TEL 310 - University of Kentucky
TEL 310
02/06
Spectrum Allocation
Introduction
• Communication process:
Encoding --- Transmitting --- Decoding signals (information)
--- Sine wave
--- Wavelength
--- Frequency
Encoding:
• AM/FM
• Analog/Digital
Transmitting:
• Point-to-point/Point-to-multipoint
• Wire/Wireless
• Over-the-air (OTA) Broadcasting:
--- Transmission of encoded sine waves via the ether
--- A mixture of both AM and FM
The electromagnetic spectrum: How it works
--- The entire available range of sinusoidal signal frequencies
--- 9 kHz ~~ 300 GHz
• The usable range of spectrum has been increasing.
• Various frequencies of radio waves have different characteristics
Low frequency
Medium frequency
Very high frequency (VHF)
Ultra high frequency (UHF)
Super high and extremely high frequency
• Signals can be carried at different locations in the spectrum (e.g., TV signals are transmitted in both VHF and UHF).
• However, different signals/services require different bandwidth. So efficient allocation of services along spectrum is important.
□ Spectrum Chart
The spectrum as a resource (p. 42)
--- Spectrum is a costly and productive resource that can be used in different ways and for different purposes.
• Can help create wealth
• Can be used in varying amounts for the same purpose
• Different parts of the resource can be used for the same purpose
• Opportunity cost of a particular use of spectrum
Spectrum Allocation Policies
How much of what parts of the spectrum would go to what people for what uses?
1. Market/pricing system
Assigning individual frequency rights that are transferable in whole or in part in a free market
2. Administrative allocation
International level: ITU
U.S.: FCC and NTIA
FCC: Table of Frequency Allocations
Service Rules: Uses, Equipment, location, power, antenna height, etc.
Why administrative allocation?
1. Spectrum scarcity
2. Interference
• Co-channel interference
• Adjacent channel interference
Why do TGK think the above two explanations are chimerical?
Shortcomings of the administrative model (p. 48):
--- Too much governmental control
• Not paying for governmental spectrum use
• Protective of existing allocations and users
--- Inefficient use of the spectrum due to the absence of transferable property rights in spectrum
• Current users having no incentive to economize on their uses
• Potential current users having no incentive to take into account the their spectrum's future values
--- The PICON standard too vague for real assistance
Advantages of market system:
• More efficient allocation
• Less congested spectrum
• More flexible, allowing for a speedier transition from old technology to new technology
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