Direct / Reported Speech
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Direct / Reported Speech
Transformations in verb tenses between direct and reported speeches are as follows:
|Direct Speech |Reported Speech |
|Present Simple |Past Simple |
|Present Continuous |Past Continuous |
|Past Simple |Past Perfect |
|Present Perfect |Past Perfect |
|Future |Conditional |
|Imperative |Infinitive |
Examples:
1. “He is a good boy”
She said he was a good boy
2. “I am tiding my room”
He said he was tiding his room
3. “She went to the cinema”
He said she had gone to the cinema
4. “He has done his homework”
She said he had done his homework
5. “She will wake up early”
He said she would wake up early
6. “Open the door!”
She ordered him to open the door
Ative / Passive Voice
Transformations between ative and passive voices are done as follows:
|Ative Voice |Passive Voice |
|Present Simple |Is/are + Past Participle |
|Past Simple |Was/were + Past Participle |
|Past Continuous |Was/were + being + Past Participle |
|Present Perfect |Has/have + been + Past Participle |
|Past Perfect |Had been + Past Participle |
Examples:
1. Michael helps everyone in need
Everyone in need is helped by Michael
2. The dog bit him
He was bitten by the dog
3. Most of the class had been reading the book
The book was being read by most of the class
4. I have damaged your bicycle
Your bicycle has been damaged (by me)
5. The police had caught him
He had been caught by the police
If Clauses
|Type |Use |If Clause |Main Clause |
|Zero Conditional | |Present Simple |Present Simple |
|First Conditional |Possibilities |Present Simple |Imperative or |
| | | |Future (will + infinitive) |
|Second Conditional |Dreams |Past Simple |Would + Infinitive |
|Third Conditional |Impossibilities |Past Perfect |Would have |
| | | |Could have + Past Participle Might have |
Examples:
1. If I have money, I spend it
2. If I study, I will pass the exams
If you see John tonight, tell him to e-mail me
3. If I studied, I would pass the exams
4. If I had studied, I would have passed the exams
Connectors
All these words can be used instead of “and”, to make the text more attractive:
• Both … and
• Not only … but also
• However
• While
• When
• Because
• That
• So that
• Although
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