Introduction to



OTS 110T

Technology in Your World

Spring 2003

Course Pack

All Sessions

Instructors: Roney McDaniel

Scott Sonier

Introduction to

Technology in Your World

OTS 110 T

Class Notes

Expectations

Attendance

Participation

Complete All Assignments On Time

Take All The Test On Time

Do Your Best

Have Fun and Learn Something New

Benefits of Taking the Course

Learn about specific technology

Make prediction about technological advances

Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of a specific technology

Team work and problem solving skills

Benefits of Taking the Course

Develop an appreciation for the impacts of technology on Society

Develop critical and analytical thinking skills in evaluating Specific technology

Develop problem solving Skills

Technology and Your World

What is technology?

How does technology affect your world?

Limitations and impacts of technology on people and their careers.

Critical Thinking

Advantages and Disadvantages

Technology

Evident in cultures

Alters Society and cultures

Knowledge based

Dynamic and constantly changing

Observable: Advantages and Disadvantages

Evolution of Technological Society

Stone age

Renaissance - Europe emerged from the economic stagnation of the Middle Ages and experienced a time of financial growth.

Industrial Revolution - Machines replaced human labor

Industrial Society

Technological Society

Types of Technology

Information Technology

Communication Technology

Energy and Materials Technology

Physical Technologies

Biological and Chemical Technologies

The Questions ?????

Can you predict the future?

How do we shape the future?

Can we avoid an undesirable future?

What can we predict today with some certainty?

Summary

Develop critical thinking skills

How technology affects your world

Types of technology we will explore

Communication Technology

Notes

You are on a business trip in San Francisco, and you want to check for messages at your office in Virginia. First you dial in and get your voice mail. Next you plug your portable computer into the hotel-room telephone jack, hit a few keys, and pick up e-mail from a potential client in Asia. Knowing that the time difference means the next workday has begun in Asia, you call there without a second thought. As recently as 10 years ago, such nearly instantaneous, world-shrinking communication would not have been possible

Objectives

After completing this unit, you will:

1. Understand the different types of communication technologies used in everyday life

2. Be able to explain the advantages and disadvantages of different communication technologies

3. Explain the impact of communication technology on the individual and society

Telecommunication

Transport ideas and information across long distances

A variety technologies support communication

Communications Systems

Computer/Internet

Radio

Telephone

Satellite

Fiber Optic

The Internet

Computer-based global information system. The Internet is composed of many interconnected computer networks. Each network may link tens, hundreds, or even thousands of computers, enabling them to share information with one another and to share computational resources such as powerful supercomputers and databases of information.

In the Beginning

The U.S. military had developed and deployed communications network known as ARPANET before the Internet

The networks were restricted to military personnel and the researchers who developed the technology.

From the 1970s until the late 1980s the Internet was a U.S. government-funded communication and research tool

Uses of the Internet

Electronic commerce

Educational Purposes

Voice and video conferencing

Data management

Personal communication

Impacts of the Internet

Faster Communication

E-Commerce

Cut down on paper consumption

Saves energy

News and Research

Jobs, Jobs, Jobs

Radio Communication

Guglielmo Marconi wireless telegraph in “Morse Code” sent to a distance of 2,000 miles

Many other development followed thereafter

By 1920 America had the first commercial radio station in Pittsburgh PA

Impact of Radio

Socialize and Educate Society

Entertainment

Business/politics

Telephone Communication

Before radio, news-bearing messengers travel by foot, stagecoach, and horses to deliver messages

Telegraph has to be decoded and the message hand-deliver

Graham Bell’s Invention of the telephone grew out of his research into ways to improve the telegraph.

Impact of the Telephone

Direct and instant communication

Long distance communication

Reduce the cost of doing business

Fiber Optic

In 1970 Maurer Keck and Schultz made their first optical fiber, with data loses low enough for wide-use communication

Capable of transmitting data 65,000 times faster than copper wire

Fiber Optics

Used for more than 90% of long distance data travel

Fiber optics works using light pulses traveling along hair thin glass

Cables are much smaller than conventional copper wires and transmit at very high speed

The system has no interference with electromagnetic (lightning, engines)

Uses of Fiber Optic

Internet and related businesses

Cable companies - video transmission

Medical doctors are able to examine patients with great detail across the country

Advantages

Extremely low error

Farther transmission than copper

Does not radiate energy

Secure(Cannot be tapped without detection)

Lighter and smaller

Disadvantages

Installation cost is high

It requires extra insulation or protection

Fiber optic are more fragile than copper

The Satellite

Object constructed by humans and placed in orbit

The satellite is lifted from the earth's surface by a rocket and, once placed in orbit, maintains its motion without further rocket propulsion.

Types of Satellite

Navigational Satellites

Research Satellites

Communications Satellites

Weather Satellites

Applications Satellites

The Satellite

The first artificial satellite (Sputnik I) was launched on Oct. 4, 1957, by the USSR

The first U.S. satellite (Explorer I) launched on Jan. 31, 1958.

Today, there are more than three dozen-launch sites in use or under construction in more than a dozen countries.

There are more than 1,000 satellite in orbit

Advantages

Used for communication

Spying

Search and rescue

Scientific research

Space exploration

Weather forecasting

Disadvantages

Expensive to place in orbit

Sophisticated technology

Technology and Your World OTS 110T

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Energy Notes

An early source of energy, or prime mover, used by humans was animal power, i.e., the energy obtained from domesticated animals. Later, as civilization developed, wind power was harnessed to drive ships and turn windmills and streams and rivers were diverted to turn water wheels. The rotating shaft of a windmill or water wheel could then be used to crush grain, to raise water from a well, or to serve any number of other uses. The motion of the wind and water, as well as the motion of the wheel or shaft, represents a form of mechanical energy. The source of animal power is ultimately the chemical energy contained in foods and released when digested by humans and animals. The chemical energy contained in wood and other combustible fuels had served humans since the beginning of history as a source of heat for cooking and warmth. At the start of the Industrial Revolution, waterpower was used to provide energy for factories through systems of belts and pulleys that transmitted the energy to many different machines.

The invention of the steam engine, which converts the chemical energy of fuels into heat energy and the heat into mechanical energy, provided another source of energy. The steam engine is called an external-combustion engine, since fuel is burned outside the engine to create the steam used inside it. During the 19th century the internal-combustion engine was developed; a variety of fuels, depending on the type of internal-combustion engine, are burned directly in the engine's chambers to provide a source of mechanical energy. Both steam engines and internal-combustion engines found application as stationary sources of power for different purposes and as mobile sources for transportation, as in the steamship, the railroad locomotive, and the automobile. All these sources of energy ultimately depend on the combustion of fuels for their operation.

Objectives

After reading this unit, you will:

1. Understand the different types of energy

2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the different types energy

3. Understand the theory behind the different types of energy

Introduction to Energy

Before the industrial revolution, human beings had only moderate need for energy

Humans mostly relied on energy from animal strength

Thousands of years ago humans also learn to use wind energy

About 5 thousands years ago magnetic energy was discovered in China

Introduction to Energy

Magnetic energy provided useful information to navigators since it always pointed to the north because of the earth magnetic field

Electric energy was discovered by a Greek philosopher named Thales, about 2500 years ago- what we know now as electrostatic force

The Chinese found coal and started using it around 1000 BC

Types of Energy

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear Energy

Hydroelectric

Biomass

Solar

Wind

Geothermal

Fossil Fuels

Types: Coal, Petroleum, and natural gas

Relatively easy to use to generate energy because they require simple direct combustion

Theory: Burning coal, natural gas and petroleum releases energy stored in the fuel as heat

Advantages

Good availability

Simple combustion process

Inexpensive

Easily distributed

Disadvantages

Contributes to global warming

Questionable availability of some fuels

Cause acid rain

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear power can come from the fission of uranium, plutonium or thorium or the fusion of hydrogen into helium. Today it is almost all uranium. The basic energy fact is that the fission of an atom of uranium produces 10 million times the energy produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon from coal.

Fission/Nuclear

This is an established method of energy production.

Theory: Involves the splitting of heavy element into lighter elements.

Nuclear Power

Nuclear power plants provide about 17 percent of the world's electricity

In France 75 percent of the electricity is generated from nuclear power

In the United States, 15 percent of the electricity overall is from nuclear.

400 nuclear power plants around the world, more than 100 in the U.S.

Advantages

Compared with a coal-fired power plant, nuclear power plants are a dream come true from an environmental standpoint. A coal-fired power plant actually releases more radioactivity into the atmosphere than a properly-functioning nuclear power plant. Coal-fired plants also release tons of carbon, sulfur and other elements into the atmosphere.

Advantages

Only little fuel is needed which is inexpensive and available in trace amounts around the world

Fission is not believe to contribute to global warming or other pollution

Disadvantages

High initial cost because of safety

Improperly functioning nuclear power plants can create big problems. The Chernobyl disaster is the best recent example. Chernobyl was poorly designed and improperly operated, but it dramatically shows the worst-case scenario. Chernobyl scattered tons of radioactive dust into the atmosphere.

Disadvantages

Spent fuel from nuclear power plants is toxic for centuries and, as yet, there is no safe permanent storage facility for it.

Transporting nuclear fuel to and from plants poses some risk, although to date, the safety record in the U.S. has been good.

The Dilemma

These problems, at least in the U.S., have largely derailed the creation of new nuclear power plants. Society seems to have decided that the risks outweigh the rewards.

Fusion Energy

The process that powers the stars

Sometimes referred to as the energy of the future.

The union of light atomic nuclei to form heavier nuclei causing the release of huge quantities of energy.

It also creates the Hydrogen Bomb!!!!

Hydroelectric Energy

Humans have utilized the power of water for thousands of years

Early growth of American industry can be attributed to hydropower

The development of the electric generator increase hydropower importance

Hydroelectric Energy

Theory: The system makes use of the energy from running water to create electricity

Advantages

Inexhaustible source of energy

Minimal environmental impact

Can be used through out the world

Disadvantages

It depends on the flow of water

The system can impact the aquatic life

Biomass Energy

One of the oldest and most well-established energy sources in the world

It is simply a conversion of stored energy in plants into energy that we can use

High energy crops grown specifically to be used as fuel are being developed

Biomass Energy

Theory: Biomass is produced from organic substances

The key to the power of biomass lies in the energy of the sun

Energy in the sun rays is converted and stored as energy in plants

Biomass is converted into energy by method of burning, alcohol fermentation etc.

Advantages

Inexhaustible fuel source

Available throughout the world

Disadvantages

Could contribute to global warming and particulate pollution

Can be expensive

Solar Energy

The energy of the sun rays is converted into usable energy source

It uses solar collectors or panels

The panels can be attached to moving objects

Advantages

Inexhaustible

Excellent supplement to other renewable sources

Versatile

Disadvantages

Low energy production

Only areas of the world with much of sunlight

Wind Power

Humans have used wind power since ancient times

Wind has powered boats and other sea craft for years

Windmills have been used to accomplished agricultural task

Theory: Difference in atmospheric pressure due to difference in temperature are main cause of wind

Advantages

In exhaustible fuel source

No pollution

Excellent supplement to other forms of energy

Disadvantages

Low energy production

Only areas of world with lots of winds

Relatively expensive to maintain

The “Wind farm” takes a lot of space

Geothermal Power

The center of the earth can reach 12,000 F

The heat travel quite near the surface in some parts of the world

Theory: The earth crust is heated by the decay of radioactive elements

The heat is carried by magma or water beneath the earth surface

Some of the heat reaches the earth surface and manifest itself in hot springs

Advantages

Inexhaustible Energy

No pollution

Excellent supplement to other renewable energy

Disadvantages

Not available in other locations

Not much power is generated per vent

Review Questions

1. List the different types of energy

2. List two examples where hydroelectricity has been used

What are some of the impact

Technology and your World OTS 110T

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Construction Technology Notes

Building Construction: Procedures involved in the erection of various types of structure. The major trend in present-day construction continues away from handcrafting at the building site and more toward on-site assembly of larger, more integrated subassemblies manufactured away from the site.

Designs of buildings became more complex as builders developed new construction methods and discovered better materials. The Romans perfected arch design, using arches to build massive stone bridges throughout the Roman Empire. Stone arch construction remained the premier bridge design until the introduction of steam locomotive in the early 19th century.

Objectives:

After completing this unit you will:

1. Understand the technological advancement in the construction industry

2. List the different classifications of buildings

3. Explain the historical impacts of construction

4. Understand the importance of strength of materials in construction

History of Construction

The Study of Civilization

Shelters

Roads

Town and Villages

Construction

Deals With Design and Building of Structures such as Residential Buildings, Bridges, Roads, Transmission Lines, Canals etc.

The major trend in present-day construction continues away from hand crafting at the building site and toward on-site assembly of ever larger, more integrated subassemblies manufactured away from the site

Types of Construction

Commercial / Residential: Offices, Schools, Apartments

Industrial: Nuclear Plants, Steel Mills

Civil Construction: Airports, Highways, Dams

The Geodesic Dome

It is a system of triangular space frames

It creates self-reinforcing roof and wall units base on mathematical precise division of space

Each triangular unit space frame may be manufacture to exact specifications

Advantages of Domes

Domes are stronger and safer homes

Faster method of construction

Require less energy for heating

Geodesic domes require no load-bearing interior walls to support the roof

Interior partitions can be framed directly into the dome shell

Floor plan efficiency

Disadvantages of Dome

Some walls may present problems with furniture

Design may not be compatible with surrounding homes

Resale may be more difficult than conventional building

Bridges

Designed to provide continuous passage over an obstacle

Commonly carry highways, railroad lines, and pathways over obstacles such as waterways, deep valleys, and other transportation routes

Bridges may also carry water, support power cables, or house telecommunications lines

Bridges

Some bridges have sensors embedded into the structure to allow real-time monitoring of the structure and the traffic conditions on the bridge to allow an assessment of the performance of the bridge.

High Rise Buildings

Their existence spans more than 65 years of engineering and architectural excellence

The buildings span in height from 705 feet to more than double at 1483 feet tall

Impacts of Construction

Measuring and Reading Land

Building Codes

Information

Materials

Tools and Equipment

Faster Transportation

Industries

Future of Construction

In the future, availability of space and building materials are two main problems architects will encounter

Adequate space for homes diminishes every day, and homes are being squeezed in places that they never would have been put before

Abundant materials such as steel, composite and plastic will construct the homes of the future

Future of Construction

Prefabricated Components

Automation - Robots

Space Construction

Strength of Materials

In the design of structures, the applications of the principles of strength of materials is necessary if satisfactory materials are to be utilized and adequate proportions obtained to resist functional forces

Strength of materials is vital to the construction industry.

Strength of Materials

Stress: Force per unit area

Strain: Is the deformation or change in dimension occasioned by stress

Loads

Sources of loads: materials, occupants, weather conditions, furniture, and natural catastrophes

Dead Load: Load considered to act permanently

Live Load: Not permanent and change in magnitude

Technology and Your World OTS 110T

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System Theory and Problem Solving

Brainstorming is a method for developing creative solutions to problems. It works by focusing on a problem, and then deliberately coming up with as many deliberately unusual solutions as possible and by pushing the ideas as far as possible. One approach to brainstorming is to 'seed' the session with a word pulled randomly from a dictionary. This word as a starting point in the process of generating ideas.

During the brainstorming session there is no criticism of ideas - the idea is to open up, as

many possibilities as possible, and break down preconceptions about the limits of the problem. Once this has been done the results of the brainstorming session can be analyzed and the best solution can be explored either using further brainstorming or more conventional solutions.

Objectives

After completing this unit, you will:

1. Understand the difference between a problem and cause of a problem

2. Solve a problem using system thinking or brainstorming technique

Problem Solving Theory

A problem is decided by purpose

Therefore, in order to identify a problem, you must clarify the purpose and strategies to solve the problem

Problem Solving is not necessarily logical or rational. Creativity and flexibility are other important factors

Purpose

Purpose: Is what we want to do

Problem solvers frequently forget to confirm Purpose, as the first step of Problem Solving

Without clear purpose, we can not think about the problem

Cause

Cause is what brings about a problem

Some problem solvers do not distinguish causes from problems

Solvable Cause

When we solve a problem, we should focus on solvable cause

Finding solvable cause is another essential step in Problem Solving

Solution: Solution is a specific action to solve a problem

Problem Solving (Rational)

Set the ideal situation

Identify a current situation

Break down the problem to its causes

Decide on alternative solution to the causes

Evaluate, and choose the reasonable solution

Implement the solution

Brainstorming

Brainstorming is a method for developing creative solutions to problems

It works by focusing on a problem, and then deliberately coming up with as many solutions as possible, and by pushing the ideas as far as possible

How to Brainstorm

A leader should take control of the session

Define the problem

Set criteria that must be met

Generate ideas - no criticism of ideas

Evaluated ideas during the brainstorming session

Record all ideas

Conception Thinking

To be visual

To write down what we think

Use cards to draw, write and arrange ideas in many ways

Change positions, forms, and viewpoints- physically and mentally

Convergent & Divergent Thinking

When we want to be creative, we focus more divergent ideas

In contrast, when we summarize ideas, we focus more on convergent idea

Time order thinking

Thinking based on a time order is very convenient, when we are confused with Problem Solving, we can think based on a time order from the past to the present

Systems Theory and Thinking

Systems thinking is a more scientific Problem Solving approach

We set the system and analyze them

Investigate both the principles common to all complex entities, and the Model which can be used to describe or solve the problem

How the system works

Input

Process

Output

■ Result/Impact

Systems Theory

A system is an organized structure

Not just a collection of parts

Once organized, the system has properties that are not present when the parts were separate

All things can be viewed as a system and/or as part of a system

Systems Theory

Certain principles apply to all systems while other principles are unique to specific types of systems

All parts of a system are interconnected and affect other systems to varying degrees

All systems are constantly changing and are in dynamic balance with each other

Basic Concepts of a System

A system contains a structure of organized components of different types

No system exists in isolation

A system interfaces with other systems that may be of a similar or different type

Basic Concepts of a System

Time is a significant dimension in a system, and different effects may occur over time

A system exerts a feed-forward effect upon a second system. This effect may be positive or negative.

Basic Concepts of a System

Because systems are very complex and impacted by an infinite number of other systems, We can never attain total predictability of effects. Such a view is an open systems model

In contrast, a closed system model assumes that a finite number of variables impact an outcome, therefore, outcome is totally predictable

Review Questions

1. What is Brainstorming?

2. How do you decide on what constitutes a problem?

3. How does a system work?

Technology in Your World OTS110T

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Transportation Technology

In 1900 the average American traveled about 1200 miles in a lifetime, mostly on foot, and mostly within his or her own village or town. By the end of the century, the typical American adult would travel some 12,000 miles by automobile alone, in just one year. Millions of cars were registered around the world in the start of the 20th century. About one third of the cars registered were in the U. S., where more than 1.5 trillion miles are traveled each year. How the auto industry grew from a few thousand to the modern, aerodynamic and multipurpose vehicles of today is a chronicle of engineering at its most resourceful - from materials development to mass production techniques.

Today's automobile industry has helped to shape the financial world, from banks to the stock market, and is a major barometer of the economic health of a nation. Automobile sales represent more than one-fifth of U.S. wholesale business, and more than one-fourth of its retail trade. Japan and Western Europe are rapidly approaching these levels.

Massive and internationally competitive, the automobile industry is the largest single manufacturing enterprise in the United States in terms of total value of products and number of employees. One out of every six U.S. businesses depends on the manufacture, distribution, servicing, or use of motor vehicles. The industry is primarily responsible for the growth of steel and rubber production, and is the largest user of machine tools.

Objectives

After completing this unit, you will:

3. Understand the different types of transportation system

4. Explain the impact of transportation on society and the individual

Transportation: History

Feet

Animal

Log - Boat- Ships

Wheel, Horse Drawn carriage

Bicycle

Train

Automobiles

Air Transportation

The Railroad

Railroads became popular in the 1800’s

Prove to be vital in expansion of cities

Advantages

Improved communication

Faster transportation

Decrease the cost of transportation

Boosted Trade

Transportation: Advances in Technology

Electric Vehicles

Hybrid Vehicles

Fuel cell Vehicles

By the end of World War I, electric vehicle industry was almost dead

Gasoline-powered engine has advanced faster than electric vehicle technology

Electric vehicles are receiving new attention due to emission standards

A battery pack for electric vehicles cost between $2,000 and $8,000

Battery replaced after approximately 500 charge

Fuel Cell Vehicles

Fuel cell combine hydrogen and oxygen in controlled electrochemical process that does not involved combustion.

The only products of this reaction are electricity and pure water.

Fuel Cell Vehicles

Electricity is generated by chemical reaction

The process consist of two electrodes (Anode and Cathode) that sandwich an electrolyte

Fuel containing hydrogen flows to the anode where the hydrogen electrons are freed leaving positively charged ions

while the electron travel through a circuit, the irons diffuse through the electrolyte

At the cathode the electrons combine with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water

The Hybrid Vehicle

Employs small internal combustion engine

An electric generator

Battery

Electric motor

History of Maglev

The discovery of objects attracting other objects

People Knew this energy could be harnessed

The basic fact that similar poles of magnet repels each other, is the basic principles of how maglev train floats

Principles of Maglev

The vehicle runs levitated from the guide ways by using electromagnetic forces

Super conducting magnets are located on the vehicle

We know that a magnet has two poles- N and S.

Principle of Maglev

On the maglev guide ways, the super conducting coils are lined in an alternating fashion

As current is passed through the super conducting coils, there are electromagnetic forces exerted on both the guide ways and the vehicle

Advantages of Maglev

Because there is no contact to the ground, there is no need for moving parts

No wear of parts

Less noise

High speed

Disadvantages of Maglev

Costly

The vehicle is only limited to its track

Intelligent Transportation

Computer communication system

New technology to address safety, and the environment

Sophisticated traffic control center

Collision prevention system

Fully automatic vehicles

Reduced weight via lighter metals and composites

Reduced acceleration looses, and use of clean fuels

Review Questions

1. What constitute an intelligent transportation?

2. List some advantages of railroad transportation

3. What are some disadvantages of Maglev?

OTS 110 T Technology and Your World

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Manufacturing

Manufacturing is really the driving force behind any industrialized nation, since it has a direct relationship to the quality of life and standard of living of the nation’s people. Nearly two-thirds of all the wealth-producing activities come from manufacturing. Manufacturing can be defined as the use of tools, processes, and machines to transform or change materials or substances into new products. Transforming materials into products can be accomplished through mechanical or chemical means. Manufacturing is usually done in a factory, mill, or plant, but cannot take place just about anywhere (DuVall, 1996)

Objectives

After reading this unit you will:

1. Understand the history of manufacturing

2. Understand and explain the different types of manufacturing

3. Explain the reason for automation in manufacturing

History of Manufacturing

Basic Human Needs

Specialization

Industrial Revolution 1750 -1850 (Innovation)

Factory System

Manufacturing Today

Recreational

Necessity

Availability of Technology

Wealth

Systematic Approach

Input

Process

Output

Feedback and Impact

Types of Manufacturing

Continuous Manufacturing: Used in Producing Large Quantities of Similar Products.

The System is Based on Uniform Parts

Materials and Parts, Flow From Station to Station

Workers are Normally Trained for Single Job

Types of Manufacturing

Intermittent Manufacturing:(JOB Lot or Batch) Used When Continuous Production is not Practical

Used to Produce Items in Lots (job-lot production)

Quantities of Products are Moved Together, Through the Manufacturing Stages (Sometimes Referred to as Just-in-Time)

Types of Manufacturing

Custom Manufacturing: The Oldest Form of Manufacturing

Used, to Produce Small Quantities Of Products

Products are Made as Ordered

Highly Skilled Workers Use General Purpose Machines to Individually Produce Each Part

Types of Manufacturing

Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM): Involves using Computer to Link Together the Various Control Systems that are Found in Manufacturing

Types of Manufacturing

Flexible Manufacturing: A System of Computer Controlled Manufacturing that Permits Production of Small Quantities of Products

In Modern Manufacturing Setting, Flexibility is an Important Quality

The Manufacturing System is Capable of Producing a Variety of Parts

Manufacturing Technologies

Computerized Machines

Robots

CNC Machines

Non-computerized Machines

Hand Tools

Power Tools

Robotics

A Robot is Programmable, Multifunctional Manipulator Design to Move Materials, Parts, Tools, or Specialized Devices Through Variable Programmed Motions for the Performance of Variety of Task

Advantages of Robots

Robots Can Easily Be “Taught”

Can be Interfaced With Other Equipment

Can Easily be Modified

Can Function in Environment not Safe for Human

Environmentally Soft Manufacturing

Operating Guidelines:

Scaled Production

Make Only Needed Production

Use Local Resources

Use Renewable Energy Sources

Environmental Code Ethics

Future of Manufacturing

TRENDS

RESEARCH

Introduction to Materials

Materials define the limits of technology. This is particularly true in the case of diverse energy technologies, where properties of materials affect the efficiency and reliability of machinery and processes that convert energy to perform work, or make products that suit our purposes. Steel will continue to dominate the energy materials field. It is by far the cheapest, most plentiful, and most versatile material we have. It will not be the same steel we have today no will it be made the same way. Microalloying (the adding of tiny amounts of special elements) is the steelmaker’s game of the future. (Sheffield, Alonso,Kaplan) As technology and demands for new material increase, scientist will be challenged to come up with stronger, more versatile, cheaper, and environmentally friendly materials.

Materials and Design

The selection of materials for manufactured products and constructed products is an important factor for designers.

Materials can be selected based on factors such as availability, cost, quality and properties of the materials etc.

Materials Classification

Ceramic

Composite

Metallic

Polymeric

Ceramic (Glass Materials)

Glass is an inorganic nonmetallic material that does not have a

crystalline structure. Such materials are said to be amorphous

Examples of glasses range from the silicate glass in soda bottles to the extremely high purity silica glass in optical fibers

Properties of Ceramic

High melting temperature

Low density

High strength

Stiffness/Hardness

Wear resistance

Corrosion resistance

Good electrical and thermal insulators

Brittleness

Composite Materials

Composites are formed from two or more types of materials

Examples: Polymer/ceramic and metal/ceramic composites

Composites are also found in nature such as Wood, containing cellulose fibers. It also considered natural polymeric.

Wood is one of the most common materials used in the construction industry

Properties of Composites

High strength to weight ratio

Light weight

Fire resistance

Electrical properties

Chemical and Weathering Resistance

Design flexibility

Low thermal conductivity

Metallic Materials

Ferrous metals: Cast iron, Carbon Steel, Alloy Steels

Non-ferrous metals: Aluminum, Magnesium, Titanium

Metals and Properties

Good electrical and thermal conductivity

High strength

High stiffness

Good ductility

magnetic

High densities and low density

Toughness

Polymers

A polymer has a repeating structure, usually based on a carbon backbone

The repeating structure results in large chainlike molecules Polymer = many units

Properties of Polymers

Lightweight

Corrosion resistant

Easy to process at low temperatures

Generally inexpensive

Low strength and high toughness

Biotechnology

Farmers and specialist breeders have developed and used many biotechnologies to improved plants and animals within agriculture, or to make food and agricultural products. Now, improvements in molecular science and in reproductive biology and a radical new understanding of genetics have resulted in the development of a range of new cutting-edge techniques. These techniques allow us to directly modify genetic material, better study the extent/pattern of genetic variation, and may someday provide solutions to many of the world problems.

Biotechnology is the Use of Living Organisms to Make Products

It Involves Harnessing biological Processes of Micro-organism, Plant and Animal Cells for the Benefit of Humankind

It Uses Molecular Tools to Move Genes From One Organisms to Another, Changing One or More Traits of the Recipient Organism

Biotechnology

Why do We Grow Plants?

What Are Some of the Problems With Growing Plants?

How Can We Solve These Problems?

What are Hereditary Diseases, and How can they be Treated?

Biotechnology in the Past

For Hundreds of Years Ago, the Science of Biotechnology has Been Used for Producing Beer, Wine, and Bread Through the Process of Fermentation

Used by Farmers to Improve their Crops by Increasing Yield and Tolerating Adverse Environment

Fermentation

Fermentation is a Natural Process in Which the Biological Activity of Micro-organism Plays a Critical Role

Micro-organism Such as Bacteria, and Yeast Are Mixed With Ingredient that Provide them With Food.

Fermentation

As they Digest this Food, the Organism Produce Two Critical By-Product: Carbon Dioxide Gas and Alcohol

In Beer Making, Yeast Cells Break Down Starch and Sugar to Form Alcohol

Application of Biotechnology

(Human Health Care)

Use for Diagnosing

Determine Gene Defects

Production of Vaccines

Hormones

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

The Human Body is Made up of About 10 trillion cells, Some About One-Tenth of the Diameter of Human Hair

The DNA Makes Copies of Itself so That Life of the Organism Can Continue

The DNA is Organized into Tiny Threadlike Structure - Chromosomes

Identification by DNA.

An individual's DNA is unique

A fairly simple tests let DNA samples to be matched

Veterinary Medicine

Development of Vaccines

Diagnosing and Treating Infectious Diseases

Increased Meat and Milk Production

Agriculture

Increase Crop Yields and Quality

Reduce Production Cost

Identify Disease Resistance Gene

Production of Pesticides

Improve Seeds

Chemicals

Manufacture Chemicals Used in Food and Pharmaceuticals etc.

Used to Produce Chemicals Such as Ethanol

Waste Management

Degradation of Solid Materials

Wastewater Treatment

Pollution control

Population

Population Growth

Hormonal Control of Reproduction

Increase in Average Life Span

Biomedical Technologies

Stethoscope (1837)

X-ray Machine (1895)

Magnetic Resonance Imagine (MRI)

Pet Scan

■ Robotic Physicians

New Devices will be Developed

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