Research Methods in Psychology - McConnell
Research Methods in Psychology
____________________ Methods
_______________________ observation
Intensive _________________________
Surveys/__________________/interviews
______________________ studies
The ________________________________________
for determining _________________________ relationships
Using Various Research Methods
to Study a Behavior Problem
Like ADHD Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Diagnosed when a child shows
6 or more symptoms of inattention
also 6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity,
These symptoms are present at an early age & must have been present for at least 6 months.
Naturalistic Observation
___________________________ observations in classrooms show that kids with ADHD:
can’t stay in their seats or sit still, don’t pay attention, don’t complete work, are impulsive, are rude to others, get into trouble more, & lose their temper more often.
This ______________________________________________, but it is important to use well-trained, unbiased observers.
Survey Results:
5x more males than females
3-5% of USA schoolkids are taking Ritalin for ADHD
50-60% of ADHD kids show defiant behavior & higher risk of conduct problems as teens
30-60% continue to have symptoms as adults
40% have a parent with symptoms
Correlation
Correlation: ___________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Correlation coefficient: number between ______________ showing the _______________ and __________________ of this relationship.
Correlations help us predict behavior but do ___________________________
_____________________________
Remember: __________________________________________.
Is Hyperactivity Correlated in Twins?
Pairs of ______________________________________________________ in their level of motor activity
But pairs of male ___________________________________________
________________________ in their level of motor activity
Supports the _______________________________ a role in ADHD but does not prove a cause-effect relationship.
Pros/Cons of Other Methods
Survey: Easy to collect lots of data but _____________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Case studies_________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Experiment: __________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Why are experiments different?
Compare the behavior of _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Groups are treated as similarly as possible __________________________(the _____________________) that the researcher is interested in. _______________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Random Assignment
To make the 2 groups as equal as possible, most often participants will be randomly assigned to 1 group or the other. This assures that there are no systematic differences between the groups.
Why are experiments different?
If everything is _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
In other words, the experiment tests whether the independent variable causes changes behavior.
Definitions:
Experimental group - ___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Control group - ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
Definitions:
Independent variable- ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Dependent variable - ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
Random Assignment
Assigning participants to the groups in a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group of condition.
Random assignment avoids any systematic differences between the groups as long as the size of your groups is sufficient
Operational Definition
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Quasiexperiments
Sometimes we need to use pre-existing groups in research (e.g. males vs females, alcoholics vs non-alcoholics). Since we can’t randomly assign participants to groups, there may other differences between the groups that impair our ability to draw conclusions.
Hypothesis
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Example:
– Consumption of alcohol will impair short-term memory.
– Relaxation training will reduce test anxiety and improve test performance
Random or
Extraneous Variables
Any other variables besides the _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Confounding of Variables
When it is difficult to separate the effects of an extraneous variable from those of the independent variable
Confounding of variables _________________________________________ about the effects of the _____________ variable on the __________________ variable
Avoiding bias
sampling bias
social-desirability bias in self-report data
experimenter bias
bias due to expectations (placebo effect)
Key features of the scientific process
always looking for alternative explanations
____________________ of findings
................
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