Chapter 1: Financial Management in Context
The Financial Management of Hospitals and Healthcare Organizations
Michael Nowicki
Chapter 6
Cost Accounting
Joe Riley
June 21, 2007
Outline
• Methods of Classifying Costs
o Accounting Function
o Management Function
o Traceability
o Behavior
o Relevance in Decision Making
• Methods of Allocating Costs
o Organizational Chart
o Revenue Center Identification
o Accounting System
o Workload Statistic
o Cost Allocation Methods
▪ Direct Apportionment
▪ Step-Down Apportionment
▪ Double Apportionment
▪ Multiple Apportionment
• Methods of Assembling Costs
o Responsibility Costing
o Full Costing
o Differential Costing
• Methods of Determining Product Costs
o Ratio of Cost to Charges
o Process Costing
o Job Order Costing
o Activity-Based Costing
o Standard Costing
• Relationship of Costs to Volume and Revenue
Chapter Summary
Cost Accounting involves analyzing costs using various methods for classifying costs, allocating costs, assembling costs, and determining the costs of products and services. Cost accounting is used to provide management with cost information for reasons such as cost management, setting charges, and profitability analysis. Cost Accounting has dramatically increased in importance and complexity since 1983, due to the rapid growth of managed care.
• There are several Methods of Classifying Costs:
1. Accounting Function – costs can be broken up into financial (revenue and expenses) or managerial (present and future costs) functions.
2. Management Function – costs can be broken up into operating (associated with producing the product or service) and non-operating (associated with supporting production) costs.
3. Traceability – broken into direct (traced directly to department product, or service), indirect (can’t be traced), full (direct and indirect costs combined), and average (divided by products or services) costs.
4. Behavior – broken into variable (vary directly to changes in volume), fixed (remain constant to changes in volume), semi-variable (vary incrementally to changes in volume), and marginal (changes in costs related to changes in volume) costs.
5. Relevance to Decision Making - broken into true costs, controllable costs, uncontrollable costs, differential costs, sunk costs, opportunity costs, relevant costs, actual costs, and standard costs.
• Allocating Costs is the process of moving indirect costs, and some direct costs to departments that generate charges. Several Methods include:
o Direct Apportionment
▪ Pros: simplicity
▪ Cons: does not take into account the costs of nonrevenue depts. working for other nonrevenue depts.
o Step-Down Apportionment
▪ Pros: considers costs or NR depts. working for other NR depts.; can be hand calculated
▪ Cons: does not consider revenue depts. working for other revenue depts.
o Double Apportionment
▪ Pros: considers costs or NR depts. working for other NR depts.; also considers costs of R depts. working for other R depts.
▪ Cons: requires a computer to calculate
o Multiple Apportionment
▪ Pros: most accurate method
▪ Cons: requires a computer with significant memory and significant computer time
• There are 3 Methods of Assembling Costs:
o Responsibility Costing – assembling costs by cost centers.
o Full Costing – assembling direct costs and allocated share of indirect costs to determine a product or service’s cost
o Differential Costing – assembling costs using incremental and differential costs.
• There are 5 Methods of Determining the Cost of Products/ Services:
o Ratio of Cost to Charges (RCC) – relates cost to its charge. Calculated by dividing an organization’s total expenses by the gross patient revenue.
o Process Costing – divides the full costs of the organization or department during a given period by the umber of products/ services produced during that period.
o Job Order Costing – samples the product’s actual direct costs and develops a relative value unit (RVU).
o Activity-Based Costing – uses cost drivers to assign direct and indirect costs to products (RVU).
o Standard Costing – not a method of determining costs, but a method of establishing benchmark costs.
• The Relationship of Costs fo Volume and Revenue (Break-even Analysis)
o PROFIT = REVENUE – EXPENSES
o Break-even quantity = total fixed costs / (charge – variable costs per unit)
o Contribution Margin Percentage = (charge – variable expenses per unit) / charge
o Break-even point ($$) = total fixed costs / contribution margin percentage
Terms & Definitions
Cost Accounting A field of accounting that studies costs including methods for identifying, classifying, and allocating costs.
Direct Costs Costs that can be traced directly to a department, product, or service.
Indirect Costs Costs that cannot be traced directly to a department, product, or service.
Full Costs Include both direct and indirect costs.
Variable Costs Costs that vary directly and proportionately to changes in volume.
Fixed Costs Costs that remain constant in relation to changes in volume.
Sunk Costs Costs that have already been incurred and thus will not be affected by future decisions.
Break-Even Point The volume in units at which the total revenue line intersects the total cost line. OR where total cost equals total revenue.
RCC – Ratio of Costs to Charges
RVU – Relative Value Unit[pic][pic][pic]
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