Anatomy-Physiology Semester 1 Final Study Guide



Anatomy-Physiology Semester 1 Final Study GuideChapter 1: Intro to Anatomy-PhysiologyWhat is anatomy and physiology?Anatomy – study of structure; physiology – study of function; structure determines functionWhat are the characteristics of life? (Remember, there is 1 more than the book says.)Responsiveness, conductivity, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, secretion, excretion, circulation, reproductionWhat are the requirements of an organism?Life depends on the availability of the following:a. Water (required for metabolic reactions, for transport of substances, fortemperature regulation)b. Food (nutrients needed to supply energy and raw materials for buildingnew living matter)c. Oxygen (used in releasing energy from nutrients)d. Heat (a byproduct of metabolism; its presence governs the rate at whichreactions occur)e. Pressure (force required to facilitate movement of air or fluids)What is homeostasis?A more formal definition of homeostasis is a characteristic of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, relatively constant condition of properties.What are the levels of organization?Subatomic particles atom molecule macromolecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system organismWhat are the major body cavities?Cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, verterbralWhat are the major systems of the body?These systems include the integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, urinary system, and reproductive systemsWhat are the ‘terms of relative position’ and can you use them?When discussing the anatomy of the human body, it is useful to first define a standard position in which the body will be presented. This standard allows the relative position of parts of the body to be described accurately and with less confusion. Anatomists use the anatomical position. A person in the anatomical position is standing up straight, with arms at the sides and palms facing forwards with the fingers extended. The feet are facing forward, as are the head and eyesWhat are the different body sections?A coronal or frontal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back and front, or posterior and anterior) portions. A transverse plane, also known as an axial plane or cross-section, divides the body into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions.What are the abdominal regions? The abdominal quadrants?right (1) and left (3) hypochondriac regions – on either side of the epigastric region. Contains the diaphragm, some of the kidneys, right side of the liver, the spleen and part of the pancreas.epigastric region (2) – superior (above) the umbilical region and contains most of the pancreas, part of the stomach, liver, inferior vena cava, abdominal aorta and duodenumright (4) and left (6) lumbar (lateral) regions – on either side of the umbilical region. They contain portions of the large and small intestines and kidneys.umbilical region (5) – area around the umbilicus (belly button). Includes sections of the large and small intestines, inferior vena cava and abdominal aortaright (7) and left (9) iliac (inguinal) regions – are on either side of the hypogastric region and include portions of the large and small intestines.hypogastric (pubic) (8) region – inferior (below) the umbilical region. Contains parts of the sigmoid colon, the urinary bladder and ureters, the uterus and ovaries (women), and portions of the small intestines.Quadrants: Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) – right lobe of liver, gallbladder, part of the transverse colon, part of pylorus, hepatic flexure, right kidney, and duodenum.Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) – cecum, ascending colon, small intestine, appendix, bladder if distended, right ureter, right spermatic duct (men), right ovary and right tube and uterus if enlarged (women).Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) – Left lobe of liver, stomach, small intestine, transverse colon, splenic flexure, pancreas, left kidney and spleen.Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) – small intestine, left ureter, sigmoid flexure, descending colon, bladder if distended, left spermatic duct (men) left ovary and left tube and uterus if enlarged (women).Chapter 5: TissuesWhat is epithelial tissue?Epithelial: protection (covers body surfaces), sensory, secretion (glandular epithelium), absorption (gut; respiratory tract – exchange of O2 and CO2), excretion What are the types of epithelial tissue, their characteristics, functions, and locations?Cell Shape:Squamous: flat, plate-likeCuboidal: cube-shaped; larger cytoplasmColumnar: narrow and cylinder-shapedPseudostratified: single-layered; all cells touch the basement membrane but may not extend to the top of the membraneLayers of Cells:Simple: single layerStratified: cells are layered on top of one anotherTransitional: cell shape & layers differWhat are the types of exocrine glands, their characteristics, and locations?Structural:Shape: tubular or alveolar (sac-like)Complexity: simple (one duct) or compound (multiple ducts)Functional: ApocrineCollect secretory products at apex (tip)Apex of cell pinches off Cell repairs itself & repeats processEx: milk-producing mammary glandsHolocrineCollect secretory product inside the cellRupture to release (self-destructs)Ex: sebaceous glands (oil glands)MerocrineDischarge through plasma membraneThis type applies to most exocrine glandsEx: salivary glandsWhat is connective tissue?Connective: support, connection, transport, protection, most abundant tissue typeWhat are the major connective tissue cell types?The common cell types in connective tissue include: fibroblasts, mast cells, plasma cells, macrophages, adipocytes, and leukocytes. Fibroblasts are the most common cell type of connective tissue.What are the different types of connective tissue fibers?There are three types of fibers in the intercellular matrix of connective tissue: (1) collagen fibers, (2) reticular fibers, and (3) elastic fibersWhat are the types of connective tissue, their characteristics, functions, and locations?FibrousLoose (areolar)Stretchablemost abundant connective tissue in the bodyConnects adjacent structuresEx: btwn other tissues and organsEx: superficial fasciaAdiposeContains mainly fat cellsSupportive/protection pads around kidneys & other body structuresStorage deposit for excess foodInsulating material, conserves body heatReticular3D web of reticular fibersForms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes & bone marrowMeshwork filters harmful substances out of the bloodDenseRegularFibers arranged in parallel rowsEx: tendons; ligamentsIrregularFibers intertwine; sustain stress from any directionBoneCartilageHyalineMost commonCovers ends of long bones (where joints articulate)Found in supporting rings of respiratory tubesFibrocartilageStrongest, most durableIntervertebral disksMenisci in knee jointElasticFine elastic fibersHigh degree of flexibilityExternal earBloodMatrix = plasmaFormed elements = blood cellsFunction transport respiratory gases (O2, CO2), nutrients, wastesWhat is muscle tissue?move body, specialized for contractionWhat are the types of muscle tissue, their characteristics, functions, and locations?Skeletal – muscles (attached to bone)Cardiac – heartSmooth – lines walls of hollow organs (stomach, intestines, blood vessels)Skeletal: voluntary, striations, multi-nucleated, long, tread-like cells, bundles of microfilamentsCardiac: striated, involuntary, intercalated disks (where plasma membranes meet up), branching Smooth: non-striated, involuntary, spindle-shaped cells, uninucleated What is nervous tissue?Nervous: provides communication; coordinates body’s functionsChapter 6: Integumentary SystemWhat are the major layers of the skin?Epidermis and dermisWhat are the layers of the epidermis, their characteristics, and general location?Stratum corneum (horny layer)Most superficialShingle-like (squamous) dead cellsStratum lucidum (clear layer)Only in thick skinStratum Granulosum (granular layer)Keratinization begins hereStratum spinosum (spiny layer)8-10 layers of irregular shaped cellsStratum basale (base layer)Single layer of columnar cellsMitosis occurs hereWhat is a melanocyte and where can they be found?Melanocytes: synthesize melanin (brown pigment – gives skin color)Melanin: protects deeper layers from ultraviolet lightWhat are the accessory organs of the skin?hair, nails, skin glandsHow does hair grow?naHow does hair get its color?naHow does the nail grow?naWhat are the different types of skin glands, their characteristics, functions, and locations?naHow is body temperature regulated (hyperthermic and hypothermic)?If heat gain exceeds the ability of the body to lost heat, then body temperature increases above normal levels, a condition called hyperthermia. Hyperthermia can result from exposure to hot environments, exercise, fever, and anesthesia.If heat loss exceeds the ability of the body to produce the heat, body temperature decreases below normal levels. Hypothermia is a decrease in body temperature to 35 degrees C (95 Degree F) or below. Hypothermia usually results from prolonged exposure to cold environments.What factors influence skin color?The process of melanin production is influenced by hormones, immune and inflammatory factors and brain signals.How does a cut heal?naWhat are the different types of burns, their characteristics and how does each heal?naChapter7: Skeletal SystemWhat are the 5 classifications of bones?long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones.What are the 2 types of bone?compact bone and cancellous bone (spongy)What are the functions of bone?Support - Shape, alignment, positioning of body partsProtection - Protects organsMovement - Bones and joints act as levers; Muscles attached to bones produce movement of jointsMineral storage - Calcium and phosphorous; Homeostasis of blood calcium levels Hematopoiesis - Blood cell formationWhat are the 2 divisions of the skeleton?appendicular (rest) and axial (skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage)Can you name/identify the major bones of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle, arm, pelvic girdle, and leg? look at a chartWhat is a fontanel?NAWhat are the different types of ribs? true ribs (connect sternum), false ribs (costal cartilage) and floating ribsWhat are the differences between the male and female pelves? Female pelves are larger and wider than male pelves and have a rounder pelvic inlet. Male iliac crests are higher than females, causing their false pelves to look taller and narrower.What are the different types of fractures?naChapter 8: JointsWhat are the 3 classifications of joints based upon composition?naWhat are the 3 types of fibrous joints and locations of each?naWhat are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints and locations of each?naWhat are the types of synovial joints, the types of movements allowed, and example of each? don’t needWhat are the different terms that describe joint movement? don’t needKnow a little about each of the major synovial joints: shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee/naChapter 9: MusclesWhat are the 3 major types of muscles? cardiac, smooth, and skeletal38227025590500What is the ‘structure’ of a muscle? 51. Name the major muscles of the body and their actions. (look at your notes/charts)Don’t forget to look over terms on quizlet (search muscular terms-GHS) directional terms such as superior/posterior, buccal, etc398716524130000 ................
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