Unit 7 Study Guide



Name: ________________________________________ Date: _____________ Period: ____

AP Environmental Science Unit 7 & 8 Study Guide

Answer all questions on a separate sheet of paper.

Part I: Water Resources (Chapter 13)

A. Water Resources Vocabulary

|Hydrologic cycle |Groundwater |Surface runoff |Zone of saturation |

|Watershed |Water table |Drainage basin |Groundwater |

|Aquifers |Recharge area |Lateral recharge |Natural recharge |

|Unconfined aquifer |Confined aquifer |Drought |Subsidence |

|Desalination |Saltwater intrusion |Distillation |Reverse osmosis |

|Ogallala aquifer |Floodplain |Levees |Dam |

|Reservoir |Cone of depression |Colorado River Basin |Surface runoff |

|Desertification |Flood irrigation |Center pivot irrigation |Floodplain |

|Drip irrigation |Xeriscaping |Composting toilets |Low-energy precision application sprinklers |

| | | |(LEPA) |

|Levees |Wetlands |Channelized streams | |

B. Water Resources Questions

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater?  

2. Discuss the problem of groundwater depletion in the United States, especially over the Ogallala aquifer.  Describe ways to prevent or slow groundwater depletion.

3. What is a dam and reservoir?  What are at least 2 advantages and disadvantages of large dams and reservoirs?

4. What ecological services do rivers provide?

5. What are the limitations of desalination and how might they be overcome?

6. Describe four irrigation methods and describe ways to reduce water waste in irrigation in developed and developing countries.

7. What is the difference between a confined aquifer and an unconfined aquifer

8. What areas in the US have a shortage of water

9. What is saltwater intrusion? What causes it?

10. How can we conserve water lost due to irrigation?

11. How would raising the cost of water help to conserve it?

12. How does deforestation affect water conservation?

13. What % of the Earth’s water is freshwater as opposed to saltwater?

14. True/False:

a. The hydrologic cycle will naturally purify and recycle freshwater as long as humans do not pollute the water faster than it is replenished.

b. The hydrologic cycle will naturally purify and recycle freshwater as long as humans do not overload it with slowly degradable and nondegradable wastes.

c. The hydrologic cycle will naturally purify and recycle freshwater as long as humans do not withdraw water from groundwater supplies faster than it is replenished.

15. True/False:

a. The water table is located at the top of the zone of saturation.

b. Groundwater is stationary and does not move.

c. Water in a confined aquifer is under pressure.

d. The water table moves down in dry weather.

e. Recharging of water is a slow process.

16. Most water (around the world) is used for?

17. List some reasons why people settle on floodplains.

Part II: Water Pollution (Chapter 20)

A. Water Pollution Vocabulary

water pollution

dissolved oxygen

biological oxygen demand (BOD)

point sources

nonpoint sources

agricultural activities

industrial facilities

algal blooms

mining

oxygen sag curve

eutrophication

cultural eutrophication

plume

nitrate ions

oxygen-depleted zone

crude petroleum

refined petroleum

Exxon Valdez

septic tank

wastewater (sewage) treatment plants

primary sewage treatment

secondary sewage treatment

advanced (tertiary) sewage treatment

composting toilet systems

Safe Drinking Water Act

Clean Water Act

B. Water Pollution Questions

1. What is water pollution?

2. Distinguish between point and nonpoint pollution and their sources.

3. Identify names, examples and their sources of water pollutants that:

a. Cause Health Problems

b. Cause Ecosystem Disruption

4. Name illnesses and diseases from pathogenic organisms found in polluted water.

5. Where do these pathogens come from?

6. The United Nations estimates that 2.5 billion people in less-developed countries lack adequate sanitation and half of these people lack access to clean water. The World Health Organization (WHO) is concerned because…

7. Name and explain the tests used to evaluate water quality in an aquatic ecosystem such as

✓ Bacteria and oxygen levels

✓ Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

✓ Dissolved oxygen

✓ Oxygen sag

8. What is the difference between an oligotrophic lake and a eutrophic lake?

9. What is cultural eutrophication and what causes it? How do you clean up a pond that is currently in this state?

10. Where has cultural eutrophication occurred?

11. Which heavy metals can affect water quality? How do these metals affect living organisms?

12. What are the sources of heavy metals in water?

13. Name some types of illnesses caused by heavy metal contamination.

14. List and describe 6 of the most common water pollutants.

15. How does sediment affect water quality?

16. Why is thermal pollution dangerous for living organisms?

Part III: Geology & Mineral Resources (Chapter 14)

A. Geology & Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Vocabulary

Geology

Core

Mantle

Crust

Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

Oceanic crust

Continental crust

Transform fault

Subduction

Mantle convection cell

Tectonic plate

Spreading center

Mineral

Mineral resource

Rock

Sedimentary rock

Igneous rock

Metamorphic rock

Rock cycle

Ore

Reserves

Depletion time

Smelting

Surface mining

Open-pit mining

Strip mining

Mountaintop removal

Subsurface mining

Overburden

Acid mine drainage

Tailings

Earthquake

Tsunami

Seismic wave

Focus

Magnitude

Amplitude

Richter scale

P-wave

s-wave

epicente

B. Geology & Mineral Resources Questions

1. Name the earth’s interior concentric zones.

2. Name the earth zone with the most volume and mass

3. True/False:

a. The thickest zone is the crust.

b. The core of the earth occupies most of its volume.

c. The inner core is liquid, whereas the outer core is solid.

d. The most common element in the center of the earth’s core is iron.

e. Extreme pressure makes the interior of the earth liquid.

4. True/False:

a. The outermost part of the mantle is partially melted rock.

b. The outermost part of the mantle is rigid.

c. The mantle is Earth’s largest zone.

d. Iron is a major constituent of the mantle.

e. The innermost part of the mantle is partially melted rock.

5. Which part of the earth’s structure is the source of most nonrenewable resources humans use?

6. Describe the asthenosphere.

7. Where do the majority of earthquakes and volcanoes occur?

a. in the interior of continents

b. on oceanic islands

c. along the edge of continents

d. in the open ocean

8. True/False:

a. The theory of plate tectonics explains the occurrence of earthquakes.

b. The theory of plate tectonics explains the occurrence of volcanoes.

c. The theory of plate tectonics explains the occurrence of mountains.

d. The theory of plate tectonics explains the movement of Earth’s plates.

9. Name the 3 types of boundaries between tectonic plates.

10. True/False:

a. Tectonic plates produce mountains.

b. Tectonic plates produce volcanoes.

c. Tectonic plates produce ocean trenches.

d. Tectonic plates are composed of crust and core.

e. Tectonic plates move on the asthenosphere.

11. Name the type of boundary where the tectonic plates move apart in opposite directions.

12. Name the boundary where the tectonic plates move in opposite but parallel directions along a fault.

13. Why is the movement of lithospheric plates significant?

14. Name the two energy sources primarily responsible for Earth’s external geological processes.

15. Name the scale used to measure the strength of an earthquake.

16. An earthquake with a magnitude of 9 would be given what rating by seismologists?

17. List some secondary effects from an earthquake.

18. Define: mineral

19. Lava is an example of what type of rock?

20. Define: rock cycle

21. What rock is most likely to be formed from compacted shells and skeletons?

22. Heat and pressure convert ____________________ rock into __________________ rock.

23. What class of rock covers most of the Earth’s land surface?

24. List some examples of nonmetallic mineral resources.

25. What is the most common way ore deposits are formed?

26. Subsurface mining is more or less dangerous than surface mining.

27. What mineral resources often occur in placer deposits?

28. List the different types of surface mining.

29. List the different types of subsurface mining.

30. When comparing subsurface and surface mining, which disturbs more land?

31. List some ways in which mining can be harmful to the environment.

32. Can acid mine drainage contaminate groundwater?

33. What is the term that is used to describe waste soil and rock removal during surface mining?

34. What is the term used to describe the fraction of the ore containing waste minerals?

35. What is the term used to describe when an ore undergoes processing and waste is produced?

36. Smelting of ore minerals can give off what pollutants?

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