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Study Guide for Mini Final

Intelligence, Intelligence Testing, and Individual Differences

Module 31

• Define intelligence

• What is factor analysis?

• Discuss Spearman and “g”

• Discuss Thurston

• Discuss Guilford (not in book)

• Discuss Gardner, his theory on intelligence, and savant syndrome. What are some criticisms of his theory?

• Discuss Sternberg and his triarchic theory. What are some criticisms of his theory?

• Discuss Goleman (not in book) and emotional intelligence

• What is creativity? What are 5 components of creativity?

• Discuss the research related to brain anatomy and intelligence.

• How are processing speed and perceptual speed related to intelligence?

Module 32

• What is an intelligence test?

• How was Binet involved in creating an intelligence test? What were his hopes and fears related to intelligence tests? What is mental age?

• Discuss how Terman created the Stanford-Binet test.

• How was IQ calculated? What psychologist derived the intelligence quotient?

• How are the mental ability scores calculated/produced today?

• What is the difference between aptitude tests and achievement tests? Is there ever overlap between achievement and aptitude tests? If so, give an example.

• What is the most widely used intelligence test today?

• Discuss Wechsler and his intelligence tests.

• What is standardization? How is a test standardized?

• Describe a normal curve.

• What is the Flynn effect?

• What does it mean if a test is reliable?

• What does it mean if a test is valid? What is content validity and predictive validity?

• How stable is intelligence over one’s lifetime?

• Discuss the extremes of the normal distribution of intelligence (mental retardation and high intelligence).

Module 33

• Discuss the research/evidence that suggests that there is a genetic component to intelligence.

• Discuss the research/evidence that suggests that there is an environmental component to intelligence.

• Discuss the similarities and differences in intelligence scores of different ethnic groups.

• Discuss the similarities and differences in abilities of the two genders.

• What is bias? Are intelligence tests biased?

• What is the stereotype threat? Give an example.

Social Psychology

Module 55

• What is an attribution theory? Give an example of a dispositional attribution and a situational attribution for unemployment.

• What is the fundamental attribution error?

• Explain how attitudes can affect actions and how actions can affect attitudes.

• Describe the foot-in-the-door phenomenon and give an example of it being used.

• Describe Zimbardo’s Prison Study

• What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

Module 56

• What is the chameleon effect?

• Define conformity and explain Asch’s study of conformity

• What conditions strengthen conformity?

• Why do people conform? Explain normative social influence and informational social influence.

• Describe Milgram’s study on obedience

• What is social facilitation? What is social loafing? Give examples.

• Describe deindviduation.

• Describe group polarization.

• What is groupthink? What can you do to avoid groupthink?

Module 57

• What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

• What are implicit racial associations?

• What are the social factors that contribute to prejudice (social inequalities, ingroup vs. outgroup, etc.)

• What is the scapegoat theory and how does it relate to prejudice?

• What is the just-world phenomenon?

• Define aggression

• Describe 3 biological influences on aggression

• Describe 4 psychological triggers for aggression

• What is the frustration-aggression principle?

• What does the research say about violent video games and aggression/violence?

• What is a social trap? Give an example.

Module 58

• Describe how proximity (include mere exposure effect), physical attractiveness, and similarity affect attraction.

• Romantic Love—passionate love and companionate love (describe each)

• What are equity and self-disclosure and how are they related to relationships?

• What is altruism?

• Describe the bystander effect. When are we most likely to help someone?

• Describe how superordinate goals, communication, and conciliation (GRIT) can affect peacemaking

Motivation and Emotion

Module 34

• Define motivation

• What is an instinct? Does the instinct theory work well for humans? Why or why not?

• Describe the drive-reduction theory of motivation

• What is homeostasis?

• What are incentives and how do they affect motivation?

• How does arousal factor into motivation?

• Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Module 35

• Discuss Keys’ study on hunger

• Discuss Washburn/Cannon’s study on hunger

• Discuss how glucose and insulin affect hunger

• Discuss the role that the hypothalamus plays in experiencing hunger

• Discuss how different hormones/chemicals can affect hunger

• Define set point. What is the set point theory?

• What is basal metabolic rate?

• Discuss how culture can affect hunger and tastes.

• Compare and contrast anorexia and bulimia.

• What factors can affect the likelihood of developing an eating disorder?

Module 36

• Who was the first person to really research and describe sexual behavior in the U.S.?

• Describe Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle.

• What is a refractory period?

• What are sexual disorders that men suffer from? Women?

• Discuss testosterone and estrogen.

• Discuss how external and imaginary stimuli can affect sexual motivation.

• What are some factors that can affect contraception use and teen pregnancy?

• What are some factors that can affect the spread of sexually transmitted infections?

• Discuss the research on environmental and biological influences on sexual orientation.

Module 37

• Job vs. career vs. calling

• Describe flow.

• What is industrial-organizational psychology? Personnel psychology? Organizational psychology?

• What do personnel psychologists do?

• What is achievement motivation?

• What is the relationship between satisfaction and engagement?

• What are some different types of leadership? What are some effective management techniques?

Module 38

• What are the 3 components of emotions?

• Describe the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.

• Describe the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion.

• Describe the Schacter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion.

• Describe how the autonomic nervous system is related to emotions.

• Describe how arousal and performance are related.

• Describe the physiological similarities and differences among different emotions.

• Discuss the problems with lie detectors.

• What is the spillover effect? Give an example.

• Does cognition precede emotion? Explain. Discuss the opinions of different researchers (Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus, and Schacter-Singer)

Module 39

• Are we better at deciphering positive or negative non-verbal expressions?

• Are extraverts or introverts better at reading other people’s emotions?

• What are some gender differences in reading and communicating emotions?

• How good are we at detecting deceiving expressions? Discuss Ekman’s research.

• Are facial expressions similar across cultures? Are gestures?

• Discuss the facial feedback hypothesis.

• Discuss the behavior feedback hypothesis.

Module 40

• What are the 10 basic emotions Izard came up with? What emotion did Tracey and Robins add? Which one did Shaver add?

• What are the two dimensions of emotion?

• How do we learn fear? Give an example.

• What are some biological aspects related to fear?

• What causes people to become angry?

• What is catharsis?

• Does venting reduce anger or increase anger? Explain.

• What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon?

• What is subjective well-being?

• Describe how positive and negative emotions vary over the course of a day.

• Discuss how adaptability affects emotions.

• Describe the relationship between wealth and happiness.

• Describe the adaptation-level phenomenon.

• Discuss relative deprivation.

• How can we be happier? What should we do?

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