Direct / Reported Speech



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Direct / Reported Speech

Transformations in verb tenses between direct and reported speeches are as follows:

|Direct Speech |Reported Speech |

|Present Simple |Past Simple |

|Present Continuous |Past Continuous |

|Past Simple |Past Perfect |

|Present Perfect |Past Perfect |

|Future |Conditional |

|Imperative |Infinitive |

Examples:

1. “He is a good boy”

She said he was a good boy

2. “I am tiding my room”

He said he was tiding his room

3. “She went to the cinema”

He said she had gone to the cinema

4. “He has done his homework”

She said he had done his homework

5. “She will wake up early”

He said she would wake up early

6. “Open the door!”

She ordered him to open the door

Ative / Passive Voice

Transformations between ative and passive voices are done as follows:

|Ative Voice |Passive Voice |

|Present Simple |Is/are + Past Participle |

|Past Simple |Was/were + Past Participle |

|Past Continuous |Was/were + being + Past Participle |

|Present Perfect |Has/have + been + Past Participle |

|Past Perfect |Had been + Past Participle |

Examples:

1. Michael helps everyone in need

Everyone in need is helped by Michael

2. The dog bit him

He was bitten by the dog

3. Most of the class had been reading the book

The book was being read by most of the class

4. I have damaged your bicycle

Your bicycle has been damaged (by me)

5. The police had caught him

He had been caught by the police

If Clauses

|Type |Use |If Clause |Main Clause |

|Zero Conditional | |Present Simple |Present Simple |

|First Conditional |Possibilities |Present Simple |Imperative or |

| | | |Future (will + infinitive) |

|Second Conditional |Dreams |Past Simple |Would + Infinitive |

|Third Conditional |Impossibilities |Past Perfect |Would have |

| | | |Could have + Past Participle Might have |

Examples:

1. If I have money, I spend it

2. If I study, I will pass the exams

If you see John tonight, tell him to e-mail me

3. If I studied, I would pass the exams

4. If I had studied, I would have passed the exams

Connectors

All these words can be used instead of “and”, to make the text more attractive:

• Both … and

• Not only … but also

• However

• While

• When

• Because

• That

• So that

• Although

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