Racial and Ethnic Politics in the U
Racial and Ethnic Politics in the U.S. Final Exam Review Sheet
The exam will include 20 multiple-choice questions (40%), a choice of 4 of 8-10 identifications (important concepts/people from the course) (20%), and an essay (40%). It will cover all material covered since the beginning of the quarter through readings, blogs, and material covered in class. For this exam you can have the following resources with you: your reading reflections, syllabus, and identifying essential political issues handout.
All information related to, and not limited to, the following topics may be included in the exam:
1. Social Construction of Race and Ethnicity
a. Essentialism
b. Social construction (or “constructionism”)
c. How we construct categories of difference and inequalities
d. Socialization – what is it and what influences it?
e. What is the importance of our perspective/history in how we view race/ethnicity?
f. How do we identify and challenge assumptions?
g. Differences and similarities between race and ethnicity
h. Identifications: White privilege, Enculturation, Ethnocentrism, Cultural relativism, essentialism, social construction, poverty threshold,
2. Historical Construction of Race and Ethnicity
a. How have different groups defined race (government, society, individuals)
b. Institutional racism (definition and examples – education, slavery, redlining)
c. Development of slavery in the U.S. (how it grew? Why? How did its defense change over time?)
d. Demographic trends (how has the diversity of the U.S. Changed (and how has it been classified – census)
e. Historical construction of whiteness (Whiteness of a different color, invisibility, role in race and ethnic political debates and policy, white privilege)
f. Racial formations
g. Identifications: historical construction, institutional racism/discrimination, indentured servants, Plessy v Ferguson, Brown v. Board of Education
3. Immigration
a. 1st, 2nd, 3rd generation immigrants
b. “old” and “new” immigrants
c. Changes in US immigration policy
i. Naturalization act of 1790
ii. Chinese exclusion act of 1882
iii. Immigration act of 1924 (Reed-Johnson Act)
iv. Immigration act of 1965
v. Refugee act of 1980
vi. Immigration reform and control act of 1986
vii. 1990 immigration act
d. Where do most immigrants live in the US
e. Characteristics of immigrants today (housing, economy, jobs, education, income, citizenship status)
f. Documented vs. undocumented immigrants (status, changes, recent policy proposals, DREAMers, etc.)
g. Effect of immigration on the future of US (diversity, birth rate, changing opinions on immigration)
h. Effect of Trump/Obama administration policies/proposals regarding these American populations
i. Identifications: old immigrants, new immigrants, naturalization act of 1790, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Immigration Act of 1924 (Reed-Johnson Act), Immigration Act of 1965, quotas,
4. Native American Politics
a. Civil rights (definition)
b. Methods of taking land, economic and political power from Native American tribes
c. Efforts to regain political power
d. Native American status today (case study: Dakota Access Pipeline)
e. How are Native Americans similar and different from other marginalized racial and ethnic groups?
f. Identifications: Indian Removal Act (1830), National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), Implicit Assessemnt Test (IAT), Dakota Access Pipeline, Nation
5. African American Politics
a. Slavery (historical buildup, rationale, and resistance)
b. Civil war amendments (13th, 14th, 15th)
c. Reconstruction and Black Codes
d. Jim Crow (literacy test)
e. Violent intimidation (KKK, White Citizens Council, lynching)
f. Shifts in population
g. Civil Rights Movement (strategies, successes, failures)
h. Hurricane Katrina
i. Economic and political standing
j. Reparations
k. Identifications: black codes, reconstruction, Jim crow, literacy tests, grandfather clause, poll tax, lynching, Plessy v Ferguson, NAACP, SCLC, SNCC, majority-minority districts, representation, reparations
6. Asian American Politics
a. Historical context (Okihiro Reading)
b. Diversity among Asian Americans
c. Efforts toward progress
d. Being “yellow”
e. Economic and political standing
f. Model minority (myth or fact?)
g. Identifications: model minority, People v. Hall, Gong Lum v. Rice, Korematsu vs, US
7. Arab Americans, Muslim Americans, Jewish Americans, post 9/11
a. Separation of church and state (myth or fact?) – 1st amendment, origin of the phrase – Jefferson
b. Religious representation in Congress
c. Similarities and differences between Arab Americans, Muslim, Americans, and People from the Middle East
d. Effect of 9/11 on these populations (rights, discrimination, efforts toward assimilation)
e. Impact of Trump campaign/election/travel ban
f. Jewish Americans (diversity, historical changes, discrimination, economic and political standing)
g. Effect of Trump administration policies/proposals regarding these American populations
h. Religious diversity in America
i. Identifications: Islamaphobia, Anti-Semitism, separation of church and state, 1st Amendment, Establishment Clause
8. Latino Politics
a. Identification and diversity (different groups, census, ethnicity)
b. Latino vs. Hispanic
c. Discrimination
d. Rodney Hero – Two tiered pluralism
e. Changing Latino population
f. Political issues (immigration, education, languages, etc…)
g. Sonia Sotomayor
h. Effect of Trump administration policies/proposals regarding Latinos
i. Identifications: Hispanic, Latino, two-tiered pluralism, undocumented immigrants, Sonia Sotomayor, Rodney Hero
9. Media
a. Powers of the media: Oversight, Agenda Setting, Framing, Priming
b. Role of news coverage (findings from journal articles and studies from your reading)
c. Visibility of various groups on TV (news vs popular entertainment)
d. Changes in who is represented on TV/Movies
e. Identifications: Oversight, Agenda Setting, Framing, Priming
10. Economics
a. Important terms: wealth, income, employment rate, underemployed, Poverty rate
b. How is the poverty rate determined
c. Discrimination in hiring practices
d. Urban neighborhoods
e. Wealth gap and economic situation in U.S. (how do various groups compare and contrast here)
f. Economic status of African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans
g. Effect of the recent recession on different groups.
h. Identifications: wealth, income, employment rate, underemployed, Poverty rate
11. Electoral Politics and Representation
a. How do different groups vote (exit polls)
b. Representation (descriptive vs. substantive and symbolic)
c. Arguments for descriptive/substantive representatives
d. Current representation in congress
e. Majority minority districts (gerrymandering, effect on minorities and the parties)
f. 2008 election (Obama effect, effect on race relations, “post racial” concept)
g. 2016 election (what role did race/ethnicity play in the election? How has it mattered afterward?)
h. Identifications: descriptive representation, substantive representation, symbolic representation, group representation, Barack Obama, Donald Trump
12. Affirmative Action
a. Definition
b. Historical buildup (political actions and court decisions)
c. Use in employment and education (effects on other stakeholders)
d. Modern debate (Bakke, prop 209, Michigan cases, Seattle case)
e. College enrollment
f. Long term goal
g. Identifications: affirmative action, reverse discrimination, Bakke v. Regents, JFK, Lyndon Johnson, Howard Commencement Address, Steelworkers v. Weber
13. Law and the Justice System
a. Racial profiling (definition and changing application post 9/11)
i. How states have monitored traffic stops (what have they found?)
b. Prisons in America (overcrowding, growth of prison population, reasons for growth, racial and ethnic inequalities, role of the war on drugs
c. Black Lives Matter (buildup, goals, motivations, reactions pos/neg)
d. Identifications: racial profiling, Black Lives Matter, Ferguson, War on Drugs,
14. Future of Racial and Ethnic Politics in the US
15. Major themes from blogs and presentations
ESSAY: your essay will ask you to identify and evaluate a political issue related to the course. You will be expected to use the four step process to identify political issues including providing a political plan to help improve this situation. You will be expected to cite several of the readings from the course.
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