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Health Science 1The Immune System And Body DefenseI. Lines of Defense A. First line of defense: Innate (born with this)1. skin: acid pH2. tears3. sweat4. own microflora: beneficial bacteria on your skin5. stomach pH B. Second line of defense: generalized, “whole-body’ response (innate)1. Cells: White blood cells: neutrophils, eosinophils2. Inflammatory responsea. rednessb. heatc. swellingd. pain3. Fever: increase temperature to reduce number of infectious organisms C. Third line of defense: acquired 1. Cells: B Lymphocytes (Humoral immunity), T lymphocytes (Cell mediated immunity)Macrophage B memory cells and T memory cells (relatively immortal)Bone marrow (B cell) vs. Thymus (T cell)Types: B cells, Plasma cells, B memory cellsT cells: T helper, T suppressor, T killerMacrophageII. Antigens vs. AntibodiesNon-self: AntigensAntibody productionHow are antibodies made?Autoimmune diseases: self vs. non-selfAllergies, asthma, and anaphylaxis: effect of stressIII. Infectious Disease: caused by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, molds and yeast, protozoans)Mode of TransmissionDirect contactIndirect contactDroplet infectionTransmission by insect vectorsEpidemiology: frequency of the disease in the populationEndemic: constantly in the population; most people make antibodiesEpidemic: emergence of many cases of a disease usually in a geographic locationPandemic: world-wide distribution of the disease, influenza is an example. Sporadic disease: brief epidemic; localizedFood borne disease: contaminated food or intoxicationImproper storage of food (cold, eg)E. coli food poisoningTravelWHO (World Health Organization)Pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)March 2003-July 2003, spread worldwide, more than 8000 cases and 774 deaths in 26 countries. CoronavirusMalaria: Insect vectorZika: Insect vectorSTI’sFactors: partner variables, general health, Drugs:Hepatitis CIV. Antibiotic ResistanceAntibiotic Resistancemethicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)antibiotic resistance genes shared among bacteriaV. Infectious diseasesA. Global infectious diseases 1. Pneumonia: a. leading cause of death in children after the first month of lifeb. leading cause of death in low-income coutnriesc. third most common cause of death for all ages worldwided. Streptococcus: resistant to penicillin 2. Diarrheaa. second leading cause of death among children under age 5 b. dehydration and electrolyte imbalancesc. rotavirus 3. Tuberculosisa. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is the most common infectious disease with approx.. 30% of world pop infected.b. Increased number of infections of HIVc. Close living quarters and povertyd. Combination drug therapye. resistant strains 4. Malariaa. mosquito borneb. high fever and chills, sweats, headache, nausea and vomitingCollege campusesStaph skin infectionsUrinary tract infections (UTIs) Primarily E. coli VI. Sexually transmitted infectionsHIV/AIDSfirst case in 1981pandemic has resulted in more than 20 million people worldwideWomen in sub-Saharan Africa (59% of people with HIV infection)1.2 million living with HIV in US. HIV targets macrophage and T-helper cells: primary infection virusReplicates rapidly: 4-11 days and symptoms: fever, weight loss, fatigue which lasts for a few weeks. Goes into latency (asymptomatic for 2-20 years. Modes of transmission:Direct contact:Sexual contact: responsible for 88% of cases in US. IV drug useContact with infected blood or body fluidsUniversal protectionMother-to-child transmissionHIV testing: oral swabs or urine, bloodTreatment/ManagementAntiretroviral agentsDrug coctailsChlamydia: most common bacterial STI1. 1.4 million cases annually2. Young women are at greatest risk; all sexually active women should be checked annually 3. Men have a tendency to be more asymptomatic. Gonorrhea: 2nd most common bacterial STI1. Highest rates are in women2. Most men develop symptoms3. Treated with antibiotics: many resistant strainscephalosporingsSyphilis: bacterial infection1. Primary stage: chancre2. Secondary stage: skin rash3. Tertiary (Late stage): systemic involvement, organ systems affected. Human Papilloma virus (HPV): most common STI in US.1. more than 100 strains of HPV; 40 strains associated with the genital area2. HPV-16 and HPV-18 are associated with 66 % of cervical cancer cases3. Transmitted via direct contact: vaginal or anal sex; oral sex, as well. 4. Most women will clear the infection within two years.5. Vaccine availableGenital Herpes1. HSV-1 and HSV-22. Can infect the mouth, genitals or skin or cause lesions3. HSV-2 infection may be asymptomaticHepatitis: A,B, and C1. A and B can be transmitted through sexual acts.a. A can be transmitted via fecal-oral transmissionb. Vaccine available2. Hepatitis B: sexually transmitted3. Hepatitis C: IV drug use, STIVII. Prevention of Infectious DiseasesSupport immune system: diet, reduce stressCover coughAvoid touching mouth or face.Get vaccines as recommended.Minimize use of antibiotics,Minimize spreadTravel AdvisoriesABCDs of STI preventionA. AbstainB. Be faithful: monogamous relationshipsC. Use condomsD. Detection of STI’s ................
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