Historical Perspective
Historical Perspective
Perception of Images in Motion
• Conventional Animation
• Early
• Disney
• Stop Motion
• History of Computer Animation
Perception
Positive afterimage: imprint of image in the visual system just viewed (look into flash of a camera)
Our brain sees a sequence of images as motion
persistence of vision: lower limit for continuous viewing
flicker rate: rate of playback in order to achieve continuous illusion (depends on lighting, viewing distance etc.)
flicker: perception of continuous imagery fails
playback rate: (related to flicker) number of images displayed per second
motion blur: movement is too quick to track. Doesn’t come automatically in animation
[pic] [pic]
strobing: too fast movement of object in animation, where motion blur in not considered
sampling rate: (related to strobing) number of different images per second
not every displayed frame needs to be re-drawn/rendered from scratch
Convential Animation – Early
Hand-drawn, 2D images
George Melies (1896)
– multiple exposure and stop-motion
– make objects (dis)appear, change shape
Pioneers in film animation:
Emile Cohl, J. Stuart Blackton
– animation of smoke (special FX) in 1900
– first animated cartoon in 1906
Winsor McCay
– first celebrated animator
– 1911 - Little Nemo
– 1914 - Gertie the Dinosaur
[pic]
VAN EATON GALLERIES, SHERMAN OAKS, CA
– redrew each complete image and filmed individually
– early cartoons included live action with animated characters (rotoscope)
John Bray
– major technical developments
– patents of techniques
– 1914: use of translucent cels (compositing of multiple layers)
– peg system for registration (simplify panning - parallel movement of camera to drawings)
From Bray’s studios:
– Max Fleischer (Betty Boop)
– Paul Terry (Terrytoons)
– George Stallings (Tom and Jerry)
[pic]
– Walter Lantz (Woody Woodpecker, Chilly Willy)
[pic] [pic]
Convential Animation: Disney
Walt Disney
– many technical innovations
– advancing the art form
– storyboard to review
– pencil sketches to review motion
– first sound - Steamboat Willie (1928)
Major innovation - multiplane camera (p8, Parent)
– each plane moves in 6 directions
– camera can move closer or farther
– more effective zoom
– illusion of depth and a 3D sense
– motion blur (camera lens stays open)
Disney created unique personalities
– Mickey Mouse, Pluto, Goofy, …
– mind of the character is the driving force
developed mood pieces: Fantasia (1940)
Convential Animation - Stop Motion
1930s - proliferation of animation studios
Willis O’Brian - King Kong (1933)
Ray Harryhausen - Mighty Joe Young
(1949), Jason and the Argonauts (1963),
[pic]
Sindbad and the Eye of the Tiger (1977),
Clash of the Titans (1981)
Tim Burton - Nightmare Before Christmas
(1993), James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Nick Park (clay-mation) - Wallace and
Gromit (1992-1995)
[pic]
Computer Graphics & Animation
(Excerpts from an online resource )
1941 First U.S. regular TV broadcast
1953 NTSC broadcast code
1961 Spacewars, 1st video game, developed by Steve Russell at MIT for the PDP-1
Sketchpad developed beginning in 1961 by Ivan Sutherland at MIT is unveiled
[pic]
Source: Sun Microsystems
Roberts hidden line algorithm (MIT)
[pic]
1964 Electronic character generator
1967 Steven Coons publishes his surface patch "little red book"
1968 Intel founded
Evans & Sutherland, Houston Instrument, founded
SIGGRAPH formed (began as special interest committee in 1967 by Sam Matsa and Andy vanDam)
1971 Gouraud shading (Henri Gouraud, Continuous Shading of Curved Surfaces)
1972 C language developed by Ritchie
Newell, Newell and Sancha visible surface algorithm (A Solution to the Hidden Surface Problem.)
video game Pong developed for Atari
[pic]
Source: Atari
Rich Riesenfeld (Syracuse) introduces b-splines for geometric design
1974 z-buffer developed by Ed Catmull (University of Utah)
1975 Phong shading - Bui-Toung Phong (University of Utah)
[pic]
fractals - Benoit Mandelbrot (IBM)
Bill Gates starts Microsoft
1976 N. Burtnyk , M. Wein, Interactive skeleton techniques for enhancing motion dynamics in key frame animation
Jim Blinn develops reflectance and environment mapping (University of Utah)
1977 Apple Computer incorporated
Frank Crow introduces antialiasing
Jim Blinn introduces a new illumination model that considers surface "facets"
Larry Cuba produces Death Star simulation for Star Wars using Grass at UICC developed by Tom DeFanti at Ohio State
Bump mapping introduced (Blinn) (Simulation of wrinkled surfaces)
[pic]
1980 Turner Whitted of Bell Labs publishes ray tracing paper
Disney contracts Abel, III, MAGI and DE for computer graphics for the movie Tron
1981 REYES renderer written at LucasFilm
1982 Jim Clark founds Silicon Graphics Inc.
Sun Microsystems founded (SUN := Stanford University Network)
Skeleton Animation System (SAS) developed at CGRG at Ohio State (Dave Zeltzer)
Tom Brighham develops morphing (NYIT)
[pic]
Adobe founded by John Warnock
AutoDesk founded; AutoCAD released
1983 Particle systems (William T. Reeves - Lucasfilm)
Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) introduced by Tiller (Note: this date is somewhat misleading, since the concept built on the work of Vesprille (1975), Riesenfeld (1973), Knapp (1979), Coons (1968) and Forrest (1972))
1984 Wavefront Technologies is the first commercially available 3D software package (founded by Mark Sylvester, Larry Barels and Bill Kovacs)
Distributed ray tracing introduced by Lucasfilm (Robert L. Cook, Thomas Porter and Loren Carpenter.)
Cook shading model (Lucasfilm) (Robert L. Cook)
Radiosity born - Cornell University (Cindy M. Goral, Kenneth E. Torrence, Donald P. Greenberg and Bennett Battaile)
John Lasseter joins Lucasfilm
Lucasfilms introduces motion blur effects Porter and Duff compositing algorithm (Lucasfilm) (Thomas Porter and Tom Duff)
1985 Perlin's noise functions introduced (Ken Perlin)
[pic]
1986 Pixar purchased from Lucasfilm by Steve Jobs
Luxo Jr. nominated for Oscar (first CGI film to be nominated - Pixar)
1987 GIF format (CompuServe), JPEG format (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
Reynolds' flocking behavior algorithm (Symbolics) (Craig W Reynolds)
[pic] [pic] [pic]
Source: Craig Reynolds
1988 Disney and Pixar develop CAPS (Computer Animation Paint System) (academy technical award in 1992)
1989 mental ray renderer released (integrated with Wavefront (1992), Softimage (1993), Maya (2002))
PIXAR starts marketing RenderMan
1990 3D Studio (AutoDesk)
1991 World Wide Web (CERN)
1992 OpenGL (SGI) released
1995 Wavefront and Alias merge
1998 Alias Maya released
2001 Microsoft xBox and Nintendo Gamecube released
2003 Alias/Wavefront becomes Alias
2004 Cmpt 466 …..
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