Mrs.Pilipchuk's Class



The Digestive System: What Do You Need To Know?1. Digestive System Anatomy: -Organs (Which are accessory and which are part of the alimentary canal)The pathway that food will travel2. General Digestion:Dehydrolysis Synthesis (review from biochemistry)Of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic AcidsCarbohydrases, Lipases, Proteases, Nucleases3. Digestion in the Mouth / Esophagus:Chemical Digestion of starch with amylaseBolusMastication ( Chewing)Peristalsis4. Digestion in the StomachCardiac (Esophageal) Sphincter / Pyloric SphincterThe hormone GastrinGastric Glands, Gastric Juice, Chemical Digestion with Pepsin, Pepsin activationChyme / pH of stomachThe need for mucus in the stomach5. Digestion in the Small Intestine (Duodenum)pH of Duodenum / The Hormone SecretinBuffering with Bicarbonate IonsThe Hormone Cholecystokinin ( CCK)Pancreatic Juice (Chemical Digestion with Trypsin/Chymotrypsin, Pancreatic Amylase and Lipase)Juices from the Liver/Gall Bladder ( Physical Digestion with Bile)The Hormone Gastric Inhibitory Peptide ( GIP)Segmentation6. Absorption in the Small Intestine ( Ileum)The structure and function of the villusCarbohydrate subunits – absorption by active transportProtein subunits- absorption by active transportFat subunits- coated with proteins and travel to theLymphatic system via diffusionNucleic Acid subunits –absorption by active transport7. Re-absorption and Elimination in the Large Intestine -What is meant by re-absorption / what is reabsorbed - What is meant by elimination/ what is eliminated - Other tasks of the large intestine: Bacterial residence, vitamin production -Feces -anal sphincter8. Disorders-UlcersInflammatory Bowel Disease ( Crohn’s Disease & Colitis)HepatitisCirrhosisGallstonesAnorexia NervosaObesity9. Diets- The Canada Food GuideDigestive System Practice Questions1. a) Label the parts on this diagram of the alimentary canal. b) Highlight the names of the organs where food will pass down tonguePharynxSalivary Gland2. Label the parts on these diagrams.The StomachThe Lining of the Small IntestineMicrovilliPyloricSphincterCardiac(Esophageal)SphincterRidges in stomachEsophagusCell MembranenucleusVeinArteryLymph vesselcapillaries(Center)villus3. Digestive System Terminology. For each of the following either identify the missing definition or the missing term.accessory organsthe pancreas, liver, and gall bladder; called “accessory” because their role in the process of digestion is vital, but they are not physically part of the digestive tractamylase enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into simpler sugars carbohydraseenzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of carbohydratescatalyst chemical that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reactionhydrolysis chemical reaction in which the addition of a water molecule cleaves a macromolecule into subunits; one hydrogen atom from water is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl group is bonded to the other subunit, breaking a covalent bond in the macromoleculechyme thick liquid formed by mixing food with gastric juice in the stomachdigestive tract in animals, a long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, through which food moves and is broken down into simpler compounds that are used for energy, growth, and cell repairbolus smooth, lump-like mass of food rolled by the tongue to aid swallowingmacromolecule a large, complex assembly of organic molecules; four categories of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acidsliver organ found in the abdomen that performs hundreds of functions as an accessory organ of the digestive system, including the secretion of bile to digest fats; other functions include plasma protein production, blood detoxification, and glycogen storagedisaccharide sugar that can be hydrolyzed into two monosaccharide subunits; examples include maltose and sucrosemonosaccharide simple sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars; for example glucose, fructose, and galactose esophageal sphincter a muscular ring between the esophagus and the stomach that controls the movement of food into and out of the stomachdehydration synthesis chemical reaction that results in the formation of a covalent bond between two subunit molecules by the removal of an –OH (hydroxyl) group from one subunit and a hydrogen atom from the other subunit; essentially, a molecule of water (H2O) is removedgall bladder organ that stores bile produced by the livergastrin stomach hormone that stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and the inactive precursor molecule of pepsin from glands in the stomach homeostasis the tendency of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environmentlipase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acidsbioavailabilitythe amount of a nutrient that can be absorbed from a source, rather than the total amount actually in the sourceenzyme protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to increase the rate of a reactionpancreas small gland in the abdomen that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize hydrochloric acid from the stomach; also secretes the hormone insulininhibitormolecule that attaches to an enzyme and reduces its ability to bind substrate; two classes are competitive and non-competitive inhibitorsgastrin stomach hormone that stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and the inactive precursor molecule of pepsin from glands in the stomach pepsin protein-digesting enzyme secreted in the stomach; remains inactive until hydrochloric acid is presentperistalsis wave-like series of muscular contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal muscles that surround the various parts of the digestive tract; aids the movement of food through the digestive tractpolysaccharide complex carbohydrate consisting of many simple sugars linked together; examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogenprotease enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptide bonds that link amino acids in proteins and peptidessubstrate substance upon which an enzyme actstriglyceride high-energy organic molecule composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules; main component of fats and oilsvillus (villi) finger-like projection along the ridges of the small intestine; increases surface area to aid in the absorption of nutrientsessential amino acid refers to the any of the nine of twenty amino acids that must come from the diet because the human body cannot synthesize themnucleic acidmacromolecule formed from a long chain of nucleotide subunits, each consisting of a five-carbon simple sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group; two types include DNA and RNApeptide bond bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another in a proteinproteinorganic macromolecule assembled from subunits of amino acidssegmentation a process by which some physical digestion occurs in the small intestine; chyme sloshes back and forth between segments of the small intestine that form when bands of circular muscle briefly contractpyloric sphinctermuscular ring that acts as a valve between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), controlling the passage of food out of the stomachsmall intestine length of the digestive tract comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; main function is to complete the digestion of macromolecules and to absorb their component subunitslarge intestine portion of the digestive system comprised of the caecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal; main function is to concentrate and eliminate waste materials4. Identify the hormone involved in the following actions, then outline the steps to do each actionHormoneActionSteps:GastrinStimulates the stomach to initiate its secretionsa) Stimulus: food entering the stomachb) Hormone is released and travels to its target: gastric glandsc)Result: release of gastric juice ( HCl, Pepsin, Mucous) from the gastric glands into the stomachSecretinCreates an alkaline environment in the duodenuma) Stimulus: acidic chyme entering the duodenumb) Hormone is released and travels to its target: pancreasc) The target releases bicarbonate ionsd) The substance (above) travels to the duodenume) The final result: duodenum becomes alkalineEnterogastrone(Gastric Inhibitory Peptide)Slows the movement of foods through the lower digestive tract, increasing time for fat digestiona) Stimulus: chyme entering the duodenumb) Hormone is released and travels its target: stomach and duodenumc) Result: reduces peristaltic contractions of the stomach and duodenumCholecyctokinin(CCK)Stimulates the pancreas and gall bladder to initiate secretionsa) Stimulus: chyme entering the duodenumb) Hormone is released and travels to its target: pancreas and gall bladderc) Result: release of pancreatic juice and bile into the duodenum to start digestive action on the chyme.5. Use the chart below to identify the location and the reactions occurring to break down each of the complex organic molecules into their simplest components.6. Fill in the chart to identify how absorption would occur for each macromolecule.MacromoleculeIs first broken down in digestive sys.( identify all steps until arriving at simplest form)Type of transport required to absorb this ingredientAbsorbed into blood or lymph vesselPolysaccharides ( Starch)a) Disaccharidesb) MonosaccharidesActive TransportBlood VesselProteinsa) Polypeptidesb) Dipeptidesc) Amino AcidsActive TransportBlood VesselLipids ( Fats)a) Smaller Fat Globules ( Emulsification)b) Fatty Acids and Glycerol DiffusionLymph Vessel7. Digestive Disorders Matching. Match the following disorders with their description.Ans.DisorderDescriptionEUlcerA. crystallized cholesterol from the bile collects and may block ductsBInflammatory Bowel DiseaseB. A collection of diseases characterized by swelling of the intestines preventing proper functionality ( digestion, absorption, reabsorption)GHepatitisC. The scarring of the liver, reduces functional tissueCCirrhosisD. Morbid fear of weight gain / Individual weighs less than 85% of normal mass for their height.AGallstonesE. Acid eats away at the gastrointestinal wall due to lack of mucusDAnorexia NervosaF. Excessive Weight gain / Individual weighs 20% more than normal mass for their height.FObesityG. A viral infection that results in liver inflammation and deterioration8. What does the Canada Food Guide recommend in terms of nutrition for a young adult ( your age)Food Categories# of Recommended Servings2 Eg’s for each categoryGrain Products5-12Bread, Pasta, CerealFruits and Vegitables5-10Banana, Broccoli, JuicesMilk Products3-4Milk, Cheese, YogurtMeats and Alternatives2-3Chicken, Eggs, Tofu ................
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