Microbiology Study Guide



Microbiology Study Guide – Exam #3 (Ch. 5, 7, 10, 13, 14 & 17)This is a list of the types of things you should be able to describe or explain in your own words for each chapter. You are still responsible for the material covered in lecture and should know all of the key terms for each chapter.Chapter 5 (Microbial Metabolism)the concept of metabolic pathways, also endergonic vs exergonic, catabolic vs anabolichow enzymes catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactionsfactors that affect enzyme activity (temperature, pH, salt concentration, substrate conc., etc.)enzyme regulation/inhibition (competitive, allosteric, feedback)characteristics of ATPoxidation/reduction, substrate-level vs oxidative phosphorylationthe basic process, purpose and various products of fermentationthe roles of electron carriers (NADH, FADH2), electron transport, H+ gradient in respirationdistinguish aerobic from anaerobic respirationKey Terms: Metabolism, catabolism, anabolism, enzyme, active site, allosteric site, holoenzyme, cofactor, apoenzyme, ribozyme, substrate, activation energy, induced-fit model, denaturation, feedback inhibition, competitive inhibitor, noncompetitive inhibitor, cellular respiration, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, oxidation, reduction, REDOX, substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation, acetyl-CoA, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, fermentation, photosynthesis, light-dependent reactions, light-independent reactions, heterotroph, autotroph, phototroph, and chemotroph.Essay question:1. Describe the main events and products of each stage of aerobic respiration (Krebs, electron transport, chemiosmosis). For each stage, indicate how much ATP is made and how it is made.Chapter 7 (DNA Replication & Gene Expression)the processes of DNA replication (lagging and leading strands)the process of gene expression: transcription and translationdifferences between DNA and RNAthe nature of operons in prokaryotesthe nature of the genetic code use base pairing rule to transcribe a DNA sequenceuse genetic code to translate an RNA sequencethe various types of mutations and how they may affect gene expressionlevels of gene expression at which regulation can occurhow the lac operon in E. coli is regulated in response to lactose and glucosethe basic processes of bacterial recombination: conjugation, transformation & transductionKey Terms: Genetics, gene, genome, genotype, phenotype, nucleic acids, chromosome, plasmid, DNA replication, nucleotide, complementary base pairing, purine, pyrimidine, antiparallel, leading strand, lagging strand, DNA polymerase, Okazaki fragment, DNA ligase, transcription, RNA polymerase, promoter, terminator, translation, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, universal genetic code, codon, start codon, stop codon, initiation, elongation, termination, operon, inducible operon, repressible operon, mutation, mutagen, point mutation, silent mutation, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frameshift mutation, recombination, competent cells, transformation, transduction, and conjugation.Essay Question:1. Describe Frederick Griffith’s famous 1928 experiments with mice. What did he conclude about his results? Was he unable to identify the “transforming factor”?Chapter 10 (Antimicrobial Drugs)the concepts of spectrum of antimicrobial drugs and selective toxicitythe features of bacteria, viruses and fungi that are good targets for antimicrobial drugsdescribe the mechanisms of action of the various antimicrobial drugsbasis of antimicrobial sensitivity drug testsunderstand what targets drugs are appropriate for what types of pathogendiscuss safety concerns with antimicrobial drugs (anaphylaxis, dysbiosis, toxicity, resistance, drug interactions, etc.)describe antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance and how it may be acquired Key Terms: Antimicrobial, antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral, antihelminthic, antiprotozoan, synthetic, semisynthetic, beta-lactam, beta-lactamase, nucleotide analog, spectrum of action, broad spectrum, narrow spectrum, Kirby-Bauer (diffusion susceptibility test), zone of inhibition, dysbiosis, antibiotic resistance, synergism, antagonism, and adverse effects.Essay question:1. Describe 5 different categories of antimicrobial drugs, their mechanisms of action, and provide one example of each.Chapter 13 (Viruses, Viroids & Prions)structure and variety of viral components (genetic material, capsid, envelope)how viruses differ from living cellshow viruses are classifiedthe basic stages of an animal virus “life” cyclehuman cancer and oncogenic viruses lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophageshow animal viruses penetrate, escape from host cellsdifferences in life cycles of types of DNA, RNA animal viruses and how they replicatethe nature of viroids and viroid-based illnessthe nature of prions and prion-based illnessKey Terms: Virus, capsid, nucleocapsid, virion, capsomere, envelope, naked virus, enveloped virus, helical, polyhedral, complex virus, viral life cycle, attachment, direct penetration, membrane fusion, endocytosis, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, lysis, budding, bacteriophage, burst time, burst size, lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, integration, prophage, latency, induction, oncogenic, oncogene, provirus, antigenic shift, antigenic drift, pandemic, viroid, prion, and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.Essay questions:1. Describe the life cycle of an animal virus. Discuss different known mechanisms for each stage.2. Describe the disease(s) caused by one of the human herpes viruses discussed in class. Discuss the pathogen, symptoms, epidemiology, treatment, prognosis, complications, and other important features of the disease.Chapter 17 (Applications of Immunology)describe how a vaccine induces immunitydescribe the different types of vaccinesdescribe the process of fluorescent antibody labeling involving secondary antibodiesdescribe the ELISA test and its limitationsdescribe a Western Blot and its applicationKey Terms: Vaccination, vaccine, immunization, live attenuated vaccine, killed or inactivated vaccine, recombinant vaccine, toxoid vaccine, booster, autism, thimerasol, hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, ELISA, and Western Blot.Essay question:1. Describe the major safety risks or concerns surrounding vaccination.Chapter 14 (Principles of Disease)Explain Koch’s postulatesDescribe the stages of an infectious disease Understand the concepts of portals of entry and exit“Effect of numbers” the concept of the ID50 and LD50 for a pathogenDescribe various factors that contribute to pathogen virulence Describe that factors that help pathogens penetrate host tissuesDistinguish between endotoxin and exotoxinsDescribe various types of exotoxin, how they are acquired and give examples of eachDistinguish the various modes of transmission of infectious diseasesDifferent types of reservoirs of infectionFactors contributing to nosocomial infectionsKey Terms: Epidemiology, pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, virulence, infection, disease, nosocomial, iatrogenic, idiopathic (unknown), infectious disease, microbiota, normal microbiota, transient microbiota, microbial antagonism, symbiosis, commensalism, parasitism, mutualism, opportunistic, synergism, endotoxin, exotoxin, Lipid A, LPS, erythrogenic toxin, enterotoxin, neurotoxin, antigenicity, pyrogenic, Koch’s postulates, symptom, sign, syndrome, communicable, noncommunicable, contagious, disease incidence, disease prevalence, sporadic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, acute, chronic, subacute, asymptomatic, latent, carrier, local infection, systemic infection, septicemia, bacteremia, viremia, toxemia, focal infection, reservoirs of infection, primary infection, secondary infection, subclinical infection, contact transmission (direct, indirect, and droplet), fomite, vehicle transmission (airborne, waterborne, foodborne), vectors (mechanical, biological transmission), portal of entry, portal of exit, predisposing factor, aseptic technique, incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence, descriptive epidemiology, analytical epidemiology (case control versus cohort), experimental epidemiology, index case, morbidity, and mortality.Sample Essay Questions:1. Describe and illustrate the typical stages of an infectious disease.2. Compare and contrast endotoxin and a typical exotoxin. List the symptoms associated with endotoxin and a particular exotoxin.3. What is a nosocomial infection (NI)? How frequent are nosocomial infections? List the three most common types of NI and five different preventive measures used to avoid them. ................
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