization is designated repository for zoological collection? Which Act? ?What is putrescibility? ?What is ‘indicator species’? Tubliex/annelid worm is indicator species for? Lichens are indicator speicies for?What is DO, BoD, CoD? They are used to measure which kind of pollution? ?Who publishes EPI? 2 key objective indicators? ? India’s rank? Which pollutant causes minamata disease, itai itai/ouch ouch, hyperkertosis, peripheral neutritis, blue baby syndrome/methaemoglobinemia, black foot disease? ?What is Bregoli? National Plan for Aquatic Ecosystem is related which 2 aquatic ecosystem? Which place in India is know as world capital of Amur Falcons? Which lake do they use during their migratory route? From where to where? ?Which is the first country to constitue National Resource Panel? What is it for? ?Which 7 cities have Real time Ambient Noise monitoring? (Upper limit of 55 db- CPCB)Among the 3 types of nuclear radiations, which ones have the most penetrative power? ?Which of the ionisiong and non-ionising radiation has higher penetrative powerWhich of temperature, humidity,rainfall is critical in deciding sex of crocodilians?Mention various pollutants in e-wastes? ? ? (P-69 for mnemonics)Which of the Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore produces highest e-waste? ?What leads to production of Dioxin and Furan?Which 4 states have the highest hazardous waste? ? (ABUT)How is sanitary landfill better than normal landfill? Discuss the role of various microorganism in composting? Is it anaerobic process? ?What is vermicultre? What are target industries of Waste minimization circles? Key organizations? Discuss how excess warm water lead to eutrophication type situation? When is Wildlife week celebrated? ?What was the latest theme of Science Express? How plastic in water is more harmful than plastic on land?What is bioremediation? Discuss 3 in-situ and 4 ex-situ techniques of bioremediation? ?Discuss 3 types of phytoremediation? ?What is utility of TERI developed oilzapper?Which organism is used for mycoremidation and mycofilteration? Which river systems have gharial crocodile? Discuss three key acid rain gases? Does acid rain refer to both dry and wet deposition?Discuss the impact of acid rain on soil, vegetation, microorganismSpecify suitable pH for different organism? ?What can be used to reduce mercury in fishes? ?What is agamospermy? What are such fruits called? ?Which are the 4 categories of industries based on pollution index? ?Chapter 06: Renewable energyWhat is renewable energy?What is India’s target (split by source) for renewable energy by 2022? What are 2 commonly used method for converting sunlight into electricity?Which states in India have high solar potential?What is the objective National Solar Mission?What are key objectives of International Solar Alliance? Another name for the Allaince ?Where was it launched? Its HQ, membership? Which countries are called SuryaPutra/ Sunshine countries?What are luminescent solar concentrators? What material is used? ? What’s ideal LSC?Objectives, membership, HQ of IRENAWhat are 3 factors that determine the electricity produced out of wind turbine? ?What are 2 types of wind turbines based on axial orientation wrt to land? Which turbine is more suitable for converting wind energy to mechanical energy and wind energy to electricial energy? Why?Which organization has lauched the AGL wind potential? Which are top 3-4 states as per that? What are the 3 states with highest installed capacity? (GaKaMA, TaMaKa) ?Which ministry has been made nodel agency for utilization of EEZ of countryWhat are three types of hydropower facility? Give a brief description? ? What are small hydropower project? What is the potential v/s installment in India? What is OTEC, wave energy, tidal energy? Where is first wave energy plant set up in India?Why are Biomass considered clean source even though they produce same amount of Co2 as fossil fuels?What are 4 key ways to convert biomass into biofuelsWhat is the composition of syngas? ? What’s another name for it? Which of the above process produces it? What is co-generation? Which type of co-generation is being promoted in India?What is the govt. target for Biodisel by 2020? Mention a few source plants??<Last name>What technology is used in WtE plants? Where was first WtE plant setup in India?What are the key challenges for waste to energy in India? Which process is used to capture geo-thermal energy? How many operational geo-thermal plants are there in India? Also, mention a few potential sites? ? ?What are the challeneges with promotion of geo-thermal energy in India?What are the main objectives on REN21? Is it only for industrialized nations or developed nations can be part of it as well? Is it only constituted of govt. organization ?Chapter 07: Environmental IssuesWhich lake is Mission Butterfly related to? What are environmental consequences of sand mining? Mention 2 alternatives to sand? ?What are 2 highest palm oil producing countries? 3 top palm oil states in India?Discuss the environmental impact of palm oil production? Discuss constraints for high cultivation of palm oil in India even though it constitutes 75% of all imported edible oils. ? What is roundtable on sustainable oil? Who are its memebrs? ?What is colony collapse disorder? Key causes ?What are neonicotinoids? Few characterstics? ?What are the 2 key adverse effect of Telecommunication systems on birdsWhich is the first state in to grow GE trees? Which plant? Discuss the ethical aspects due to which dolphin captivitity has been prohibited in India? Removal of fins of which schedule 1 species has been made equivalent to huting? ? ?Chapter 08: Environmental Impact AssessmentWhat is the purpose of EIAs?Under which GoI Act are these mandatory and which body is responsible for its execution? Which is the only mixed heritage site, UNESCO in India? List the 9 steps in an EIA. Briefly describe what each step entails ?In which city Urban Forestry scheme was launched? What is the composition of public hearing panel? As per which organization india ranks dead last in ‘Air(effects on human health)’What changes did the 2006 notification to the Environment (Protection) Act bring to the system of EIAs? Mention the names of various agencies involved? ?What is composition of public hearing panel?What is the major drawbacks of the current system of EIAs in India? (X)What are the 5 criteria for classification of Scheduled Tribes? ?What are pros and cons of Environmental Supplement plan (ESPs)? Which govt. organization notification enforced ESPs? Which 2 courts have legal basis for ESPs? Are they manatory for all EIA proposals? ?Expand PARIVESH? Which ministry administers it? What type of clearance and upto which level?Chapter 09: BiodiversityDefine biodiversity.At what three levels does biodiversity exist? Name them.What does zero species biodiversity signify? By which two broad components is biodiversity measured? ?Differentiate between alpha, beta, and gamma biodiversity. ?Differentiate between ex-situ and in-situ methods of biodiversity conservation.Does introduction of animals into natural habitat an in-situ or ex-situ conservation?What is a botanical garden?How does CZA define zoo? What all type of species do IUCN cover? what 2 type of species are most exhaustively covered in IUCN Red ListWhich commission of IUCN issues redbook data? What are 9 categories of IUCN Redbook and criteria ? ?What does pink and green pages of Redbook signify? ? Chapter 10: Indian Biodiversity LandscapeWhat % of world’s species does India have? What is a ‘biogeographic realm’? How many of these does India have?Map the 8 biographic relams to different geographies across globe (Link) ?Define ‘biome’. Name the 5 biomes of India. ?What are 10 biogeographic zones and further 25 biogeographic provinces. Who did the classification? ?What are the two main branches of biogeography?What are key subtypes of vertaberates. Which of these are cold blooded ?, do not lay eggsWhat are key sub-types of invertebrates. Mention key characterstics, give examples ?TypeExampleDetailsAnnelids- Earthworms, leeches, RoundwormsBody divided in multiple parts, don’t have limbsMollusksOctopus, Oyster, Squid, Mussel -waterSnail, slug on landSoft skin like organs covered with hard shellEchinodermsSea star, Sea urchins, sand dollar, sea cucumberRadially emanating arms ProtozoaSmallest and single celled animalsCrustaceansCrab, lobster, barnacleHard shell that protect their bodyInsectsBeetle, fly etc.Exoskelteon on entire body, have antennaArachnidsSpiders, Scorpions, ticks, mitesDo not have antenna<Crustaceans, Insects, Archanids are collectively called Anthropods>Is bacteria classified under flora or fauna? What are algae? Do they have chlorophyll?On the basis of colour, how can one differentiate between freshwater & marine algae?What is the main difference between algae and fungi?What are lichens? Discuss the sybmitoic relation of 2 organismsWhat are bryophytes? 3 key bryophytes in India? (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) ?What are pteridophyte? Which part of India are they abundant? (club-mosses, horsetails, ferns) ?Which are 3 key differences between gymnosperm and angiosperm? G- (Cycas, Pinus, Gnetum) ?Where are key national gene banks located in India? The recent one? (Link) ?Which deer species did it recently save from extinction ? (Mouse deer/Chevrotain released in Amrabad Tiger reserve)- though IUCN says its least concern ?What is India’s rank in species contribution to agricultural and animal husbandryWhat is India’s rank in population of buffalo, cattle, chicken, camel, sheep, ducks, goats ?(BCS DChCa)Chapter 11: WPA Act of 1972True of False. WPA Act of 1972 doesn’t extend to J&K.Out of 6 schedules under the act, which schedule animals are protected? Which schedule species are called vermins? Can they be hunted? Name them allEnlist all species of schedule 6? What are provisions for these? ?Which 5 statutory bodies were setup under the act? (Link) (NBWL, NTCA, CWLW, CZA, WCCB) ? All under fin ministriesWhich 5 protected areas were declared under the act? Which can be notified by state govt. only.True or False. WPA provides for protection of only wild animals Give examples of animals in Schedule I,II, III, IV ?Schedule AnimalsSchedule 1Mammals (2+3+x)Antelopes Tibetan Chiru (Shahtoosh shawls?has led to the endangerment)Black buckIndian wild ass (Run of kutchh), Indian Wild Buffalo, Indian Gazelle/Chinkara (Narayan Sarovar WLS- Kutchh), Indian Wild Boar/Andamanese PigAll mammals studied in detail, i.e.- Tiger, Lion, Snow Leopard, Elephant, Hangul, All dolphins (fresh water, brackish, marine), Indian Rhino, Vultures (Oriental white backed, Slender billed, Long Billed, Lammergeirer), All crocodile (gharial, mugger, salt water crocodile) Birds- Narcondam hornbill, Nicobar megapedeSchedule 2Rhesus macaque (the regular bandar)Bengal Parcupine (kaantedaar suri)King Cobra, (saamp)Himalayan Brown bear (Pahadi bhalu)Schedule 3Hyeana, Barking deerNilgai (Asian Antelope), Goral (antelope-like appearance)Sponges,Schedule 4Mangoose, Vultures?Schedule 5Rat, Mice, Common Crow, Flying fox (Fruit eating bat)Schedule 6Red Vanda, Blue Vanda, Pitcher Plant, Kuth, Ladies slipper Orchids, Beddomes CycadChapter 12: Animal Diversity of IndiaWhat are ‘monotremes’? Where are they found? Give examples (Page 155) ?What are ‘marsupials’? Give few examples? ?Write about Fire corals? Where are they found? Key threat to them? ?Name 8 critically endangered, 13 endangered, and 15 vulnerable mammals in India.Name 11 critically endangered birds, 5 CR reptiles, fishes in India<Status below keeps changing, update if you plan to use below table from IUCN redbook>MammalsCritically Endangered1Pygmy Hog(Sch 1)* World’s smallest pig* Found in Terai grasslands (indicator species)*Found only in Manas WLS2Andaman white-toothed shrew (N/A) * Usually active after twilight* Require special habitats, such as rock crevices and leaf litter* Campbell National Park to galathea River (A&N)3Kondana Rat(N/A)* Nocturnal rodent; endemic to India* Found only in Sinhagarh plateau in Pune4Large Rock Rat/ Elvira Rat(N/A)Nocturnal rodent; endemic to IndiaFound only in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu5Namdapha Flying Squirrel (Sch 2)Found only in Namdapha in Arunachal Pradesh; it is hunted for food6Malabar Civet (Sch 2) One of the world’s rarest mammals; nocturnal, found only in Western Ghats7Sumatran Rhinoceros (N/A)Also Javan Smallest, most endangered of the 5 rhino species; thought to be extinct in India & Malaysia, and found only in Java and Vietnamonly Asian rhino with two horns8Kashmir Stag/ Hangul (Sch1)State animal of Jammu and Kashmir; also found in Chamba Valley (HP) subspecies of Red Deer which is endemic to IndiaEndangered Mammals1Asiatic or Indian Wild Dog/ Dhole (Sch 2)2Eld’s Deer/ Sangai/ Brow-Antlered Deer (Sch1)Found in Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur (state animal), 3Himalayan/ White-bellied Musk Deer (Sch1)Lack antlers, but have enlarged canines that grow continuously; poached for it’s glands that produce musk used in perfumes4Hog Deer (Sch 3)Found in Gangetic plainsRecently also seen at Keibul lamjao5Nilgiri Tahr (Sch 1)Open montane grassland habitats (>2000 m); Western Ghats6Lion-tailed Macaque (Sch 1)Western Ghats;being captive bred in Arinagar Anna Zoological park, Chennai; and Mysore Zoo, 7Golden Langur (Sch 1)Assam/ Bhutan8Hispid Hare/ Assam rabbit (Sch 1)Extends from Nepal to border to Assam9Arabian Sea Humpback Whale (N/A) Only non-migratory humpback species10Red Panda (Sch 1)Endemic to temperate forests of the Himalayas (Sikkim/ Assam)Vulnerable Mammals1Great Indian One Horn Rhinoceros (Sch 1)Himalayas onlyGovt. of Assam has raised Special Rhino Protection force from people living in fringe areas2Barasingha/ Swamp Deer (Sch 1)only found in one place in MP (Gangetic plains)3Four-horned antelope/ Chausingha (Sch 1)Quite a places in Plains and plateau region4Asian black bear/ moon-bear/ white-chested bear (N/A)5Gaur (Indian Bison) (Sch 1)Evergreen/ Moist deciduous forests 6Takin (Sch 1)Himalayas/ Western China7Nilgiri Marten (Sch 2)Endemic to Western Ghats; semi-arboreal animal8Oriental small-clawed otter (Sch 2)Also smooth coated Eurasian otter is NTSemiaquatic mammal; lives in mangrove swamps and freshwater wetlands9Clouded Leopard(Sch 1)West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast10Dugong (sea cow) (Sch 1)Feeds on sea grass, whose depletion is threatening the Dugongs’ survivalGulf of Mannar?and?Palk BayBirdsCritically Endangered1Jerdon’s Courser(Sch 1)Nocturnal, found only in northern part of Andhra PradeshSri Lankamaleswara WLS2White-bellied heron (Sch 1)Assam/ Arunachal Pradesh only; some sites in Bhutan, Myanmar3Bengal Florican (Sch 1)A rare bustard species; well known for mating dance; found in tall grasslands Native to only India (UP, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh), Combodia, Nepal4Himalayan Quail (Sch 1)Found in Western Himalayas (Tall grasses)5Pink-headed duck (Sch 1)North-East India, Bangladesh, MynmarFound in Marshes, wetlands 6Spoon-billed sandpiper (Sch 4)Highly specialized coastal areasWB, Orrissa, TN, Kerala7Sociable Lapwing (N/A)Winter migrant to India. From central asia/Russia. In India restricted to N/NWFallow fields and scrub deserts8Siberian Crane (Sch 4)Keoladeo National Park, RajWetland area9Great Indian Bustard (Sch 1)Once widespread across India now limited western/Central India- Raj, Guj, MP11Indian vulture (slender billed, longbilled, Read headed)- Critically Endangered Reptiles: Gharial (currently, only viable population is in National Chambal Sanctuary spread across UP, Rajasthan, and MP)Hawksbill TurtleNorthern River Terrapin (Turtle) Red-crowned Roofed Turtle (Bengal Roofed Turtle)Critically Endangered Fish: Pondicherry sharkGanges sharkLarge-toothed sawfishLong-combed sawfishCritically Endangered Spiders: Rameshwaram Ornamental/ Parachute spiderGooty/ Metallic/ Peacock TarantulaChapter 13: Plant Diversity of IndiaDifferentiate between hurb, shrubs, treesDifferentiate between Parasites (haustoria), epiphytes, climbers? What is meant by ‘die back’?Mention 5 insectivorous plants of India? Where are they likely to be found? Discuss some of their medicinal properties? ?PlantRegionInsect mechanismMedicinal propertiesDrosera/SundewSticky shiny sun-like dew drops and insects get sucked into itApplied on blisters, Dyeing silkAldrovedaSunderbansRootless acquatic plant; Sensitive hairs, mid rib closes. Pitcher plant/ Ne(o)p enth(u)esHigh rainfall NE regionSlippery pitcher fallsCholera medicine, urinary troubles, eye dropsUltri cularia/ BladderwortsFresh water/water loggedTrigger hairs and insects get sucked into waterCough, dressing of wounds, urinary diseasesPingui cula/ButterwortsAlpine regions (Assam to Kashmir)Entire leaf works as trapVenus flytrapWhat are ‘alien invasive species’? Mention a species used for Western Ghats afforestation? Other such species- Needle Bush, Goat Weed, Townsend grass, parthenium, Touch me not, 4 o clock plant, black mimosa, Lantana camara (wild sage), Ipomoea(pink morning glory), Prickly poppy, Blumea eriantha, Palymra(toddy plant), Aternanthera Paronychioides, Black Wattle, Prosopis Juliflora (Mesquite), Townsend grass, Calotropis (Madar, Swallo Wort), Datura (Mad plant, Thorn Apple), Impatiens (Balsam)- Just read through themAn aquatic plant introduced from America to check pollution turned out to be a troublesome weed in Indian water bodies. (Water Hycacinth/Eichhornia) Describe Schedule 6 plants: PlantLocationUsesBlue VandaNortheast (Assam)Eye infection, skin treatmentRed VandaNortheast (Manipur)Eye infection, skin treatment (also orchid fanciers)Pitcher PlantNortheastInsectivorous, Cholera, urinary disease, eye dropKuthKashmir/ HP Perfumes, InsectivorousLadies Slippers OrchidsSouthern IndiaAyurvedic preparations (insomnia, anxiety)Beddomes’ CycadAndhra Pradesh/ (Eastern Peninsula)Arthritis/ Muscle pain (Ayurveda)Some other medicinal plants (just glance through names)PlantLocationUsesSpargandhaSubhimalayan & AndamanCentral nervous system disordersCeropegia speciesOrnamentalEmodi/Indian Podyphyllum Lower HimalayanDrug purposesCycadsCoastal regions, InslandBrain diseasesElephant footNW HimalayasSteroidal sourceFernsHimalayaSource of starcgDiscuss the anatomy of a tree’s trunk? ? (Link)Define: Taproot, Lateral root, adventitious root, buttress roots, Prop roots, Stilt roots, and pneumatophores, mychorizzha, Haustorial roots, ?Which plant replaces sal in Deccan trap? ?Discuss the partial parasitic nature of sandal tree ?Chapter 14: Marine OrganismsWhat are planktons? Are they necessarily microscopic?Differentiate between holoplanktons and meroplanktons. (Link)What are phytoplankton? Give examples ?What type of ecosystem are they present in- salty/freshwater?How are phytoplanktons similar to land plants? Are all of them complete autotrophs? True or False. The total biomass of phytoplanktons is less than plants on landWhat are 3-4 key nutrients needed for phytoplankton growth?At what latitudes is the concentration of marine phytoplankton more?How are phytoplanktons responsible for the occurrence of red tides?Are phytoplankton found below euphotic zones? Does excessive UV-B radiation harm its growth. (Link)True of false: Jellyfish is a zooplankton?How are phytoplanktons important for preventing global warming? What are some major sea grass meadows in India? What are 3 key conditions for its growth? Are sea meadows angiosperm/gymnosperm? ?What are key functions of seagrass? Which species is on verge of extinction because of loss of seagrass? Are seaweeds/thalloid plants an algae? Where do they grow?What’s their medicinal/commercial value. ?What’s the difference between seaweed and sea grass?Mention 5 turtle species found on Indian coast. What’s their IUCN conservation status? ?Chapter 15: Protected Area NetworksProtected areas cover what % of india’s geographical area?What are 3 key differences between wildlife sanctuaries and national parks? Which WLS is dedicated to grizzled giant squirrel? (Srivilliputhur WLS, TN) ? Can national parks/ wildlife sanctuaries extend over territorial waters? In case of dispute, who intervens? Who declares WLS/NP? How can boundaries of same be altered/ area be de-notified? ?<Declaration by state government with executive orders, de- notification/alteration on advice of NBWL>Which officer is appointed for land rights claims? Who appoints him? What are the possible outcomes?What are conservation reserves? Where is 1st conservation reserve located? ?What are community reserves? Does it involve change in land use pattern?What are marine protected areas?Differentiate between Category I, II, IIIA, and IIIB types of marine protected areas? ?Under the aegis of which international body does Man and Biosphere initiative function? Who coordinated the World Network of Biosphere reserves? (P-182 bottom right) What is a biosphere reserve? Whar are 3 key functions of a biosphere?Which Indian programme deals with biospheres? ? What are the primary and secondary criteria ? for selection of BRs? Describe the 3 zone structure of a biosphere reserve i/c restriction/activities in each.How are BRs different from protected areas (such as WLSs and NPs)? ?Who gave the concept of Biodiversity hotspot? ?What are the two criteria that a region needs to fulfill to qualify as a hotspot? ?What % area do they cover (2-3% of land and host 60% species) What are 17 megadiverse countries (NA- USA, Mexico; SA- Columbia, Peru, Eucador, Venezuela, Brazil; Africa- DRC, SAfrica, Madagascar; Asia- India, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papa guniea; Australia) (Link)Who declares megadiverse countries? Key conditions (Cons. Int, >5000 endemic plant species, must boder marine ecosystem)Mention 4 hotsopts in India? ? (NCERT doesn’t mention Sundaland)What are the World heritage sites?On which date is International Day for Biological Diversity celebrated? Significance?What are the 3 spiecies that refers to crocodilians? (P-176) Chapter 16: Conservation Efforts Project Tiger (1973), Project Croc (1975), Project Elephant (1999), Turtle (1999), Rhino Vision (2005), Project Snow Leopard (2009) <Implementing agency along with MoEFCC of Hathi Mere Saathi (WTI)Secure Himalayas (UNDP) Project Sea Turtle (UNDP, WII)Project Crocodile (UNDP, FAO)State conservation pgmsIndian Rhino Vision (Assam forest dept., Bodo ADC, WWF in Assam)Operation Kachhapa- (WPSI, Odisha govt.) OliveRidley turtlesProject hangul- J&K- IUCN+WWFWhen was Project tiger launched? Mention its twin objectives. ?Which are 5 exisitng sub-species of Pathera Tigeris? Which 3 have gone extinct? ? ?Bengal Tiger/Panthera Tigris. Which one is National animal of India? On whose recommendation do state governments notify and de-notify tiger reserves?Is the whole tiger reserve not allowed for human co-existence? Discuss the key powers and functions of National Tiger Conservation Authority? ?What are 3 techniqies of Tiger Census in India? Who conducts it? Where did World’s first tiger census happened? in Palamu forest- Jh (1932)>Expand M-Stripes (Link) (Mobile app- software which allows field staff to enter GIS mapped information on tiger/associated activities)What are 4 phases of Tiger population estaimation?How many countries are associated with GTF? Where is its Secretariat?Where was resolution to double tiger population adopted? By When? Which agencyWhich organization has taken key interest in launching Global Tiger Initiative? WBWhen was Project Elephant launched? What are its 3 objectives?What is an elephant corridor? What are 4 threats to elephant corridors? Mitigation?What is the MIKE programme? Which organization is associated with it? Which 2 organization are associated with Hathi Mere Sathi Initiative? Where was campaign launched? What’s the campaign mascotWhich specific type of elephant are threatened as tigers? ?What are E-8 countries? What 3 species of elephants are respresented? ?What is E-50:50 forum’s role? ?Which animal is India’s National Heritage Animal? Nation reptile (King Cobra)Which are 3 CR vulture species of India? What are 4 Sch-1 vultures of India? ?Name the NSAID drug that is responsible for death of vultures. ?What’s the alternative? ? ?Discuss the significance of vultures in the food chain/ otherwise.What’s the concept of VSZ? What are 3 key Vulture Safe Zones in India? Species found? ?Describe the ‘Vulture Restaurant’ scheme. Which 2 states?Discuss the key goal of India Rhino Vision 2020? Lanch year? Which is the implementing agency? What is the key measure being taken- WLS/NP involved? ?Significance of CITES 2003 convention? When was snow leopard project initiated?Who are the implementing agencies for Secure Himalayas? Which states ? ?When was Project Sea turtle launched? ? implementing agency? ? Key focus state? What variety of turtles migrates to Indian coastal waters to nest? Which coast?Which species is Operation Kachhapa associated with? ?What 3 spiecies are focus of Indian crocodile conservation project? When was it launched? Which state in India has all 3 species of crocodilians? Mention 3 state projects for each spicies? Which NP was used for captive breeding ? ?Which animal is India’s National Aquatic Animal? Which river system does it inhabit? What are the 4 species of fresh water dolphins across the world? Which of these has gone extinct? Is Irrawady dolphin one of them? True of False. All 17 species of dolphins are protected under Schedule 1 of WPA 1972?2 other schemes for conservation of dolphins in india?Expand SAWEN? Are all SAARC nations its members? Is It founded under SAARC? Key objectives? HQ at?Which of the following is constitutional, statutory, govt but non-stat., NGO, Which of these are chaired by PM, Minister MoEFCC? (Google)Wildlife Insititue of IndiaNational Tiger Conservation AuthorityBombay Natural History SocietyWildlife Trust of IndiaNational Board for WildlifeWildfide Protection Society of IndiaPanthera Tigeris (EN)Asiatic Lion (EN)Asian Elephant (EN)Snow leopard, Cheetah- VUGhairal (CR), Mugger (VU), Salt Water Crocodile (LC)Gangetic/ Indus/ Irrawady Dolphins (EN)Chapter 17: Climate ChangeDefine: Climate.Define: Global Warming.Approximately what % of the Sun’s energy is reflected directly back into space ?What is the biggest overall contributor to GHG? Is it natural or human induced?What is ocean stratification? How does it effect ocean productivity?What are main sources of CO2?What’s the largest source of methane emissions? Discuss other sourcesMention key agricultural, industrial, transportation related sources of N2O?What are the 3 main categories of fluorinated gases? List some uses of each of these 3 categories. ? <Confused in Al, Mg manuf.>Why are fluorinated gases especially harmful?What is Black Carbon? How does it contribute to global warming?What is meant by ‘albedo’? Which of atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere has highest?What is Project Surya? Is it limited to solar energy technologies?What is brown carbon?What are climate ‘forcings’? ?What are the effects of positive and negative forcings? Give an example of each kind.What does ‘Global Warming Potential’ mean? ?Arrange the following gases in terms of ascending GWP (100) and lifetime: Methane, HFCs CO2, Nitrous Oxide, PFCs, SF6, Black Carbon ?<GWP 100- CO2<CH4<N2O< Black Carbon< HFC<PFC<SF6Lifetime- Black carbon <Methane <CO2<N2O< HFC<SF6<PFCChapter 18: AcidificationTrue or False. Oceans absorb half of global CO2What is ocean acidification? Does process of acidification always involve sub 7 ph?Aside from atmospheric CO2, outline two other processes that lead to ocean acidification. ? Explain associated chemical reactions and their significance. ?What is its primary cause? What are some of its most harmful consequences?Can oceans ever become acidic? What is the current pH level? ?What is the importance of carbonate ions in oceans? (corals, shells, Which of the calcite and aragonite dissolve at lower depth? Why? ? (As A comes before C, it’ll dissolve first)What is saturation horizon, ‘lysocline’ and carbonate composition depth (CCD)? How is their depth changing with increasing Co2 asorption? ?What is upwelling?Chapter 19: Ozone DepletionIn which two layers of the atmosphere is ozone found? Explain its effects in both.List the three main compounds that cause ozone depletion.List some uses of CFCs. (6) Freons is other word for?How long do CFCs ‘stick around’ in the atmosphere for? ?Explain the mechanism by which CFCs affect the ozone layer (chemical reaction).Write the chlorine reservoir and release reactions ?Which of the following destroys ozone layer: Nitrous Oxide, Ammonia, Nitric Oxide? Write the chemical reaction. ?What are halons? HBFCs? Its use? ?Which one is more harmful for ozone depletion? Bromine or Chlorine?What is the role of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) in depletion of ozone layer? (P-214) ?What are 3 forms of stratospheric clouds? ? ? <Nacreous clouds>Why does the temperature in the stratosphere increase with altitude? Which of the arctic and Antarctic has higher ozone depletion? Why? In which month lowest ozone levels are seen in Antarctic? ?What is the most common measure of total ozone abundance in the air? Why is ozone hole a misnomer? What are the the effects of UV rays on animals (humans), vegetation, aquatic ecosystems, air quality, materials etc. ? <Carbonyl Sulphide and Demythyl Sulphide>Chapter 20: Impact of Climate ChangeWhat are some effects of climate change on Indian agriculture? (X)How will nitrogen requirement change for crops as temperature increases.What are 2 key reasons of sea level rise due to global warming? Give 4 key impactsTrue or false. Himalyan system has 3rd largest amount of glacier after the 2 polesWrite a short note climate change and public health? <Read more> (X)Chapter 21: Mitigation StrategiesWhat is meant by carbon sequestration? What are 3 steps involved? What are the different types of sequestration? Which of these has the largest potential for near-term sequestration? ?Explain: hydrodynamic trapping, solubility trapping, and mineral carbonation. What kind of sequestration are these? ? ?What are green and blue carbons? Which are better carbon sinks: tropical forests or coastal ecosystems? What happens when a coastal ecosystem becomes unproductive/lifeless. What is the Blue Carbon Initiative? Key organizations involved. What is a carbon credit? What are the 2 ways that companies can earn it?Which country is currently the largest seller of carbon credits? Is carbon traded on any exchange in India? Is it traded anywhere across the world?Explain carbon offsetting.Which one is better, a carbon tax or the cap and trade method? List 4 reasons why. What is geo-engineering? What are some of the methods proposed by scientists using geo-engineering? What are some of its drawbacks? ?Which is better solar radiation reflector- SO2 or H2S? Chapter 22: India and Climate ChangeWhich sector is the prime contributor of GHG emisisons in India?Compared to USA and China, how much lower are per-capita CO2 emissions in India?List the two key features of Forest Conservation Act of 1980. What are the 8 component missions of India’s National Action Plan on climate change?Describe the 2022 capacity target of India’s National Solar Mission. What is the current installed capacity? Which phase of mission is currently underwayWhat are the targets and 4 components of National Mission for Enhanceed Energy Efficiency? ?What are key targets/strategies of National Water mission? ?What are 3 key quantifiable targets of National Mission for a Green India? ?Define ‘bio-energy’. Describe the key features of India’s National Bio-Energy Mission.What are INDCs? What are its key components? India’s commitment? Which UNFCC conference? Who publishes Emission Gap Report? What is INCCA’s 4x4 Assessment? Expand INCCA ? <HAWE>What is NATCOM? Who funds it? Who is the implementing agency? What is GHG inventory estimation? Which guildines are being used for reporting it? ?Which body regulates energy efficiency ratings? Which are mandatory products? (L1)(L2)What are green buildings? Its been overseen by which ministry/ organization? Which guildines are issued for above? Are they applicable to only commercial buildings? Are these mandatory for new building? What is Energy Peformace Index in above context? ?What is GRIHA? Who devised and which ministry is implementing it? Is it compulsory for all building, can evaluation be initiated post-construction? ?Is Green rating limited to energy ( renewable, efficiency)? ?What is Bachat Lamp Yojana? Associated organization and Ministry? Which international credit mechanism is used for subsidy? ?Which organization launched National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture? ?What is BSE-GREENEX? Who developed it? What is base year and base valueWhich ministry launched FAME scheme? Expand it. Recent phase-2 announcements? What is LTEO? Which international conference? Which areas in India? ? ?True or False- MoEFCC is the National Implementing Entity for National Adaptation fund for climate change. Which the two leading countries in increasing green cover? Which state recently tried to break world record of planting maximum trees in one day? (Link)Data related to climate change effect on India (World Bank- South Asia Hotspots report) (Link) (Key points- 2.8% impact of GDP (agri, health, productivity), 60Cr Indians living in area that are prone to become hotspots) (Suggestions- identifying hopspots, diversifiying jobs beyond agriculture, tailored solutions) (how to tackle climate change- reduce consumerism, climate diplomacy, adaptation with new tech)Paris agreement- is it enough? No a) weak implementation (protectionist tendency US), b) still not sufficient to stop the processChapter 23: Climate Change OrganizationsWhen did UNFCC come into being and finally got ratified? Where is it headquartered? What are 2 permanent subsidiary bodies under UNFCC? Their function? (Link)<Subsidiary body for Implementation> <Subsidiary Body for Technical Advisory>Where was COP-1 of UNFCC, CBD held? Describe the Kyoto Protocol. What is its central principle? Describe its 2 features that make it tick. When was it signed and and actually came into force? ?What gases are considered under Kyoto Protocol? Are all of these part of Paris Agreement? (Annex A gases- CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6)What is the main difference between UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol?What are Annex I, II, B, Non-Annex I, LDC countries under UNFCCC? (Link)Annex I- 43 industrialized and EITs, Annex 2- OECD members in Annex 1- they are to provide CC support to EITs and developing countries Annex B- Annex 1 countries which have to meet Kyoto targets Non- Annex countries- Mostly developing nations- no targets as such! Describe 3 flexible market mechanisms allowed under the Kyoto Protocol.What is the key difference between ‘Joint implementation’ and CDM?Describe the 2 different types of carbon trading allowed under the Kyoto protocol. ?What are some penalties for countries that don’t meet their commitments under KP? ?Key features of other COPs:-COPKey features/significanceCOP-13- Bali- Indonesia-Was to discuss post KP roadmap and developed countries insited on committemnet by EITs such as Indian and China too-Adoption of Bali roadmapBali Action Plan- process for implementation of UNFCCC , Ad-hoc working group for deciding post 2012 commitments, Launch of adaptation fundDecisions on tech transfer, Launch of Global Climate and Gender Alliance- by multiple UN org. ensuring gender neutral climate policieCOP-15- Copenhagen (Denmark)Signing of non-binding Copenhagen accord by 4 BASIC countries and US- - Discusses the target of curbing global temp increase to 2 degrees- Developed countries to set target for GHG emissions by 2020- Devloping countries to pursue non-commital nationally appropriate mitigation strategies - Goal for world to raise $100Bn per year by 2020 for climate changeCOP-16- Cuncun (Brazil)-All UNFCC parties agree to report their voluntary mitigation goals which are also subject to measurement and verification -$30 Bn startup finance to support climate action in developing countries by industrializaed countries by 2012Official entry of REDD as a UNFCCC-enabled mitigation mechanism -3 mechnaisms -Teachnology mission, Green Climate fund. Adaptation fund COP-17- Durban (SA)New deal post KP to be finalized by 2015 for post 2020 based on principles of equityCOP- 18- Doha (Qatar)-Ammendment to KP- 2nd commitment period till 2020 with KP mechanisms -New MRV framework for developed countries- Common tabular format -Carry forwarding of surplus AAUs to 2nd commitment period with few restrictions- UNEP led CTCN (UNEP & UNIDO) as implementing arm of Tech. mechanism for climate resilient tech devp and transfer on request to developing countries)COP-19- Warsaw (Poland)Resolve to close pre-2020 ambition gap (commitement & what’s required for 2C) Warsaw Framework on REDD+ (incentives to developing countries for keeping their forest standing)Warsaw Intenrational Mechnaism- loss and damage of most vulnerable countriesCOP-20- Lima (Peru)-Multilateral Assesment process by industrializaed countries -National Adaptation Plans to be placed at same level as GHG emission-NAP global network by Peru, US, Phillipines, Togo, UK, Japan, Germany-Nazca Climate ACTION portal launched by Peru in collaboration with UNFCCCCOP21- ParisPost 2020 efforts on 2 degree cap on temp increase, efforts to achieve 1.5 degree wrt to pre-industrial world; GHG emission peaking by 2050. Not legally binding Came in force into Nov 2016-Nationally determined Contributions by all; First stockstake of efforts for NDCs and commitment of updated targets in 2018 (then every 5 year)Launch of Global geothermal Alliance- India still not a member- 5x geothermal by 2030Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction- Reduction in CO2 from sector as part of part of the Lima Paris Action Agenda. UNEP hosts its secretariatMission Innvoation- global initiative to accelerate public and private?clean energy?innovation (Include 5 most populous countries)COP22- MarrakechLaunch of 2050 Pathway program (support govt, companies to develop mid-century strategies for GHG)Both Adaptation and GHG funds to serve for Paris agreementReview of Warsaw International Mechanism COP23- Bonn, Germany in presidency of FijiTalanoa Dialogue- 3 questions for countries to enhance NDCs by 2020- Where are we? Where do we want to go? How do we get there? Ocean Pathway Partnership- 2 track strategy for 2020 supporting- 1) increasing role of ocean consideration in UNFCC process 2) increasing action in ocean related priority areasPoweing Past Coal Alliance- led by UK and Canda- phase-out of coal by OECD/EU28 by 2030 and rest by 2050Insu Resilience Global Partnership- G20 in collaboration with V20 (49 most vulnerable countries) for climate and disaster risk financing solutionsOther outcomes- Gender Action Plan, Local communities and indigenous peoples platformCOP-24- Kotawice (Poland)Standarized Development Mission- Framework proposed a country owned and managed approach to carbon emission which makes carbon reporting standardized and transaparent. It also encourages PPP. Under CDM only Annex B parties were responsible. Under SDM all countries will be accountable for their NDC.What is different between COP, CMP, CMA? When was GEF established? By which organization(s)? Its 6 priority areas and it acts as funding mechanism <mostly aligned with 6 conventions it funds except minamata> ?At which international summit was GEF established? What are 5 int. conventions for which funding can be given from GEF? Where was 6th assembly held in 2018? (Link)With regards to agriculture, what is meant by the ‘triple wins’? ?What is conservation tillage technique? ?Which country is associated with Triple Wins programme in ‘ Loess Plateau’?When and by which 2 organization was IPCC established? Its key functions? (before Rio)Which organization develops guidelines/methodology for GHG inventory estimation?How does Rio+20 outcomes define green economy? 3 priorties of green economy? ? ?Which country and organization launched TEEB? What is it about? Do we have an Indian counterpart of it? What is Ecological footprint? It is measured in which units? Which organization presents annual report? What is earth overshoot day? (Link) ?What are Climate Investment funds? What are 2 funds that work under it? (Link) ? ?Fund/AllianceAdministered/ Funded byKey focusGreen climate fundUNFCC – Adaptation and mitigation (REED) in developing countries; HQ in S. KoreaStrategic Climate Fund (one of the 2 CIFs) World Bank – A - funding through multilateral development banks (eg. WB, ADB etc.)Forest Inv pgm is for REDD and sustainable forest management in developing countries.Pilot pgm for climate resilience is for demonstration of how climate risk & resilience can be integrated as core to development planningScale up Renewable Energy Pgm is to demonstrate economic, social, environmental viability of low carbon projects in Low income countriesClean tech fund (CIF)Supports renewable energy, low carbon technologies with potential to reduce long term GHG emissionsCarbon Initiative for DevelopmentWorld Bank (A)Private finance for clean energy access in low-income countriesCarbon Partnership facilityWorld Bank (A)Comprised on 2 funds- Carbon Asset development fund- ?prepare and implement emission-reduction programsCarbon Fund (CF) to purchase carbon credits from the poolAlso brings together seller and buyer of carbon credits to faciliatate carbon financingIndia has not participated yet!Biocarbon fundWorld Bank (A)For Sustainable forest lands for developing countries through REDD, CSA etc. Forest Carbon Partnership FacilityWorld Bank (A)Consists of readiness and carbon fundsREED/REDD+ for developing countriesPartnership for market readinessWorld bank (A)Initial partnership b/w developed & middle income countries on carbon market instruments, Now more general support on tech transfer etc. alsoPilot Auction Facility (PAF) for Methane and Climate Change MitigationWorld Bank (A)Pay for performance mechanism for GHG reductionsSpecial Climate Change fundGEF (A)Under UNFCC with focus on Adaptation tech in developing countries (incremental costs on climate change inteventions based on devp. baseline)GEF Trust fund – climate change focal areaGEF (A)Under UNFCC ; Adaptation and Mitigation, LDC countries is focus,LDC fundsGEF (A)For implementation fo NAPACapacity-building Initiative for TransparencyGEF (A)Established under UNFCCC, strengthen institutional and technical capacities of developing countries to meet the enhanced transparency requirements of the Paris AgreementNagoya Protocol Imp. fundGEF (A)Adaptation fundAdaptation fund boardUNFCC- Finance adaptation project in developing countries party to KP (CDM)Global Climate Change Alliance (+)European Commission Build alliance on climate change Special focus (SIDS on LDC- also support them implement Paris commitmentsGlobal Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy fundEuropean CommissionFund of fund to invest in PEs which specialize in funding of SMEs in energy efficiency spaceLIFE programEuropean Commissionsupports projects in development of innovative solutions to challenges of climate change in EuropeAdaptation for Smallholder ProgramInternational Fund for Agri devpAdaptation measures for small farmersAmazon fundBrazillian development fund Amazon Forests (REDD)- created by govt but it’s a private fundCongo Basin River FundAfrican development BankMitigation- REEDIndonesia Climate Change Trust fundIndonesia National Devp planning agencyAdaptation. Mitigation (REED)Critical Ecosystem Partnership FundEU, GEF, World Bank, Go Japan Conservation International, empowering civil society in developing countries and transitional economies to?protect the world’s biodiversity hotspots,?Chapter 24: AgricultureConfusing farming types (Worst to best)Mixed Cropping- Growing multiple seems for subsistence together, Intercroping- increase yield growing additional crops in the empty space in farmMultiple Cropping- Intensive cropping >2 times a yearMixed farming- Agri+AH+Fish etc.What are: silvericulture, arboriculture, sericulture, apiculture, viticulture, olericulture, pomology, floriculture, aeroponics, hydroponics, and geoponics. ?What are these revolutions associated with Green, White, Blue, Grey, Golden, Yellow, Silver , Red, Round, Pink ? ?, Black Classify the following crops into Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid: Watermelons, Gourds, Cotton, Gram, Bajara, Pumpkins, Jowar, Rice, Sunflower, Groundnut, and Wheat.What are the English names for Jowar, Bajra and Ragi? In what season are these crops grown? ?What are various by-products of sugar production? Mention their uses? ? <Molasses>Give some exmaples of fibre crops other than cotton and jute? As tea is to leaves- coffee, coacoa, rubber is to?What is the difference between tap-rooted and fiber-rooted crops? (Classify- pulses, cereals, cotton, grape) ?Classify- cereals, millets, pulses, legumes based on cotyledon? What is meant by photoperiodism? Classify various crops in 3 categories? ?Define tillage? What is sub-soiling, Clean tillage, blind tillage, zero tillage? What are advantages and disadvantages of zero tillage?What is the other name for multiple cropping? How is multiple cropping different from double cropping? Differentiate between monoculture and monocropping. ?What does ratoon cropping mean? Name some crops that are grown by such cropping. What is parallel, synergestic, relay, multistorey, alley intercropping? ?What is irrigated (wetland, gardenland), rainfed (dryland, rainfed) ?What is specialized farming, diversified farming? Discuss some key principles of crop rotation? What is organic farming? Differentiate between organic and inorganic fertilizers? )(humus, N20, oxygen in soil)What is eco-farming? What is the slogan of eco-farming?/What is permaculture?What is key utility of N, P, K, Ca, S, Mg in plants ?What is ‘bone meal’, ‘fish meal’ in agriculture? They are source of what nutrients? What are bio-fertilizers? Give examples. 5 Biofertizer as per ?Fertilizer Control Order (FCO), 1985- Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and mycorrhiza, Other- Cyno bacteria (Anabena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria)Define: micro ?, sprinkler, and drip/ trickle irrigation.What is soil profile? What are the 5 master horizons? Which horizon is also known as ‘saprolite’? What are saline, acidic, alkaine, sodic, calcareous, alfisol, ardisol soils?What is podsolization, laterization, gleization? ?What are reasons for salinization other arid climate conditions? ? What is border cropping? What is border strip irrigation, check basin? What is heliotropism, geotropism, sciophytes? ?What is mulching and its benefits? ? ?What is puddling and its benefits? ?System of Rice Intensification? Which country is it based upon? What does it involve? ?Which 2 organization launched Sustainable Sugar Initiative? What does it involved? ? ?ICRISAT- Int Crop Research Institute SemiArid Tropics, with HQ in Hyderabad- regional offices in SAChapter 25: Acts and PoliciesWhen is the World Environment Day celebrated? Which country hosted it and with what theme in 2018? Which two subjects were transferred from state list to concurrent list post WPA? Discuss the features of WPA Act? Animal protection under 6 schedules.5 protection areas (state/centre jurisdiction)5 statutory bodies? (NWLB, NTCA, NWW, CZA, WCCB)Describe the key features of the Environment Protection Act of 1986 (judicial procedure, penal provisions, jurisdiction of civil courts, conflicting provisions, officers immunity)What are the key aims and methods used by the National Forest Policy of 1988? ?Describe the 3-tiered structure prescribed in the Biological Diversity Act (2002) for regulating access to biological resources. What are conditions for a site to be Biodiversity Heritage site? India’s first BHS? Who grants this status to BHS- (states ?What are key features of the Forest Rights Act of 2006? Which ministry manages it? Are the rights conferred under the Forest Rights Act heritable? Transferable? Alienable?How does it define moinor products? Can it be allowed in National Parks/WLS? Which Act contains the rules related to Ozone Depleting Substances?Green Highway Policy 2015- key benefits. Which 2 ISRO satellites for monitoring? ? (1% of total highways cost)Discuss how Wetlands (Conservation and management) rules 2017 is a step backwards in terms of conservation of wetlands ?Which state has highest area and % of wetland in country? ?Under what ministry and officer is National Wetland Comssion has been setup? ?62 million tons of waste is generated annually in the country at present (~11MT is processed), out of which 5.6 million tonnes is plastic waste (15 th tone per day, only 9 k collected), 0.17 million tonnes is biomedical waste, hazardous waste generation is 7.90 million tonnes per annum and 15 lakh tonne is e-waste PIB25-30 million tonnes of C&D waste is generated annually in India of which only 5% is processed. (Sept. vision)C&D> Hazardous> Plastic> Biomedical> E-waste Rules (All 2016)DetailsSolid WM Rules Rules extend beyond Municial areas to Urban Aglo, pilgrimages, govt. offices etc. Segregation at source- Biodegradable, Non-biodegradable Domestic Hazardous>5000 sqm socities/institutions will make arrangement for seg. And bio-methanation as much as possible for bio-degradable waste with in premises SEZs/Ind Est. 5% of total area for waste management, recycling Duties of ministries: MoHUA- detail policy and strategy, Ministry of fertilizer/chemicals- market devp assistance of manure etc.Ministry of Agri- flexibility in fertilizer control order. MoP- fix tariffs, MNRE- Infra for WtE plants, all industry within 100 km of waste to RDF facility to use at least 5% of fuelHazardous Waste Mgmt & Transboundary Movement RulesWaste that is characterized by eg. flammable etc. cause harm to human/ environmentWM hierarchy- Prevention, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, Co-process (material/energy recovery), safe disposalImport exempted from permission for metal scrap, paper waste, electronic equipments etc. for re-use pursposeItems prohibited for import- Waste edible oil (animal/plant), household waste, Critical care medical equipments, Tyres for re-use, Solid Plastic waste i/c PET, Waste electrical/electronic assembly scrap, chemical esp. in solvent Responsibility of state govt. to set up infra for processing/safe disposal of such waste. SPCB to maintain annual inventory of waste, state govt. to submit annual report to MoEFCC2019 ammendmentsImport of SW plastic prohibited even by SEZsElectronic components (manuf. & exported from India) if found defective can be brought back in country w/o taking permissions with 1 year of exportExporters of silk waste exempted from taking ministry exemptionIndustries exempted from MoEFCC permission under Air and Water Poluttion Acts are exempted from HW Rules as wellC&D WM RulesWaste producers- Deposit the segregated C&D waste at collection centre; large producers (20 tn/day or 300 tn/month) to submit waste mgmt and take pre-construction approval. Waste by large ones to be segregated into soil, steel, concrete, wood and plasticsLocal authorities- 10-20% compulsory procurement of material from C&D waste in case of govt./municipal projects. Also, should provide requisite waste disposal infra. Building Material & Technology Promoting Council (MoH&UA) in 2016 released “Guidelines for utilization of C&D waste in govt. led housing schemes BIS and Indian Road Council (apex body of highway engineers)- will prepare guidelines for use of recycled C&D wasteBio Medical WM RulesHuman/Animal anatomical waste and medical apparatus- eg. syringes, needlesPhase-out use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags in 2 yearsOn-site pre-treatment of lab, microbiological, blood waste and bar-code for identity; No in-house treatment. If common bio-waste treatment facility in <7km2018 ammendmentsPhase out chlorinated bags (e/c blood bags) and gloves by Mar 2019Online annual reporting by all medical facilitiesE-Waste Mgmt RulesWaste- Scl 1 material, spare parts of EEE, mercury in CFL and other lampsExtended Producer responsibility to collect the waste and various channels for the same- Producer Responsibility Organization, E-waste exchange, e-retailer, Deposit Refund Scheme2018 ammendmentsE-waste collection targets- 10% increase YoY on 40% target of 2017-18 and 70% by 2023Cost of (RoHS) (Reduction of Hazardous Substance) test to be born by producer only if the product doesn’t complyPlastic WM RulesIncrease in min. thickness of plastic carry bags from 40 to 50 umRules also applicable to rural areas now. Indivduals and bulk users to be charged pay-user wise as per local body lawExtended producer responsibility: maintain record of all vendors, Fine/Registration fee at entry point of supply chain2018 ammendmentsPhasing out of Multi-layered plastics is applicable to MLP which is non-recyclable or w/o alternative use. National level registry for multi-state producersChapter 26: Institutions and MeasuresThe existing National Wildlife plan is applicable for what period? Which committee drafted it? Its key features? Its is under which govt. body ?Expand CAMPA? Is it a statutory body? Under which ministry? The funds collected in CAMPA are routed through Consolidate fund or Public Accounts? What is the one salient feature of Joint Forest Management? Under which Act/policy does this fall?What is ‘social forestry’? Who and when was this term first used? Its 4 categories?Which ministry runs the National Bamboo Mission? Is Sponsored/Sector? ?Expand CEPI? ? Which organization is implementing it? What are 3 categories of CEPIExplain the ‘Lighting a Billion Lives’ campaign. Who runs it? Domain and relvant body/ministry for Ecomark, ISI, Hallmark, FPO mark, FSSAI mark, Agrmark, Indian organic mark, Non-polluting vehicle. Which of these are mandatory? ?Which ministry/body is associated with USERS (Expand it) scheme? ? ? who funds it?Expand BCRLIP? Key financieries? ?Under which fund does the National Clean Energy Fund operate- Consolidated Fund of India, or the Public Account of India? ?Which ministry? What is key objective of NEMM 2020? Which ministry is implementing it?Chapter 27: OrganizationsWhat are key functions of Animal Welfare Board? Its establishment? Its HQ which was recently shifted? Are its orders binding on govt? ?Discuss establishment and powers of Zoo Authority of India/CZA? ?Discuss establishment and key functions of National Biodiversity Authority?Discuss function and establishment of Wildlife Crime Control Bureau? Which organization is it parterning for Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System? ?Which Ministry implements the National Conservation Plan for Aquatic Ecosystem? ?Discuss the establishement of National Ganga River Basin Authority? ? Which ministry? Discuss the establishement and functions ? of WTI?Establishment, composition, jursidication of NGT, CPCB? <forest conservation act>Which of the above is placed under MoEFCC (non-minister)- NBA, WCCB, AWBWhich of the above is headed by Minister MoEFCC? CZA Which of the above is headed by PM? NGRBA (Now National Ganga Council)Chapter 28: International ConventionsWhat is ‘Local Agenda 21’?Where did Local Agenda 21 for culture stem from ? Just remember that npot from Rio20+What were Rio+5. What are 5 overarching themes of 20 Aichi targets? Which one othese have been achieved by India as per 6th National Report of India to CBD?( P-49 Dec Vision CA) ?What are 5 IOPs to Ramsar convention? ?26225550165000Mention all 27 Ramsar sites? Which Ramsar site got added in 2019? How many are Transboundary sites?Only Indian Sunderbans a Ramsar site- Include critically endangered- Northern river terrapin, endangered Irrawaddy dolphins, vulnerable fishing cat, has 2 of 4 horseshoe crab species, 8/12 kingerfisher spicies.Gharana Wetland- J&KArtificial lakes in the aboveHP- PongDong Lake (Maharana Pratap Sagar- Artificial dam on Beas)Organization New initiatives UNEP (5, 3, 3, 2)Biosafety- UNEP- GEF Biosafefy unit supports many projects through GEF, Houses CBD secretariatPublicationsPublishes Global Chemical OutlookWorld Water Development Report- UNESCOInternational Resource Panel (formed by UNEP)- Global resources OutlookClimate ChangeUN-REDD- in collaboration with UNDP, FAO- Support countries to achieve their REED+ targets by supporting REED+ strategies and capacity building. Climate &?Clean Air Coalition: Initial focus on methane, black carbon, and HFCs (short lived polautants)- with Bangladesh, Canada, Ghana, Mexico, Sweden and the United States. Launched Oil and Methane Partnership as well targeting methane worldwide.Education & Environment- UN Environment Education and Youth Alliance- Launched at 4th UNEAGlobal University Partnerships on Environment for Sustaiability: Mainstreaming environment and sustainability in universities. Along with Tongji university.Energy- Women’s Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Energy- UNEP+ UN Women- offgridGSWH?– Solar Water heater market transformation- Global Solar Thermal Energy Council (IEA SHC, UNEP/GEF, Solar Payback ( Part of German International Climate Initative across India, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa- (MIBSA) ?Green Economy:- UN Environment Inquiry- develop green market and policy; published landmark 2015 report “The Financial System We Need” ?Green Growth Knowledge Platform- identifies and addresses major knowledge gaps in green growth theory and practice. Joint initiative of UNEP, OECD, WB in 2012. ?Forest:- Land Use Finance Unit- to scale up private finance for sustainable sector use. ?Global Peatlands Initiative- multi-partner initiative launched at the Global Landscapes Forum in Marrakesh in 2016Environment rights and governanceOzoneAction- UNEP was made clearing house of multilateral fund under montreal protocol. UNEP also supports capacity building effortsThe Global Pact for the Environment- Tool by French govt. to close gap in int. environment lawBamako Convention- strengthen African nations to prohibiting the import into Africa of any hazardous wasteTransport:- Global Clean Ports- Reducing emissions from ports and other maritime sources; UNEP, CCAC, Int. council on clean transport (ICCT), US, Canada govt.Global Fuel Economy Initiative- Stabilize GHG from light vehicle by 50% fuel efficiency by 2050. Collaboration of UNEP, IEA, ICCT, Int. transport forum(ITF) , FIA Electric Mobility Program- UNEP, IEA, ICCT, ITF, FIAEcosystems- Landscapes for people, food, nature- FAO, WB etc. on integrated landscape mgmt. The Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative.- Multiple- EU, German govt, UNCCD, UNEP, ENDP and other research institutesThe Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)- Initiative of EU and german govt. Evaluate the economic value of biodiversity.Biodiversity Indicators Partnership- development and delivery of indicators based on CBD, IPBES, SDG etc. Hosted by UNEP- WCMC ?Extractives:- Environmental Emergencies Centre- Joint initiative of UNEP and UN- OCHA for solutions, trainings etc. on response to environment emergenciesAPELL- Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level since 1986. ICCA contributing UNEP ?Green Fiscal Policy Network- Revenues from extraction to support sustaianable development. UNEP, IMF and German Corporation for Int. DevelopmentPoverty-Environment Initiative- UNEP- UNDPOil for Development Programme?– UNEP+Govt. of Norway to provide capacity to 12 oil producing countriesOcean and seas/water:- Global Partnership on Nutrient Management - reducing excess nutrients from environment; nutrient challenge- tussle b/w food security and its environ. effectsInternational Coral Reef Initiative(ICRI)- Founded by 8 govt.- UK, USA, France, Japan, Phillipines etc. – informal link to UNEP at COP-1 of CBD in 1994 (Bahamas)Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network- Support ICRI by availaing scientific research and info on status of coral ecosystem;Ocean Data Viewer? UNEP-WCMCGlobal Environment Monitoring System for freshwater?(GEMS/water)– inland water data assesment. UNEP, Canada ministry ?Resource efficiency:- SWITCH initiatives- coordination with EU on sustainable consumption, productionLifecycle initiative- PPP partnership for lifesycle knowledge of productUnited for Efficiency (U4E)- Global effort to make small and emerging economies energy efficient under SE4ALLSeed Capital Assistance Facility- ?Investment for early-stage development of low-carbon projects in developing countries. UNEP, Frankfurt school, GEF (Ph1), UK Aid (ph2)International Environmental Technology Centre- promotes knowledge on Environmentally Sound Technologies with a focus on waste managementREGATTA- Climate action in Latin America and Carribean. UNEP, IDB etc. ASEAN SHINE- Energy efficiency (UNEP +Int. Copper Association)- PRAHA- Promoting Refrigant for alternatives for high ambient temperatureTechnology Tools:- Madingley Ecosystem Model- inform decision makers about impacts of their choices on biodiversity and ecosystem services- UN-WCMC with Microsoft & other institues InforMEA- provide information from over 60 international environment agreements under dozens of conventions to 192 countriesMAP-X- unbiased natural resource map; developed by UNEP, WB, GRIS-GenevaProteus- Colaboration of UNEP- WCMC and 13 extracting companies to provide information on biodiversity to enable better conservationWorld Database on Protected Areas,- comprehensive spatial database on terrestrial and marine protected areas; Jointly managed by IUCN and UNEP-WCMCIntegrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool Authentic biodiversity data for environment concious business decisions. Joint initiative of IUCN, Birdlife Intl, Conservation Int., UNEP-WCMCHouses secretariat of, CMS (Bonn), CITES, Vienna (Montreal), Carpathian, Bamako, Tehran, Minamata, SICAM, Stockhmom on PoP, Basel, RotterdamIUCNHabitat conservation etc. (8)Bonn challenge Inititative- (Restore 150 Mn ha by 2020 & 350 Mn by 2030)The Restortion Initiative- IUCN, UNEP, FAO, GEF for forest restoration onlyMangrove for future (Co-chaired by IUCN & UNDP)- Coastal protection in SA/SEAGlobal Drylands Initiative- strengthens natural resource governance in drylands (strengthen rights, institutions, policy)- Drylands are found in tropical and temperate latitudes and account for 41.3% of the global terrestrial areaGlobal Island Partnership- Partnership of island govt. with focus on islands with specific land characteristics coordinated from IUCN officeGlobal Mountain Initiative- new initiative (24% land area, 12% population, water to 50% people)Global Marine and Polar ProgrammeBlue Carbon Initiatiative- First integrated programme for restoration of coastal marine ecosystem. IUCN in collaboration with Conservation Int., Intergovt. Oceanic Commission of UNESCO.Species related (3)Global species pgm- climate change and human activites impact on biodiversity, Save our Species (SoS)- IUCN grant-making mechanism set up to ensure the long-term survival of threatened speciesIntegrated Tiger Habitat Conservation- IUCN launched, funded by German cooperation and KfW bank (german development bank)Miscallneous (7)Search and Wise-up to climate- For climate resilience building in water resources infraWorld Heritage Outllook – Published by IUCN- tracks conservation activities of all natural world heritage sites. Also recognizes Heritage heroes (for their natural conservation efforts)World Heritage Convention: Since 1972, by UNESCO in partnership with IUCN, ICOMOS, ICCROMEnvironmental Law Programme and Centre Global Gender Office- ?Advancing Gender in the Environment (AGENT), Gender and Renewable Energy (G-REEN) Platform etcNatural Resource Governance Framework- Credible approach for assessmentIUCN 6 commissions- Species Survival Commission, Commission on Ecosystem ManagementCommission on Environmental Law (voluntary law experts to help IUCN)World Commission on Protected Areas Commission on Education and Communication Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social PolicyWWF (5)It funds GEF, GCF (green)Bait to Plate- Preventing illegally caught seafood from entering our food chainBasin Report Card Initiative- River usage and health, WWF & ?University of Maryland?Global Mangrove Alliance- Goal of increasing mangrove by 20% by 2030 (formed in 2017, works in collaboration with multiple NGOs and govt.)Living Planet Report 2018- 60% decline in the size of populations of vertabrates (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians)?in just over 40 yearsTX2- Launched in Tiger Summit 2010, Pettursberg to 2X tiger population by 2022? World Bank (8)Global Wildlife Programme is a World Bank-led, GEF-funded global partnership- wildlife conservation and sustainable development by combatting illicit traffickingClimate Smart Agriculture- Maharashtra govt-climate resilient proctices for small and marginal farmers in Marathwara and Vidharba region (WB funded, GoM impl.)Connect4Climate- WB led brings together multiple partners for climate change discussionInvest4Climate- led joint effort of WB and UNDP (2017)- for climate finance by PPP Climate Action Peer Exchange (CAPE)- for NDC target impl. supportCarbon Pricing Leadership Coalition- Voluntary expand the use of effective carbon pricing policies. Led by WB, IMF- Launched at COP 21, ParisWealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES)- ?World Bank (EU etc. funded)-led global partnership mainstreaming natral resources in devp. Planning, accounting. Launched at COP-10 Nagoya 2010Program on Forests- (ProFor)- WB managed multi-donor partnership (EU etc.) to facilitate forest contribution to poverty reduction, sustainable devp, environment services protection. Initated in 1997WRI (10)Access Initiative- citizens to have right to influence decisions on bio resoourcesAqueduct, an initiative to measure, map and understand water risksChampions 12.3, a coalition of executives to accelerate progress toward SDG goal 12.3 to tackle food loss and wasteGlobal Forest Watch, an online forest monitoring and alert system. Google and other (non-govt) partners- UNEP, UNSAID, GEF etc.Greenhouse gas protocol- standards, guidance, tools, training for managing GHG emissionsLandmark- map and information about land of indigenous peoplePlatform for accelerating circular economies (PACE)- Launched at WEF 2018 annual meeting, WRI supporting scale-up PACE and action hub in HagueRenewable Energy Buyers Alliance- PPP (google etc.)WRI Ross Center?helps cities grow more sustainably and seeks to improve quality of life in developing countriesWorld Resources Report, WRI's flagship report seriesIndia is party to all the following conventions- (SD- sustainable development)S.No.Name/PlaceYear Key idea(s)United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE) 1972UNEP was founded 1.United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)(Rio Summit/ Earth Summit)1992/ RioResulted in 3 documents:1. Rio Declaration: contained 27 principles to guide sustainable development across the world2. Agenda 21: non-binding agreement on actions to guide sustainable development from global to local levels; ‘21’ refers to 21st century3. Forest PrinciplesAlso, resulted in 2 legally binding document: CBD, and UNFCCCUNEP- FI – founded in context of earth summit at NY- inspire their members to take?Environmental, Social, and Governance?issues into their relationships and trade with their customersWorld Summit on SD (WSSD), (Rio+10)2002Great Apes Survival Partnership (GRASP): long-term survival of gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos and orangutans. Founded in 2001. Listed as Type II partnership in Johansberg Summit. Multiple partner organizationsIntegrated Water Resources Management? process that promotes the coordinated development and sustainable use of water, land and related resources- Launched at WSSD, Johannsbeg 2002. Implemented by UN water and UNEP-DHI PartnershipPartnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles: Established at World Sustainable Summit Development 2002. Secretariat with UNEPUN Conference on SD (UNCSD) (Rio +20)2012Green Economy for sustainable development and poverty reductionUnited Nations Environment Assembly was formed that meets bilenially (world’s highest decision making body on environment)UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (replaced Commission on Sustainable development setup by Rio Summit) Rio+20 declaration- Future We WantOther organizations:Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) UNEP, ILO, UNIDO, UNDP and UNITARGlobal Partnership on Marine Litter (GPML)- Based on Manila declaration and Honolulu strategy to prevent marine?litter and microplastics Also launched #CleanSea campaign. UNEP provides secretariatOne Planet Network- Implement 10 YFP (Year Framework of pgms) on sustainable consumption, production, adopted at Rio 20+Climate Summit2014Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agri Its inclusive, voluntary and action-oriented multi-stakeholder platform on Climate-Smart Agriculture (FAO)Newyork declaration on Forests- halve the rate of loss of natural forests by 2020 and strive to end natural forest loss by 2030. Complemnetary goal of reforesting forest of size of India by 2030 reducing emissions 3X of India’s. voluntary in nature. India hasn’t endorced it.Global Mayors Compact- ?228 cities to cut up to 13 gigatons of carbon emissions by 2050, UN-Habitat, EU provides extra supportGlobal Energy Efficiency Accelerator Platform- SEforAll initiative supported by UNEP; Launched at UN Secy Climate summit 2014UN Sustainable Development Summit2015/ NYAdoption of SDG 2030 by UN General AssemblyUNFCC1992 COPs covered above Climate neutral now- UN Climate Change in 2015, aiming at encouraging and supporting all levels of society to take climate action to achieve a climate neutral world by mid-centuryMarrakesh Partnership for Global Climate Action- Uniting for Climate Action. Further, Faster, Now (focusing on Paris, SDG goals)Momentum for Change (Global CC Action Award)- ?recognizes innovative and transformative solutions that address both climate change and wider economic, social and environmental challenges 2.Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)1992 Covers all types and its conservation - ecosystems, species, and genetic resources-. Aims to ensure sustainable use, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from commercial/ other utilization of genetic resourcesNear universal membership-196, HQ at Montreal, Canada22 May 1992- Adoption of act by Nairobi Act- Designated as International Day of biodiversityCartagena(columbia) Protocol on Biosafety: supplementary to CBD -Documentation on safe handling, transport and use of living modified Org (LMO)-Advanced Informed Agreement(AIA) for risk assement info to importers- Biosafety clearing house (BCH) for exchange of info on AIA and LMO-FFPNagoya-Kualalampur supplementary protocol: specifies response measures in case of damage to biodiversity resulting from LMOsNagoya protocol: establishes legal framework for prior informed consent and mutually agreed terms; fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from utilization of genetic resources with the party providing such resources; also covers traditional knowledge and rights of genetic resourcesRio+20 CBD conference in NagoyaAichi Biodiversity Targes @ CBD- 10, 2010, Aichi JapanUN Decade of Biodiversity 2011-2020 Publsihes Global Biodiversity Outlook Other Secretariat initiatives- Midori Prize for Biodiversity, Biodiversity champions (on achieving one or more Aichi Target, launched at COP-11 Hyderabad),LiveWeb Initiative- Financing help UNCCD1994Sole legally binding convention on desertification (land degradation in dry lands)Great Green Wall- Initiative led by African Union. UNCCD launched FLEUVE to support. It is funded by EULand Degradation Neutratility by 2030 (Volunary LDN target setting support, LDN funds)Publishes Global Land OutlookLand for Life Programme- (Same old land destrification mitigation); provides award also in the same nameDrought Initiative- preparedness, resiliene, reduce vulnureabilityCOP14 in India September 20193.Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (Waterfowl convention)1971Only global treaty that deals with a specific ecosystem; parties committed to wise use of national land-use planning. Non- UN system Ramsar List (Internationally recognized wetlands; national govt. commitment on its conservation);Transboundary Ramsar sites (across multiple countries; cooperative agreement but no distinct legal status)- zero in IndiaSet up Montreux Record, which is a register of wetland sites on the List of Wetlands of International Importance where changes in ecological character have occurred/ are occurring/ likely to occur Wetland City Accreditation scheme – Voluntary scheme that provide opportunity for int. reconition for natural/man-made wetlands in city (India has none)4. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)(Washington Convention)1975Only and legally binding treaty to ensure that international trade in plants and animals does not threaten their survival in the wild; has 3 appendixesAppx1 has highest protection,- no trade allowed (extinction threatened species)Appx2- have regulated trade- no exintinction threatened yet. Appx3- Species for which range countries have asked for control in tradeAdministered by UNEP, secretariat in Geneva, SwitzerlandMIKE (Elephant pgm- EU main funder), ICCWC- Joint initiative of CITES, WB, Interpol, UNODC, World Customs Org.TRAFFIC is an NGO run by IUCN and WWF and is the world’s largest wildlife trade (fauna+Fauna) monitoring programme2020 goal- Reduce pressure by illegal trade on biodiversity, enhance benefits from sustainable trade5.Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (Bonn Convention)1983Only convention on migratory bird. Covers terrestrial, aquatic, and avian migratory species. Convention has 2 appendices: 1st lists animals threated with extinction, and 2nd lists species that benefit or will benefit from international cooperationWork under aegis of UNEPRaptor MoU- Conservation of Migratory birds of prey in Africa and EurasiaCOP 2020- In IndiaITTO(P-334)1986UN body promoting conservation and sustainable use of tropical forest resources, account for 80% of world’s tropical resourcesUNFF2000Established under ECOSOC of UN with universal memebership of all UN members for sustainable management of forest resources6.Coalition against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT) 2005Unique voluntary public-private coalition of governments and organizations; aims at mobilizing opinion to properly implement wildlife laws, reduce consumer demand for wildlife etc.Basel Convention,1992Deals with control of trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal; aims to reduce generation of hazardous waste, and promote ecologically sound management of any hazardous waste. Administered by UNEPAnnex 1 substances of convention are considered for hazardous wastes. 7.Stockholm Convention on POPs2004Deals with organic (carbon containing) pollutants that are not easily degradable, accumulate in fatty tissues of organisms, and are toxic (such as DDT, hexachlorobenzene, endosulfan- Banned in 2011 by SC but still used! etc.)Administered by UNEP9.Conference of Plenipotentiaries (Rotterdam Convention)2004Aims to create legally binding PIC norms for hazardous chemical substances and pesticides Administered by UNEP+FAOAnnex 3 chemicals are the identified hazardous chemicals for PIC norms SAICMAdministered by UNEP sound management of chemicals throughout their life cycleInt. Whaling commissionGlobal inter govternmental convention charged with conservation of whales. Restrict commercial whaling but allow R&D work. Recently Japan pulled out of it.11.Vienna convention1985Protection of ozone layer Montreal Protocol: deals with control of substances that deplete the ozone layer. Legally binding, only treaty with universal signatory (197)KIGALI Agreement- To phase out HFCs which were introduced as an alternative to CFCs were but all very potent GHG. Though being a GHG its not convered under Paris Agreement. Legally binding agreement for 85% reduction in HFCs ( 2024-26 levels by 2047)12.GIAHS- Globally Important Agricultural Heritage SystemsAims to recognize ‘remarkable land use systems and landscapes which are rich in globally significant biological diversity evolving from co-adaptation of community with environment for sustainable devlopment.Work under FAO3 GIAHS sites in India: Traditional Agricultural System, Koraput, OrissaBelow Sea level Farming System, Kuttanad, KeralaSaffron farming, KashmirMinamata Convention2013Global treaty to protect human health due to mercury and phase out its mining and usage, Adopted in japan. Effects important brain functionChapter 29: Environment Issues and health EffectsDefine Rem ?Discuss the diseases/associated system due to pollutants- Iodine 131, Lead, Mercury, Fluorine, nitrates, cadmium, coal dust ?How does DDT harm birds and humans? ?What are transfats? What are its pros and cons?What chemicals are associated with Yokkaichi Asthma, sick building syndromeWhat is emphysema? Which state are associated with a) Amrita Devi Bishnoi b) Chipko movement c) Appiko movement (associated forest)What are bioassays. ?Define—flagship/charismatic, keystone, indicator, foundation, umbrella species? ?12 Bio NCERT questionsWho is Father of Ecology in India? (Ramdeo Mishra) (P-9)Discuss the biome distribution wrt to precipitation and mean temp. (Repeat)!!!!!Discuss the suitable latitudes for tuna fish (rarely beyond tropics)What are eurythermal and stenothermal species? (P-23)What are euryhaline and stenohaline species?Beyond what depth, light generally doesn’t penetrate sea? What the source of energy? (P-23)Out of red, green and brown algae that inhabit the sea, which is likely to be found in the deepest waters? Why? (Link) (red, phycoerythrin)What are conformers, regulators and partial regulators? Can plants regulate their body temp. like humans? P-25What is suspension as a response to abiotic factors? Who does it? P-26What is aestivation? Which all type of animals do this? What is diapause? Who does it? Discuss the adaptation technique of kangaroo rat? Where is it found? P-26Different means of water scarcity adaption by desert plants? <thick cuticle>How does body acclimatize/adapt to higher altitudes? P-27Do organisms reproducing by asexual means also considered population? Yes Define population density in terms of natality, mortality, immigration, emigration? P-30When resources are limited/unlimited which of exponential, logistical growth happens? P-31What is Darwinian fitness? P-32How many times does salamon fishes and bamboo reproduce in their lifetime. P-33What is technique that Monarch butterfly adopt for saving tiself from predation? P-35What is a phytophagous? Why do cattles don’t feed on weed- Calotropis? P-35What is Gauses exclusion principle- P-36 (Not always true, tackled by resource partitioning)What are ectoparasites and endoparasites? Give example. P-37Cuscuta does not have cloprophyll. How does it meet its food requirement? P-37Give few examples of commensalism? Orchid (other epiphytes)(+)/Mango, Cattle egret(+)/cow,Barnacles (+)/whales, Birds (+)/Army of ants, Clown fish (+)/sea anemoneWhich orchid species use sexual deceit for bees (O phyr us)- coevolution, pseudocopulatesWhat ar endothermic and ectothermic animals? P-41The female mosquito is not considered a parasite, although it needs our blood for reproduction. Why? What is stratrification in ecosystem?Mention three key microorganismic decomposers? (P-2, ch-14)What is primary and secondary productivity? Difference between gross & net primary productivityDiscuss the main reason for the low productivity of ocean? (less light, less minerals – account for only 30% biomass even though it has 70% of area)What are the 5 steps of decomposition? Desribe briefly. <catabolism>Are lignin and chitin easy to decompose or difficult? True or false. Most of the sunradiation reach earth surface can used for photosynthesis? P-46 <Mention specific numbers>Which type of food chain is more prominent in aquatic & terrestrial system? GFC/DFC? P-47Can a species occupy more than one trophic level in a food chain?Difference between hydrarch and xerarch succession?Discuss the succession in aquatic ecosystem starting from phytoplanktons? (Reed Swamp happens before Marsh meadow) rest is easy to guessWhat contains more carbon- oceans/atmosphere? Ratio? Differentiate litter and detritus? (Biodegradability- latter is, former may/maynot)What are ecosystem services? Arrange various services in decreasing order? P-56What is vertebrate distribution (50%- fishes, 15%- Birds, Reptiles each, 10%- Amphibians, Mammals each)Species distribution (70% animals (70% animals are insects)Global discovered biodiversity stands at 1.5 Mn, does that include prokaryotes? P-61India has what % of global biodiversity? P-62How does biodiversity vary with latitudes? Discuss 3 key reasons for this trend. (P-62)What is species-area relationship demonstrated by Alexander von Humboldt? How does this trend change with changing the scale to local level to continental? P-63What are various benefits of higher species richness? P-64What is sixth mass extinction about? What is Evil Quartet about? Mention the sub-parts P-65Which forest is called lungs of the planet? P-65What is IUCN status of steller sea-cow and passenger pegion? P-65Few invasive species (Carrot grass, Lantana, Water hyacinth (Eicchornia), African catfish) ?What % area of land do biodiversity hospots cover?Mention some pollinators other than bees P-67 Discuss the key features of pollution control tech- electrostatic precipitation, scrubber? P-72What are catalytic converters? What metals are used, impact of leaded petrol, reactions? P-73Noise pollution in included under which pollution control act? Bharat Stage VI is equivalent to which Euro stage standard? It is currently applicable in which region? Which stage is being skipped? 4 compounds considered for norms? (Link)Which water weed is known as “Terror of Bengal”What are Eco-san toilets? P-79What is the use of Polyblend? P-80Arrange CFCs, CO2, CH4, N2O in decreasing order of contribution to global warming? P-82What % of UV radiations do not reach earth due to stratosphere? P-2What of the 3 types of UV rays that reach earth surface? (link) (A is smallest hence reach)Discuss the diseases/ill-effects on SO2 on humans and plants P-2 ?What pollutant causes the irritant red haze in environment? (P-2) Discuss the ill-effects on NO2 (plants, children, fibres) P-2?Ill effects of hydrocarbons on plants and humans P-3 ?Does CO has any colour/ordour? What compound does it form with haemoglobin? P-3Are CFCs or Ozone also GHGs? P-3Below what ph do we call a rain to be acid rain P-5 What role do ammonium salts play in acid rain? P-5What 4 cities are part of Taz Trapezium? Key implication? P-6 (FAMB)What are viable particulates? P-6What component of blood does lead interfere with? P-6 Discuss the composition, climatic conditions for classical and photochemical smog? Which of these is oxidizing? P-6What are different substances present in photochemical smog? P-7 (5)Mention some names of plants that can help mitigate NO2. P-8 P2JQV ?What does catalytic converter do? How can they help to prevent photochemical smog?Mention some bacteria present in human faecal that cause gestroentritis? P-9 ? (SF)Below what amount DO growth of fish gets inhibited? P-10Define BOD? What is BOD of a clean water and a highly contaminated water? P-10Where is Polychlorinated Biphenyls used? What is its harmful effect? P-10Is fluorine in any concentration in water bad for human healthAre Aldrin, carbamates and Dieldrin biofertilizers?Roman Saini Videos ?What is lotic/lentic ecosystem? (flowing/static) What are hydrocoles, mesocoles, xerocoles? (fish- too much water, med water, too less water)What is mor and mull ? (needs more decomposition/mull is fully decomposed humus)What is colluvial, alluvial, glacial, eolian soils? (gravity, water, snow, wind)Is PAR for photosynthesis and visible radiation fall in the same spectrum? (Yes)Albedo values- Fresh Asphalt (4%), Mercury(10%), Moon (12%), Earth (30%), Fresh Snow (80-90%)Difference between primary production and productivity? (rate of production is _ity)What is 10% law of liendman? (10% transfer of energy to next trophic level)True or false. Pyradmid of biomass is inverted in case of acquatic ecosystem? YesWhat is Allen rule (small ear, tail), Bergman rule (Area/Volume- cold area- larger animal),jorden rule (fishes in cold water more vertebra, fin scales), Rensch rule (Cold region animals- narrow wings) ?What is Batesian mimicry? (harmless species mimicking harmful species to avoid predators)What is Biotic potential (Maximum potential of growth of a species- it can never be achieved fully due to resource constraints)What is biological hierarchy? (Dumb kids put cat on fiery gas stove) (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) ?Use of sea otter(dog like marine mammal) for corals/kelp roots (keep population of sea urchins in check, othws will destroy it) How do Beavers act as keystone species (Riparian dams)What is Selva soil in Tropical rainforest (leached soils with low nutrient content)<Need to read through whole of it>Others ?What is composition of Biogas (Mainly CO2 and CH4 and small amount of N2, H2 etc.)What are world’s hotspot of geothermal energy LinkSymbiotic relation b/w fern Azolla (safe environment) and cyanobacterium Anabaena (provides N2)Highest per capita CO2 emitter in world? QatarLead is the most hazardous metal pollutant of automobile exhaustJawai forests- conservation forest status- RajasthanMax ESA under EPA 1986- MaharashtraCopper is max metal in mobile E-waste Titan, the largest moon of Saturn and Pluto, shows the opposite phenomena which is called Anti-Green House Effect.Argon generates by decay of K-40Mahesh rangrajan committee suggested formation of NECA (nothing on corridors or leg status of elephant reserves)Jathropa is native to central AmericaIndia’s first National Centre for Marine Bio-diversity in JamnagarNo act in India to declare Biodiversity reserve in indiaone of the largest wintering ground for the migratory waterfowl in India?- CHilka LakeEcological footprint unit- Global hectareGlobal 200- [List of 200 Ecoregions identified by the WWF as priorities for conservation]Bengal Deshi- Hybrid variety of cottonEcology is Permanent Economy- Chipko movementClimate Neutral Network in 2008 by UNEPUK established India’s first carbon dioxide measurement exchange tower ?Himalyana region in India has the largest number of endemic plant speciesForest ecological pyramid- # is broad in centreAntarctic-Environmental / Madrid Protocol- bans all mining in Antarctica, designating the continent as a natural reserve devoted to peace and science?India first state/UT to related a climate action plan – DelhiWorld Conservation Monitoring Centre, a biodiversity information and assessment arm of the United Nations Environment Programme is located at CambridgeChina tops the clean energy investmentSynthetic Fuel main source- coalBuddha Nalla pollutes SutlejMedini Puruskar- MoEFCC?Seville strategy- Madrid Aciton Plan- for Bioshere reservesDodo flightless bird ot extinct from Mauritius in 17th centuryBiodiversity International HQ- RomeButane has replaced halomethane in refrigatorsNational Green Corps- Teaching Youngsters on envir & eco-systemNBA located at ChennaiTropical Forest Reasearch Institute at JabalpurDhaincha” or?Sesbania bispinosa- Green manureMalathion- pesticideA(2,4 D) – first used herbicide Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) is located at VizagHonduran Emerald is an endangered bird in Honduran (Central AmericaEndangered?Cape Mountain Zebra is located at??SANational Space Center for “Megha-Tropiques Mission” to study the water cycle in the tropical atmosphere in the context of climate change is located in FranceAnna University- ICOZM - National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Zone ManagementNational Parks et al (Link)Oldest NP in India- Corbett 1938Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park is called Topslip (Anamalai)- TNGandhi Sagar WLS- MPBhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is the only Elephant Reserve of KarnatakaIndia’s?First National Marine Park??- Kutcch Marine Park Rani Jhansi Marine National Park is in Andaman & Nicobar IslandsMahatama Gandhi Marine NP- A&NMouling National Park – Arunachal PradeshFossil National Park – Madhya PradeshBiligiriranga Temple Wildlife Sanctuary- KN[Nameri National Park , Assam]- last house of White winged Wood DuckLargest NP in North East – ArunachalChilchila WLS- HaryanaSairandhri Vanam- Silent Valley NpHoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary?which is home to only ape in India, the?hoolock gibbon- AssamBori WLS- MP (not to confuse with Borivali NP)Pitti island which is a bird sanctuary and an habitat of oceanic birds- LakshdweepIndia’s largest wildlife sanctuary? Indian Wild Ass SanctuaryMP has the higest tiger reservesTiger Gateway of India- NagpurLargest Tiger reserve (Nagarjuna Srisailam Sanctuary)- cross TS, AP, Amrabad in TSMadumaili- TN., Bandipur- KNManas tiger reserve also a world heritage site (also only one that is elephant reserve, Bioreserve)KN- highest tiger population, Corbett highest populationWhite Asiatic Tiger in WB, Buxa in WBGyan Bharthi Reserve- GujarathBRT- Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Temple (KN)Kalakad (Agasthyamali hills), Annamali – TNSanjay Dubri- MP+CGAchanakmar- CGBalmiki in Bihar (Champaran)Udanti, Indravati- CG ................
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