HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER EXAM …



HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2012

*100 multiple choice questions

*Study your notes!

CHAPTER 1 Organization of the Human Body

Levels of organization- smallest (atom) to most complex (organism)

Life processes (textbook page 6)

Homeostasis= definition, feedback systems (positive and negative)

Aging and Homeostasis=stress and disease

Anatomical terms- body regions, directional terms, body cavities, quadrants

Anatomical position

CHAPTER 4 Tissues

Types of tissues and their characteristics:

Epithelial tissue= each type, alsoknow the layers in order from top to bottom

Connective tissue

Muscular tissue

Nervous tissue

Mucous membranes

Tissue repair=steps of repair (first step= inflammation)

Aging and tissues

CHAPTER 5 Integumentary System

Skin structure=three layers, what are they made of?

Accessory structures of the skin (hair, glands, etc.)

Functions of skin

Aging and skin

Burns

CHAPTER 6 Skeletal System

Functions of bone

Types of bone

Structure of Bone=bone cells, marrow, periosteum, cartilage

Bone formation= in long bone, epiphysis pushed away from diaphysis, cartilage formation, vitamins and minerals

Fractures- types, bone healing

Bones of the body

Importance of flat bones

Vertebral column

Axial versus appendicular skeleton

Comparison of female and male skeletons

Aging and bones

(over)

CHAPTER 7 Joints

Types of joints=immovable vs. movable

Structure of joints

Movement of joints depends on amount of cartilage

Injury to joints can be caused by flexibility of ligaments

Ligaments versus tendons

Direction of movement= actions like flexion, abduction, rotation, etc.

Aging and joints

CHAPTER 8 Muscular System

Types and functions of muscular tissue- smooth, skeletal, cardiac

How are muscles classified

Structure of muscular tissue- actin, myosin, permysium, epimysium, endomysioum, fascicle

Process of muscle contraction- rigor mortis, tone, muscle pulls on bone

Relaxation

Metabolism- energy (what sources are available), muscle fatigue, oxygen debt

Control of muscle tension- definition of a twitch, how do twitches occur?

Power of a muscle= determined by the number of muscle cells available

Exercise

Cardiac muscle vs. Smooth muscle

Vocab.= flaccid, atrophy, hypertrophy

Aging

Movement

Muscles of the body and their actions (random pick)

Common disorders- page 219 in textbook

Medical terminology and conditions- page 220

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