DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH



DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECHPodemos contar lo que alguien ha dicho de dos maneras diferentes:Direct Speech Repitiendo las palabras exactas. Cuando usamos el Estilo Directo las palabras textuales van entre comillas (“...”). Ejemplos:She says "What time will you be home?"She said "What time will you be home?" and I said "I don't know! ""There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."Reported SpeechRepitiendo la idea, pero no las palabras exactas. Normalmente se usa el Estilo Indirecto para hablar del pasado, por lo que el tiempo de la narración da una especie de “salto atrás”. La frase suele empezar con un verbo como “say”, “tell”, o “ask” (aunque hay muchos más) que recibe el nombre de reporting verb. Las palabras que indican lugar o tiempo y los pronombres deben cambiar de manera lógica. Y por supuesto, no hay comillas.She said, "I saw him yesterday." She said that she had seen him the day before.'That' puede ser omitido:She told him that she was happy.She told him she was happy.'Say' and 'tell':Se usa 'say' cuando no hay objeto indirecto:He said that he was tired.Se debe usar 'tell' cuando hay objeto indirecto (cuando sabemos a quién van dirigidas las palabras):He told me that he was tired.Otros reporting verbs son: inquire, think, explain, complain, warn, point out, remark, declare, state, announce, protest, claim, etc.CAMBIOS EN LOS TIEMPOSSi el reporting verb está en pasado, el tiempo de la oración sufre un cambio, una especie de “salto atrás”:She said, "I am tired." She said that she was tired.Aquí tienes los cambios más significativos:Simple present Simple past "I always drink coffee", she said ?She said that she always drank coffee. Present continuous Past continuous "I am reading a book", he explained. ?He explained that he was reading a book Simple past Past perfect "Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. ?He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday Present perfect Past perfect "I have been to Spain", he told me. ?He told me that he had been to Spain Past perfect Past perfect "I had just turned out the light," he explained. ?He explained that he had just turned out the light. Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous They complained, "We have been waiting for hours". ?They complained that they had been waiting for hours. Past continuous Past perfect continuous "We were living in Paris", they told me. ?They told me that they had been living in Paris. Future Present conditional "I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said ?He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday. Future continuous Conditional continuous She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday". ?She said that she would be using the car next Friday. OJO!!:1. Estos cambios no ocurren cuando el reporting verb está en presente o cuando se trata de verdades permanentes o acciones habituales:“I love Spain”, says Mark. Mark says he loves Spain.“Madrid is the capital of Spain”, she said She said that Madrid is …2. La mayoría de los verbos modales no cambian en Estilo Indirecto: might, could, would, should, ought to, e.g.We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.She said that she might bring a friend to the party.OTROS CAMBIOSLas expresiones de lugar y tiempo también suelen cambiar.Por ejemplo:"I will see you here tomorrow", she said. She said that she would see me there the next day.Aqui tienes los cambios más significativos:Today that day "I saw him today", she said. ?She said that she had seen him that day. Yesterday the day before "I saw him yesterday", she said. ?She said that she had seen him the day before. The day before yesterday two days before "I met her the day before yesterday", he said. ?He said that he had met her two days before. Tomorrow the next/following day "I'll see you tomorrow", he said ?He said that he would see me the next day. The day after tomorrow in two days time/ two days later "We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said. ?They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later. Next week/month/year the following week/month/year "I have an appointment next week", she said. ?She said that she had an appointment the following week. Last week/month/year the previous/week/month/year "I was on holiday last week", he told us. ?He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week. ago before "I saw her a week ago," he said. ?He said he had seen her a week before. this (for time) that "I'm getting a new car this week", she said. ?She said she was getting a new car that week. this/that (adjectives) the "Do you like this shirt?" he asked ?He asked if I liked the shirt. here there He said, "I live here". ?He told me he lived there. Cambios en los pronombres: No hay una regla para cambiar los pronombres (personales, objeto, posesivos) ya que debemos tener en cuenta no solo quién habla sino también a quién van dirigidas las palabras. pero como regla básica, a la que recurrir en último extremo, podemos decir que los pronombres cambias a la tercera persona singular o plural:He said: "I like your new car." He told him that he liked his new car.She said: "I'm going to my friend's house." She said that she was going to her friend's house. ................
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