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Study Guide for Mini Final
Intelligence, Intelligence Testing, and Individual Differences
Module 31
• Define intelligence
• What is factor analysis?
• Discuss Spearman and “g”
• Discuss Thurston
• Discuss Guilford (not in book)
• Discuss Gardner, his theory on intelligence, and savant syndrome. What are some criticisms of his theory?
• Discuss Sternberg and his triarchic theory. What are some criticisms of his theory?
• Discuss Goleman (not in book) and emotional intelligence
• What is creativity? What are 5 components of creativity?
• Discuss the research related to brain anatomy and intelligence.
• How are processing speed and perceptual speed related to intelligence?
Module 32
• What is an intelligence test?
• How was Binet involved in creating an intelligence test? What were his hopes and fears related to intelligence tests? What is mental age?
• Discuss how Terman created the Stanford-Binet test.
• How was IQ calculated? What psychologist derived the intelligence quotient?
• How are the mental ability scores calculated/produced today?
• What is the difference between aptitude tests and achievement tests? Is there ever overlap between achievement and aptitude tests? If so, give an example.
• What is the most widely used intelligence test today?
• Discuss Wechsler and his intelligence tests.
• What is standardization? How is a test standardized?
• Describe a normal curve.
• What is the Flynn effect?
• What does it mean if a test is reliable?
• What does it mean if a test is valid? What is content validity and predictive validity?
• How stable is intelligence over one’s lifetime?
• Discuss the extremes of the normal distribution of intelligence (mental retardation and high intelligence).
Module 33
• Discuss the research/evidence that suggests that there is a genetic component to intelligence.
• Discuss the research/evidence that suggests that there is an environmental component to intelligence.
• Discuss the similarities and differences in intelligence scores of different ethnic groups.
• Discuss the similarities and differences in abilities of the two genders.
• What is bias? Are intelligence tests biased?
• What is the stereotype threat? Give an example.
Social Psychology
Module 55
• What is an attribution theory? Give an example of a dispositional attribution and a situational attribution for unemployment.
• What is the fundamental attribution error?
• Explain how attitudes can affect actions and how actions can affect attitudes.
• Describe the foot-in-the-door phenomenon and give an example of it being used.
• Describe Zimbardo’s Prison Study
• What is the cognitive dissonance theory?
Module 56
• What is the chameleon effect?
• Define conformity and explain Asch’s study of conformity
• What conditions strengthen conformity?
• Why do people conform? Explain normative social influence and informational social influence.
• Describe Milgram’s study on obedience
• What is social facilitation? What is social loafing? Give examples.
• Describe deindviduation.
• Describe group polarization.
• What is groupthink? What can you do to avoid groupthink?
Module 57
• What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
• What are implicit racial associations?
• What are the social factors that contribute to prejudice (social inequalities, ingroup vs. outgroup, etc.)
• What is the scapegoat theory and how does it relate to prejudice?
• What is the just-world phenomenon?
• Define aggression
• Describe 3 biological influences on aggression
• Describe 4 psychological triggers for aggression
• What is the frustration-aggression principle?
• What does the research say about violent video games and aggression/violence?
• What is a social trap? Give an example.
Module 58
• Describe how proximity (include mere exposure effect), physical attractiveness, and similarity affect attraction.
• Romantic Love—passionate love and companionate love (describe each)
• What are equity and self-disclosure and how are they related to relationships?
• What is altruism?
• Describe the bystander effect. When are we most likely to help someone?
• Describe how superordinate goals, communication, and conciliation (GRIT) can affect peacemaking
Motivation and Emotion
Module 34
• Define motivation
• What is an instinct? Does the instinct theory work well for humans? Why or why not?
• Describe the drive-reduction theory of motivation
• What is homeostasis?
• What are incentives and how do they affect motivation?
• How does arousal factor into motivation?
• Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Module 35
• Discuss Keys’ study on hunger
• Discuss Washburn/Cannon’s study on hunger
• Discuss how glucose and insulin affect hunger
• Discuss the role that the hypothalamus plays in experiencing hunger
• Discuss how different hormones/chemicals can affect hunger
• Define set point. What is the set point theory?
• What is basal metabolic rate?
• Discuss how culture can affect hunger and tastes.
• Compare and contrast anorexia and bulimia.
• What factors can affect the likelihood of developing an eating disorder?
Module 36
• Who was the first person to really research and describe sexual behavior in the U.S.?
• Describe Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle.
• What is a refractory period?
• What are sexual disorders that men suffer from? Women?
• Discuss testosterone and estrogen.
• Discuss how external and imaginary stimuli can affect sexual motivation.
• What are some factors that can affect contraception use and teen pregnancy?
• What are some factors that can affect the spread of sexually transmitted infections?
• Discuss the research on environmental and biological influences on sexual orientation.
Module 37
• Job vs. career vs. calling
• Describe flow.
• What is industrial-organizational psychology? Personnel psychology? Organizational psychology?
• What do personnel psychologists do?
• What is achievement motivation?
• What is the relationship between satisfaction and engagement?
• What are some different types of leadership? What are some effective management techniques?
Module 38
• What are the 3 components of emotions?
• Describe the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
• Describe the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion.
• Describe the Schacter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion.
• Describe how the autonomic nervous system is related to emotions.
• Describe how arousal and performance are related.
• Describe the physiological similarities and differences among different emotions.
• Discuss the problems with lie detectors.
• What is the spillover effect? Give an example.
• Does cognition precede emotion? Explain. Discuss the opinions of different researchers (Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus, and Schacter-Singer)
Module 39
• Are we better at deciphering positive or negative non-verbal expressions?
• Are extraverts or introverts better at reading other people’s emotions?
• What are some gender differences in reading and communicating emotions?
• How good are we at detecting deceiving expressions? Discuss Ekman’s research.
• Are facial expressions similar across cultures? Are gestures?
• Discuss the facial feedback hypothesis.
• Discuss the behavior feedback hypothesis.
Module 40
• What are the 10 basic emotions Izard came up with? What emotion did Tracey and Robins add? Which one did Shaver add?
• What are the two dimensions of emotion?
• How do we learn fear? Give an example.
• What are some biological aspects related to fear?
• What causes people to become angry?
• What is catharsis?
• Does venting reduce anger or increase anger? Explain.
• What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon?
• What is subjective well-being?
• Describe how positive and negative emotions vary over the course of a day.
• Discuss how adaptability affects emotions.
• Describe the relationship between wealth and happiness.
• Describe the adaptation-level phenomenon.
• Discuss relative deprivation.
• How can we be happier? What should we do?
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