Biology 231 - Portland Community College



Biology 231

Anatomy and Physiology I

Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide

Table of Contents

|Lab Topic (Exercise in Marieb Manual): |page: |

| |(in lab packet) |

|Safety Guidelines |2 |

|Disposal Guidelines |3 |

|The Language of Anatomy |5 |

|(Exercise 1, page 1) | |

|Organ Systems Overview |7 |

|(Exercise 2, page 10) | |

|The Microscope |8 |

|(Exercise 3, page 21) | |

|The Cell Anatomy and Division |9 |

|(Exercise 4, page 30 and 5A, page 40) | |

|Histology Study Guide |12 |

|(Exercise 6A, page 48) | |

|Integumentary System |17 |

|and Membranes (Exercises 7 and 8, beginning on page 67) | |

|Bone Histology, Axial & Appendicular Skeleton (Exercises 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 beginning on page 81) |18 |

|Muscles Study Guide (Exercise 14, 15, beginning on page 132) and Nerve Histology (Exercise 17, beginning on page 185) |24 |

| | |

| |33 |

BI 231 Human Anatomy and Physiology Survival Guide

Updated August, 2005

1.      Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean up materials for chemical spills. The location of fire blanket, safety kit, and showers will be demonstrated by your instructor.

2.      Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.

3.      Food and drink, including water, is prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches.

4.      Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose.

5.      For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.

6.      We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor.

7.      Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution. Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissection of preserved material.

8.      Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.

9.      Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash hands immediately after removing gloves.

10.  Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.

11.  Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to the instructor immediately.

12.     Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines

will be excluded from the Laboratory

Disposal of contaminated materials:

•         Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper toweling that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.

•         Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% Bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, no trash.

•         Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers.

2.       Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.

3.       Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash hands immediately after removing gloves.

4.       Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.

5.       Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.

6.       No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace.

7.       At the end of an experiment:

•         clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.

•         return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!

8.       You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.

9.       Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.

10.   Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Clean slide with Kimwipes if dirty or covered with oil, before placing back in box. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there are hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your work bench.

11.   Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash container provided.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines and directions

will be excluded from the Laboratory

When specimens in laboratory such as human bones (or other body parts), they may seem like inanimate objects that are far removed from a living organism. We ask that you remain alert to the fact specimens were once parts of humans (or other living creatures). Please handle these body parts with respect and care.

Language of Anatomy (Exercise 1)

1. Define gross anatomy; differentiate it from Histology. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe the anatomical position. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Be able to describe, define, and locate the following regions:

Abdominal

Antebrachial

Antecubital

Axillary

Brachial

Buccal

Carpal

Cervical

Deltoid

Digital

Femoral

Frontal

Inguinal

Mammary

Mental

Nasal

Oral

Orbital

Palmar

Patellar

Pedal

Pelvic

Pubic

Sternal

Tarsal

Thoracic

Umbilical

Acromial

Calcaneal

Cephalic

Dorsum

Gluteal

Lumbar

Occipital

Olecranal

Otic

Perineal

Plantar

Popliteal

Sacral

Scapular

Vertebral

4. Define the following terms:

Superior

Inferior

Anterior

Posterior

Medial

Lateral

Cephalic / Cephalad

Caudal

Dorsal

Ventral

Superficial

Deep

Proximal

Distal

Note: these terms are also used for hollow organs: the upper esophagus is proximal, the lower esophagus is more distal.

5. Describe the following anatomical planes; give alternate terms if possible.

Frontal

Midsagittal

Parasagittal

Transverse

Which plane could never cut through the kidneys?

What is a longitudinal incision through the small intestine?

6. Locate the following body cavities. Use your Tortora textbook (lecture text) for this: it provides better illustrations and gives more detail!

a. Dorsal

b. Ventral: subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic.

7. The thoracic cavity contains smaller cavities inside: Name three. Here are your hints:

a. Which cavity is in between the lungs and contains the heart, trachea, and esophagus?

b. Which cavity surrounds the heart, and is located in between the parietal and visceral pericardium?

c. Which cavity surrounds the lungs, and is located in between the parietal and visceral pleura?

d. Which cavity is in the abdominal cavity, and is in between the parietal and visceral peritoneum?

e. Is the the liver actually in this cavity, or is it better to say that the liver is surrounded by this cavity? (Think of a down coat. When you put the coat on, are you in the coat? Are you in the cavity containing the down?)

8. Define pericarditis_____________________________________________________

9. Locate the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant.

10. Locate the 9 abdominal regions. Pay the most attention to the midline ones:

a. epigastric region

b. umbilical region

c. hypogastric (=suprapubic) region

Often these midline regions are used with the quadrants.

Example: The pain of appendicitis begins in the periumbilical region (peri=around) and shifts to the right lower quadrant.

Organ Systems Overview (Exercise 2)

1. Name the human organ systems, and learn the chief functions of each organ system.

2. List two or three organs of each system.

3. Identify these organs on models, rats, and/or cadaver if available.

4. Be able to identify the following organs and structures:

a. Thymus

b. Heart

c. Lungs

d. Parietal Pleura

e. Visceral Pleura

f. Trachea

g. Bronchi

h. Esophagus

i. Diaphragm

j. Stomach

k. Small Intestine

l. Mesentery

m. Greater Omentum

n. Large Intestine: Identify Cecum (first part of large intestine)

o. Pancreas

p. Spleen

q. Liver

r. Kidneys

s. Adrenals

t. Ureter

u. Urinary Bladder

v. Male: Scrotum, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis

w. Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterine horns in rat (don't call these fallopian tubes), uterus in human

notes:

The Microscope (Exercise 3)

1. Learn the care of the miscroscope, as described in your lab manual. Which objective should never be used with oil?

2. Learn the parts of the microscope, such as

a. ocular lenses, objectives lenses

b. nosepiece, arm, stage

c. substage light, iris diaphragm lever, condenser

d. coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob

e. power switch, light control

3. Know the formula for calculating magnification:

Total magnification = (magnification of ocular) x (magnification of objective).

Example: the total magnification is 450x when using a 10x ocular is 10x and 45x objective.

4. Learn how to focus the microscope using the 10x, 45x (or 40x depending on your scope), and 100x objective lens.

5. Learn how to perform a wet mount of cheek scrapings. (Follow instructor’s directions.)

Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy and Division

Be able to identify (on model) and know basic functions of the following cellular structures:

nucleus

chromatin: what is the difference between this and chromosomes?

nucleolus

plasma membrane

ribosomes

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Mitochondria

Centrioles

What's the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

3. Be able to identify (from both microscopic slides of onion root and whitefish blastula) the different phases of the cell cycle:

a. interphase

b. prophase

c. metaphase

d. anaphase

e. telophase

4. In anaphase, are the structures that are separating called chromatids or daughter chromosomes?

5. Which phase of the cell cycle has chromatin?

6. What is the name for the arrangement of microtubules that helps separate chromosomes? Hint: it is attached to the centrioles.

7. Which phase of mitosis involves chromosomes lined up along the equatorial plane?

8. Cytokinesis begins during late_____________ and extends through (and slightly beyond) _________________

The Cell (Exercise 5A)

Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability

1. Define the two passive cell processes:

a. Diffusion

b. Filtration

2. What is the driving force of diffusion?

3. What determines the direction of diffusion?

4. What is the difference between simple diffusion and osmosis?

5. Diffusion of dye through agar gel: If methylene blue has a molecular weight of 320 and potassium permanganate has a weight of 158, which should diffuse faster through agar? _________________________________

6. Observing diffusion through nonliving membranes. Our three artificial cells will be constructed from sealed tubes. The tubing is a semipermeable membrane (like a cell membrane). The “intracellular fluid,” inside the sac and the “extracellular fluid” in the beaker is different in each of our three artificial cells.

Sac 1: 40% glucose in the sac, in a beaker of distilled water

weight of sac before hour long soak: _________________________________

weight of sac after hour long soak: _________________________________

net change: _________________________________

Result of Benedict's test of beaker fluid: _________________________________

What color does the blue benedict's reagant change to after boiling it (if a sugar such as glucose is present)? _________________________________

Conclusion regarding diffusion of glucose through sac: _________________________________

Sac 3: 10% NaCl in the sac, in a beaker of distilled water

weight of sac before hour long soak: _________________________________

weight of sac after hour long soak: _________________________________

net change: _________________________________

Results of testing beaker fluid with Silver Nitrate (AgNO3): Did white precipitate form?___________

Conclusion regarding diffusion of NaCl through sac: _________________________________

Sac 4: 1% starch in the sac, in a beaker of 40% glucose

weight of sac before hour long soak:_________________________________

weight of sac after hour long soak: _________________________________

net change: _________________________________

Results of testing beaker fluid with Lugol's solution: _________________________________

(What color does Lugol's solution=IKI change to in presence of starch?)_____________

Did starch diffuse through the sac? _________________________________

What conclusions can you make about the relative sizes of glucose, starch, and NaCl?

__________________________________________________________________

Looking at the concentrations of the various solutions, what seems to make water diffuse the fastest? ________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

7. Define the following terms:

isotonic_________________________________________________________________

hypertonic_______________________________________________________________

crenation________________________________________________________________

hypotonic________________________________________________________________

hemolysis________________________________________________________________

Note: Isotonic saline has the same salinity as plasma; it is 0.9%NaCl. Would you call 0.45% hypertonic or hypotonic? _________________________________

What about 1.5%NaCl? _________________________________

What are the three types of endocytosis? (Distinguish between the three).

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Histology Study Guide (Exercise 6)

We will limit our focus to epithelial and connective tissue because we will study nervous and muscle tissue later this year.

Answer the following questions:

1. Rearrange the following from highest to lowest order of magnitude: atoms, cells, tissues, organs, molecules ________________________________________________________________________

2. List the distinguishing features of epithelial tissue: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Describe the way that epithelial tissues are named

1st part of name:_______________________________________________________________

2nd part of name:______________________________________________________________

4. Name the two epithelial tissues that do not follow the naming process in #3, and explain the meaning of their names:

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

5. On your own paper, draw a concept map connecting the following terms with their functions: squamous cells, cuboidal cells, columnar cells

6. For each epithelial tissue type, in the left hand column below its name, draw a brief sketch of its appearance and write a short phrase reminding you of what it looks like. For example, underneath a sketch of simple squamous epithelium write “fried eggs”. In the middle column write down the functions the type is especially suited for and why. For example, for simple squamous write: “allows easy diffusion because of thin shape.” In the right hand column list one representative location that helps you remember its function(s). Also, be able to identify these tissues from microscope slides.

|Epithelial Tissue, sketch, and reminder of |Functions this type is especially suited |One location that helps you remember its |

|what it looks like |for and why. |function |

|simple squamous | | |

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|simple cuboidal | | |

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|nonciliated simple columnar | | |

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|ciliated simple columnar | | |

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|ciliated pseudostratified columnar | | |

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|non-keratinized stratified squamous | | |

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|keratinized stratified squamous | | |

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|transitional | | |

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7. List the distinguishing features of connective tissue, especially focusing on how it differs from epithelial tissue: _______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

8. Differentiate between matrix, ground substance, and fibers.

a. Matrix: _______________________________________________________

b. Ground Substance: ______________________________________________

c. Fibers:________________________________________________________

9. If you put Libby’s fruit in Jell-O and added celery fibers, what would be included in the:

a. connective tissue?________________________________________________

b. matrix? ________________________________________________________

c. fibers? _________________________________________________________

d. ground substance?________________________________________________

10. For the 3 fiber types in connective tissue, in the first column draw the fiber(s). Sketch the fiber and briefly describe some structure in your life that they remind you of. In the middle column write down the functions the type of fiber is especially suited for and why. In the third column list a location of the fibers that helps you remember them. Be able to identify these from a slide of loose areolar tissue.

|fiber type, sketch, and reminder |function(s) & why fiber suited for this |example of where found |

|Elastic | | |

| | | |

|reticular | | |

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|collagen | | |

| | | |

11. Give an example of fluid, gel, and solid ground substance.

a. fluid________________________________

b. gel_________________________________

c. solid________________________________

12. List the functions of the following cells

a. fibroblasts__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. mesenchymal_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c. adipocytes___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

d. macrophages_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

e. plasma cells ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

f. mast cells ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. For each connective tissue type, in the left hand column below its name, draw a brief sketch of its appearance; label cells, ground substance, & fibers. In the middle column write down the functions the type of connective tissue is especially suited for and why. For example, for adipose tissue write: “energy storage because of huge fat droplets inside cells; insulation because of the thick fatty layer under the skin.” In the right hand column list one representative location that helps you remember its function(s).

|Connective Tissue type, sketch cells, |Functions this type is especially suited |One location that helps you remember its |

|matrix |for and why. |function |

|loose areolar | | |

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|Adipose | | |

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|dense regular | | |

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|dense irregular | | |

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|Elastic | | |

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|hyaline cartilage | | |

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|bone | | |

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|blood | | |

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If your instructor has time, also look slides of :

Muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Nervous tissue: look at multipolar neuron

Integumentary System and Membranes (Exercises 7 and 8)

1. Identify from model, microscope slide, pictures:

a. Epidermis: subdivided into stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale. Note: also see a stratum lucidum in palms and soles.

b. Dermis: subdivided into papillary and reticular dermis

c. Hypodermis=superficial fascia: note adipose tissue

d. Hair root

e. Hair shaft

f. Hair follicle: note the enlarged, deepest region called the hair bulb. Also note the projection of dermis at the base of the bulb: the papilla.

g. Eccrine sweat gland

h. Sebaceous gland

i. Arrector pili muscle

j. Pacinian corpuscle (look at fetal palm slide)

2. From a surface view of the fingernail

a. free edge

b. body

c. lateeral fold

d. lunula

e. cuticle

3. From a sagittal section, note the

a. root of the nail

b. matrix

4. What is the difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

Exercise 8: Body Membranes

1. Define mucous membranes.

2. Note the histology of trachea, esophagus, and small intestine: which is lined with ciliated epithelium?

3. How do serous membranes differ from mucous membranes?

4. Are synovial membranes lined with connective tissue or epithelium?

Bone Histology, Axial & Appendicular Skeleton (Exercises 9, 10, 11, 12, 13)

Part 1: Bone-Histology Models and Slides:

1. Spaces: canaliculi, Haversion Canal, lacunae, Volkman's Canal

Which way do vessels in Haversion Canals run as opposed to Volkman's?

2. Cells: Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts

What are the functions of each?

3. Coverings: Periosteum, endosteum

4. Types of bone: compact (also called cortical bone), trabecular

5. Marrow types, where located: red, yellow

6. Special structures: trabeculae

Long bone structure: from long bone, identify

1. Diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, epiphyseal plate(disk)

Is there an epiphyseal plate in adults? Explain.

2. Medullary cavity, endosteum, periosteum

3. Red vs. yellow marrow

Part 2: Axial Skeleton

1. Know its components: skull, spine, thoracic cage, hyoid bone

2. Cranial Bones: recognize from inside & outside

a. Frontal

b. Parietals-pair

c. Temporals-pair

d. Occipital

e. Sphenoid

f. Ethmoid

g. What is the difference between cranial bones and facial bones?

3. Cranium-Sutures:

a. Sagittal

b. Coronal

c. Squamosal

d. Lambdoidal

e. Wormian (sutural) bones: these are small islands of bone that fill gaps in sutures; they are not always present. Look in the lambdoidal sutures.

4. Cranium-Special Landmarks, processes, structures, foramina, fontanels

a. Orbit: identify all of the bones in the orbit

b. Mandibular fossa

c. External acoustic (auditory) meatus

d. Styloid, mastoid processes

e. Greater wing of sphenoid

f. Fontanels (The anterior fontanel is easily visible.)

5. Cranium-Floor

a. Bones (See your textbook.)

b. Fossae: Anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae; hypophyseal(shallow depression in middle of sella turcica)

c. Cribiform plate, cristae galli

d. Sella turcica

1. Hypophyseal fossa

2. Dorsum sella(ridge on posterior aspect of sella)

e. Carotid canal

f. Jugular foramen

g. Foramen Magnum

h. Occipital Condyles

6. Face: Bones

a. Maxilla

b. Mandible

c. Palatine-2

d. Zygomatics-2

e. Lacrimal-2

f. Nasals-2

g. Vomer

h. Superior, Middle, & Inferior Nasal Conchae

i. Mandible

7. Face: special processes, structures

a. Alveoli(tooth sockets)

b. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

c. Mandible: body, rami, coronoid process, mandibular condyle, angle

d. Paranasal sinuses: frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoid air cells

e. Zygomatic arch

8. Spine: 33 separate bones in fetus & infant; in children & adults it's made of 26 bones: coccyx( 4 fused vertebrae), sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), & 24 individual vertebrae. Know number of vertebrae in each part of back (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar)

a. Direction of curves in cervical (concave posterior), thoracic (convex posterior), lumbar (concave posterior) regions

9. Structures of Typical Vertebra

a. Body, vertebral foramen, spinous process, transverse process, superior & inferior articular processes

b. vertebral arch: made of laminae & pedicles

c. intervertebral foraminae between vertebrae

d. transverse foraminae in cervical vertebrae

e. facets: on super & inferior articular processes: smooth surfaces for joints between processes

10. Intervertebral Disk: annulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage), nucleus pulposus

11. Cervical vertebrae

a. How many(7), direction of curve- concave posterior, note have foraminae in transverse processes: what for?. Note bifid spinous processes

b. C1=atlas: superior articular facet for articulation with occipital condyle

c. C2=axis(know odontoid process)

12. Thoracic Vertebrae

a. How many-12, direction of curve-convex posterior

b. long spinous processes, point inferiorly

13. Lumbar

a. How many-5, direction of curve-concave posterior, have thick bodies& spinous processes

14. Sacrum: convex posterior, sacral promontory, sacroiliac joints

15. Coccyx-4 rudimentary vertabrae

16. Thoracic cage = Bony Thorax

a. Sternum:

1. manubrium

2. sternal angle: separates manubrium from body

3. body

4. xiphoid process (cartilage when young, ossifies about age 40)

b. Ribs:

1. true: 1st 7 pairs;, cartilage of rib(costal cartilage) articulates with sternum

2. false: 8-10, cartilage of rib articulates with cartilage above, while lowest 2 pairs are floating false ribs

17. Note how the ribs attach to the vertebrae. Looking at them from the posterior side of the back, there is an acute angle created between the 12th rib and the spine due to the downward direction of the 12th rib as it heads anteriorly. This angle is the costovertebral angle. Tenderness upon palpation of the costovertebral angle (performed with one finger) is a physical sign associated with pyelonephritis, which is a kidney infection.

18. Hyoid Bone: attachment for muscles of tongue, neck, & pharynx

Part 3: Appendicular Skeleton : Upper & Lower extremities, Shoulder Girdle, Pelvic Girdle

clavicle

acromial and sternal ends

scapula

spine

medial, lateral, & superior borders and angles (superior, lateral, inferior)

acromion or acromial process

coracoid process

fossa (supraspinous, infraspinous & subscapular)

glenoid fossa (cavity)

scapular notch

humerus

head

greater & lesser tubercle

intertubercular (bicipital groove or sulcus)

anatomical & surgical necks

deltoid tubercle

groove for the radial nerve

trochlea

capitulum

olecranon fossa

medial & lateral epicondyles

radial fossa & coronoid fossa

supracondylar ridges (medial and lateral)—region proximal to each epicondyle

ulna

head of the ulna

styloid process of the ulna

olecranon process

coranoid process

semilunar or trochlear notch

radial notch of the ulna

interosseous ridge of the ulna

radius

radial head

radial tubercle (tuberosity)

ulnar notch of the radius

interosseous ridge of the radius

styloid process of the radius

carpals

a. proximal row, lateral to medial: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

b. distal row, lateral to medial: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

metacarpals

phalanges

proximal, middle, distal (on an articulated hand)

os coxae (ilium, ischium, pubis), acetabulum, obturator foramen

ilium

spines (anterior-superior, anterior-inferior, posterior-superior, posterior- inferior)

iliac crest; iliac fossa (on the anterior surface)

body of the ilium

auricular surface

greater sciatic notch

arcuate line

inferior gluteal line

ischium

ischial tuberosity

spine (ischial or sciatic)

body of the ischium

superior & inferior rami

lesser sciatic notch

pubis

symphysis, body of the pubis

superior & inferior rami

pubic tubercle

pubic arch

pubic angle

femur

head of the femur

neck of the femur

greater & lesser trochanter

intertrochanteric line and crest

linea aspera

fovea capitus

medial and lateral condyles of the femur

adductor tubercle—located proximal to medial epicondyle

medial & lateral epicondyles of the femur

patellar surface

intercondylar notch or fossa

gluteal tubercle

patella

medial and lateral articular surfaces

tibia

medial & lateral condyles of the tibia

intercondylar eminence

tibial tuberosity

fibular surface of the tibia

diaphysis

medial malleolus

anterior crest of the tibia

fibular notch

tibular articular surface for the talus

fibula

head of the fibula

styloid process (apex) of the fibula

lateral malleolus

fibular articular surface for the talus

tarsals

talus-bears body's weight, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, 1st-3rd cuneiforms

metatarsals,

phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)—on articulated foot only

OTHER IMPORTANT STRUCTURES

anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossa—skull with calveria removed

compact and cancellous bone

pelvis—be able to distinguish between male & female and know characteristics of each type

1. Male pelvis: vertical iliac bones, pubic arch 90, shallow iliac fossa, round pelvic brim(inlet)

Part 4: Articulations and Body Movements (Exercise 13):

1. Knee

a. medial & lateral collateral ligaments(=tibial & fibular collaterals)

b. anterior & posterior cruciates

c. medial & lateral menisci

d. Quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament

2. Joint Movements:

a. flexion and extension

b. hyperextension

c. dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of ankles

d. abduction and adduction

e. circumduction

f. pronation and supination

g. inversion and eversion

Muscles Study Guide (Exercise 14-15) and Nerve Histology (Exercise 17)

1. Complete the following table:

|Muscle type |# nuclei per cell |Visible striations |locations |voluntary or |cell shape |

| | | | |involuntary | |

|Cardiac | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

|Skeletal | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

|Smooth | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

2. histology of skeletal muscle

a. cross section of muscle

b. longitudinal section of individual cells

c. sarcomere

d. neuromuscular junction

|MUSCLE |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |

|MUSCLES OF THE PECTORAL REGION AND ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL |

|Pectoralis major |Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal |Lateral lip of intertubular groove of humerus |Flexes, abducts, and medially rotates humerus, |Lateral and medial |

| |cartilages, aponeurosis of external abdominal | |draws body upward in climbing |pectoral |

| |oblique | | | |

|Pectoralis minor |Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5 |Coracoid process of scapula |Draws scapula down and forward and elevates ribs |Medial pectoral |

|Subclavius |Cartilage of first rib |Inferior groove of clavicle |Draws shoulder down and forward |Nerve to subclavius |

|External abdominal oblique |External surface of lower 8 ribs |Anterior half of iliac crest and linea alba |Compresses abdomen, rotates and flexes vertebral |Intercostals 8 to 12, |

| | | |column |iliohypogas-tric, |

| | | | |ilioinguinal |

|Internal abdominal oblique |Lateral half of linguinal ligament, anterior iliac |Lower four ribs, linea alba and by conjoined |Compresses abdomen, rotates and flexes vertebral |Intercostals 8 to 12, |

| |crest and thoracolumbar fascia |tendon to pubis |column |iliohypogas-tric, |

| | | | |ilioinguinal |

|Transverse abdominis |Lateral third of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac |Linea alba, and by conjoined tendon to pubis |Compresses abdomen and depresses ribs |Intercostals 7 to 12, |

| |crest, and thoracolumbar fascia | | |iliohypogas-tric, |

| | | | |ilioinguinal |

|Rectus abdominus |Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis |Xiphoid process and cartilages of ribs 5 to 7 |Tenses abdominal wall and flexes vertebral column |Intercostal 7 to 12 |

|SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BACK |

|Trapezius |External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal |Anterior border of scapular spine, acromion |Adducts, rotates, and elevates scapula |Spinal accessory XI, C3,|

| |line, nuchal ligament, and spinous process of |process, lateral third of posterior clavicle | |and C4 |

| |cervical 7 through 12 | | | |

|Latissimus dorsi |Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, |Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus |Adducts, extends, rotates humerus medially, draws |Thoracodorsal |

| |thoracolumbar fascia, crest of ilium | |shoulder down and backward | |

|Levator scapula |Transverse processes of cervical 1 through 4 |Medial border above spine of scapula |Draws scapula medially and depresses shoulder |Doral scapular |

|Rhomboid major |Spinous process of thoracic 2 through 5 and |Medial border below spine of scapula |Adducts and laterally rotates scapula |Dorsal scapular |

| |supraspinous ligament | | | |

|Rhomboid minor |Spinous processes of cervical 7 through thoracic 1 |Medial border of scapula at root of spine |Adducts and laterally rotates scapula |Dorsal scapular |

|Serratus anterior |Lateral surface of upper 8 ribs |Anterior lip of medial border of scapula |Holds scapula to chest wall, rotates scapula in |Long thoracic |

| | | |raising humerus | |

|MUSCLE |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |

|MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND ARM |

|Subscapularis |Medial part of subscapular fossa |Lesser tubercle of humerus |Rotates humerus medially |Upper and lower subscapularis |

|Supraspinatus |Medial part of supraspinous fossa |Superior portion of greater tubercle of |Abducts humerus |Suprascapular |

| | |humerus | | |

|Infraspinatus |Medial part of infraspinous fossa |Middle portion of greater tubercle of humerus |Rotates humerus laterally |Suprascapular |

|Teres major |Axillary border at inferior angle of scapula |Medial lip of intertubular groove of humerus |Adducts, extends, and rotates humerus medially |Lower subscapular |

|Teres minor |Axillary border of scapula |Inferior portion of greater tubercle of |Laterally rotates humerus and adducts it |Circumflex |

| | |humerus | | |

|Deltoid |Anterior surface, lateral clavicle, acromion |Deltoid tubercle of humerus |Abducts humerus; aids in flexion, extension, |Circumflex |

| |process and spine of scapula | |and adduction | |

|Triceps brachii |Long head, infraglenoid tubercle; lateral head, |Olecranon process of ulna |Extends humerus and ulna |Radial |

|Long head |proximal portion of posterior humerus; medial head,| | | |

|Lateral head |distal half of posterior humerus | | | |

|Medial head | | | | |

|Brachialis |Distal two-thirds of front of humerus |Coronoid process of ulna |Flexes ulna |Musculocutaneous and radial |

|Coracobrachialis |Coracoid process of scapula |Middle third of humerus |Flexes and adducts humerus |Musculocutaneous |

|Biceps brachii |Long head, supraglenoid tubercle; short head, |Tuberosity of radius and bicipital aponeurosis|Flexes radius and humerus, and supinates hand |Musculocutaneous |

|Long head |coracoid process scapula | | | |

|Short head | | | | |

|Anconeus |Lateral epicondyle of humerus |Olecranon process, posterior surface of ulna |Weak extensor of humerous |Radial |

|MUSCLES OF ANT. FOREARM |

|Pronator quadratus |Distal fourth of ulna |Distal fourth of radius |Pronates hand |Median |

|Flexor digitorum profundus |Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna and |Distal phalanges of fingers |Flexes fingers and wrist |Median and ulnar |

| |interosseous membrane | | | |

|Flexor pollicis longus |Middle half of radius, interosseous membrane, |Distal phalanx of thumb |Flexes thumb |Median |

| |coronoid process of ulna | | | |

|Flexor digitorum |Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process |Middle phalanges of fingers |Flexes fingers and wrist |Median |

|superficialis |of ulna | | | |

| | | | | |

|MUSCLE |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |

| | | | | |

|Flexor carpi radialis |Medial epicondyle of humerus |Base of second metacarpal |Flexes wrist and elbow and abducts wrist |Median |

|Flexor carpi ulnaris |Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process, & |Pisiform, hamate, and fifth metacarpal |Flexes and adducts wrist |Ulna |

| |posterior ulna | | | |

|Pronator teres |Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process |Middle portion of radius |Pronates hand and flexes radius |Median |

| |of ulna | | | |

|MUSCLES OF ANTEROLATERAL FOREARM & DORSUM OF HAND |

|Extensor indicis |Posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane|Dorsal extensor expansion of index finger |Extends index finger |Radial |

|Extensor pollicis longus |Middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane |Base of distal phalanx of thumb |Extends thumb and abducts hand |Radial |

|Extensor pollicis brevis |Middle third of radius and interosseous membrane |Base of proximal phalanx of thumb |Extends thumb and abducts hand |Radial |

|Abductor pollicis longus |Posterior surface of ulna and radius, and |First metacarpal |Abducts thumb and hand |Radial |

| |interosseous membrane | | | |

|Supinator |Lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of |Lateral surface and posterior border of radius|Supinates hand |Radial |

| |ulna | | | |

|Brachioradialis |Lateral supracondylar ridge and lateral |Styloid process of radius |Flexes radius |Radial |

| |intermuscular septum | | | |

|Extensor carpi radialis |Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus and |Second metacarpal |Extends and abducts hand |Radial |

|longus |intermuscular septem | | | |

|Extensor carpi radialis |Lateral epicondyle of humerus |Third metacarpal |Extends and abducts wrist |Radial |

|brevis | | | | |

|Extensor digitorum communis |Lateral epicondyle of humerus |Into distal phalanx by 4 tendons |Extends fingers and wrist joint |Radial |

|Extensor carpi ulnaris |Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border |Fifth metacarpal |Extends and adducts hand |Radial |

| |of ulna | | | |

|Exten. digiti minimi |Lateral epicondyle of humerus |Extensor expansion of little finger |Extends little finger |Radial |

|MUSCLES OF THE PALMAR SURFACE OF THE HAND |

|MUSCLE |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |

| | | | | |

|Flexor pollicis brevis |Flexor retinaculum and trapezium |Proximal phalanx of thumb |Flexes thumb |Median |

|Abductor pollicis brevis |Flexor retinaculum, scaphoid and trapezium |Proximal phalanx of thumb |Abducts thumb and aids in flexion |Median |

|Flexor digiti minimi |Flexor retinaculum and hook of hamate |Proximal phalanx of fifth digit |Flexes fifth digit |Ulnar |

|MUSCLE |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |

| | | | | |

|Abductor digiti minimi |Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris |Proximal phalanx of fith digit |Abducts fifth digit |Ulnar |

|MUSCLES OF ANT. HIP AND THIGH |

|Adductor brevis |Inferior pubic ramus |Upper part of linea aspera and pectineal line |Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates femur |Obturator |

|Adductor magnus |Pubic arch and ischial tuberosity |Linea aspera and adductor tubercle |Adducts, flexes, and laterally and medially |Obturator & sciatic |

| | | |rotates femur | |

|Adductor longus |Between pubic rami near symphysis |Middle third of linea aspera |Adducts, flexes & medially rotates femur |Obturator |

|Pectineus |Pectineal line of pubis |Pecinteal line of femur |Adducts femur |Obturator femoral |

|Gracilis |Inferior pubis near symphysis |Upper portion of tibia |Adducts, flexes, medially rotates tibia |Obturator |

|Quadriceps femoris |Anterior inferior iliac spine and upper margin of |Tibial tuberosity |Extends tibia and flexes femur |Femoral |

|Rectus femoris |acetabulum | | | |

| Vastus lateralis |Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur |Tibial tuberosity |Extends tibia |Femoral |

| Vastus medialia |Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur |Tibial tuberosity |Extends tibia |Femoral |

|Vastus intermedius |Upper shaft of femur |Tibial tuberosity |Extends tibia |Femoral |

|Sartorius |Anterior superior iliac spine |Medial margin of tibial tuberosity |Flexes both femur and tibia |Femoral |

|Tensor fasciae latae |Iliac crest |Iliotibial tract |Tenses fascia lata |Superior gluteal |

|MUSCLES OF THE GLUTEAL REGION AND POSTERIOR THIGH |

|Gluteus minimis |Lower portion of ilium |Greater trochanter and capsule of hip joint |Abducts and medially rotates femur |Superior gluteal |

|Piriformis |Pelvic surface of sacrum |Greater trochanter of femur |Rotates femur laterally |Twigs from sacral one |

| | | | |and two |

|Gluteus medius |Middle portion of ilium |Oblique ridge on greater trochanter of femur |Abducts and medially rotates femur |Superior gluteal |

| | | | | |

|MUSCLE |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |

| | | | | |

|Gluteus maximus |Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and coccyx |Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract |Principal extensor and powerful rotator of femur |Inferior gluteal |

|Biceps femoris |Long head, ischial tuberosity; short head, |Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia |Flexes leg and rotates leg laterally; long head |Sciatic |

|Long head |supracondylar ridge of femur | |extends femur | |

|Short head | | | | |

|Semimembranosus |Ischial tuberosity |Medial condyle of tibia |Extends thigh, flexes and medially rotates tibia |Sciatic |

|Semitendinosus |Ischial tuberosity, fused with long head of biceps |Tuberosity of tibia |Extends thigh and flexes tibia |Sciatic |

|INTERNAL MUSCLES OF THE THIGH & GLUTEAL REGIONS |

|Quadratus lumborum |Iliolumbar ligament and crest of ilium |Lower border of 12th rib, transverse process |Depresses rib cage inferiorly and abducts trunk to|Nerve to quadra-tus |

| | |of upper lumbar vertebrae |same side |lumborum |

|Psoas |Transverse processes of bodies of lumbar vertebrae |Lesser trochanter of femur with iliacus |Flexes and laterally rotates femur |Major by 2nd and 3rd |

|Major | | | |lumbar |

| |Bodies of 12th thoracic and 1st lumbar vertebrae |Pectineal line on ilium |Flexes vertebral column | |

|Minor | | | |Minor by 1st lumbar |

|Iliacus |Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum |Lesser trochanter of femur with psoas major |Flexes and laterally rotates femur |Femoral |

|Gemelli |Ischial spine |Tendon of obturator internus to greater |Rotates femur laterally |Twigs from sacral plexus|

|Superior | |trochanter | | |

|Inferior | | | | |

|Obturator internus |Margin of obturator foramen |Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur |Rotates femur medially and aids abduction |Twigs from lum-bar 5 and|

| | | | |sacral 1 |

|Quadratus femoris |Ischial tuberosity |Greater trochanter and shaft of femur |Rotates femur laterally |Twigs from lum-bar 4 and|

| | | | |5, and sacral 1 |

|MUSCLE |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |

|MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR LEG |

|Tibialis posterior |Interosseous membrane and tibia and fibula on |Navicular, with slips to cuneiform; cuboid; |Adducts and inverts foot and aids in plantar |Tibial |

| |either side |second, third, and fourth metatarsals |flexion | |

|Flexor hallucis longus |Distal two-thirds of fibula and intermuscular |Distal phalanx of great toe |Flexes great toe |Tibial |

| |septum | | | |

|Flexor digitorum longus |Middle half of tibia |By four tendons into distal phalanges of |Flexes lateral four toes |Tibial |

| | |lateral four toes | | |

|Popliteus |Lateral condyle of femur |Posterior tibia above soleal line |Flexes tibia and rotates femur laterally |Tibial |

|Plantaris |Popliteal surface of femur |Medial calcaneus |Flexes foot |Tibial |

|Soleus |Upper third of fibula and soleal line of tibia |With gastrocnemius into calcaneus via |Flexes foot |Tibial |

| | |calcaneal tendon | | |

|Gastrocnemius |Medial and lateral condyles of femur |With soleus into calcaneus via calcaneal |Flexes tibia and plantar; flexes foot |Tibial |

| | |tendon | | |

|MUSCLES OF THE ANTEROLATERAL LEG AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT |

|Tibialis anterior |Upper half of tibia and interosseous membrane |First cuneiform and first metatarsal |Extends and inverts foot |Deep peroneal |

|Extensor hallucis longus |Middle half of fibula and interosseous membrane |Distal phalanx of great toe |Extends great toe |Deep peroneal |

|Extensor digitorum longus |Tibia, proximal three-fourths of fibula, & |Tendons to middle & terminal phalanges of four|Extends toes |Deep peroneal |

| |interosseous membrane |lateral toes by extensor expansion | | |

|Peroneus tertius |Distal third of fibula and interosseos membrane |Fifth metatarsal |Extends and everts foot |Deep peroneal |

|(fibularis) | | | | |

|Peroneus brevis |Lower two-thirds of fibula |Fifth metatarsal |Everts and abducts foot and aids in plantar |Superficial peroneal |

|(fibularis) | | |flexion | |

|Peroneus longus |Upper two-thirds of fibula and intermuscular septa |First cuneiform and first metatarsal |Everts and aids in plantar flexion |Superficial peroneal |

|(fibularis) | | | | |

|Extensor digitorum brevis |Dorsal surface of calcaneus |By four tendons into extensor expansion |Extends toes |Deep peroneal |

|Extensor hallucis brevis |Distal lateral surface of calcaneus |Proximal phalanx of great toe |Extends toes |Deep peroneal |

|MUSCLE |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |

|MUSCLES OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT |

|Flexor hallucis brevis |Navicular and cuneiform bones, and long plantar |2 tendons to medial & lateral sides of |Flexes great toe |Medial and lateral |

| |ligament |proximal phalanx of great toe | |plantar |

|Abductor hallucis |Calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis |Proximal phalanx of great toe |Abducts great toe |Medial plantar |

|Quadratus plantae |Calcaneus and long plantar ligament |Into tendons of flexor digitorum longus |Supports action of tendon of flexor digitorum |Lateral plantar |

| | | |longus | |

|Flexor digitorum brevis |Calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis |By four tendons into middle phalanx of lateral|Flexes lateral four toes |Medial plantar |

| | |four toes | | |

|Flexor digiti minimi brevis |Fifth metatarsal and sheath of peroneus longus |Proximal phalanx of little toe |Flexes little toe |Lateral plantar |

| |tendon | | | |

|Abductor digiti minimi |Calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis |Proximal phalanx of little toe |Abducts little toe |Lateral plantar |

|MUSCLES OF THE FACE |

|Buccinator |Pterygomandibular raphe and alveolor processes of |Angle of mouth into orbicular orbis |Compresses cheek during mastication |Facial VII |

| |mandible and maxilla | | | |

|Depressor anguli oris |Oblique line of mandible |Angle of mouth |Draws angle of mouth up and back |Facial VII |

|Depressor labii inferioris |Mandible next to mental foramen |Lower lip |Draws lower lip down |Facial VII |

|Frontalis |Epicranial aponeurosis |Skin over forehead |Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead |Facial VIi |

|Levator anguli oris |Maxilla adjacent to canine fossa |Corner of mouth |Elevates corner of mouth |Facial VII |

|Mentalis |Incisor fossa of mandible |Skin over chin |Elevates and protrudes lip |Facial VII |

|Nasalis |Maxilla adjacent to canine and incisor teeth |Side of nose above nostril |Draws margin of nostril towards septum |Facial VII |

|Orbicularis oculi |Medial orbital margin, medial palpebral ligament |Skin surrounding eye, and lateral palpebral |Closes eyelids and depresses skin of forehead |Facial VII |

| |and zygomatic bones |ligament | | |

|Orbicularis oris |By muscular skips to surround muscles |Muscles interlace to surround mouth |Closes and purses lips |Facial VII |

|Zygomaticus |Zygomatic arch |Corner of mouth |Elevates corner of mouth |Facial VII |

|Temporalis |Temporal fossa and fascia |Coronoid process of mandible |Elevates and retracts mandible |Trigeminal V |

|Masseter |Zygomatic process and arch |Angle and ramus of mandible |Elevates mandible and closes jaw |Trigeminal V |

|SUPERFICIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE NECK |

|MUSCLE |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |

| |

|Omohyoid |Body of hyoid bone |Medial tip of suprascapular notch |Depresses hyoid bone |Ansa cervicalis |

|Thyrohyoid |Oblique line of thyroid cartilage |Greater horn of hyoid bone |Depresses hyoid bone, elevates thyroid cartilage |Ansa cervicalis |

|Sternothyroid |Posterior surface of manubrium |Oblique line of thyroid cartilage |Depresses thyroid cartilage |Ansa cervicalis |

|Sternohyoid |Posterior surface of manubrium, and medial clavicle|Hyoid bone |Depresses hyoid bone |Ansa cervicalis |

|Stylohyoid |Styloid process |Hyoid bone |Moves hyoid bone up and back |Facial VII |

|Mylohyoid |Mylohyoid line of mandible |Hyoid bone and median raphe |Elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth, depresses |Trigeminal V |

| | | |mandible | |

|Digastric (biventer) anterior|Lower border of mandible near midline |Intermediate tendon |Elevates hyoid bone and base of tongue, depresses |Trigeminal V |

|belly | | |mandible | |

|Digastric (biventer) |Mastoid notch of temporal bone |Intermediate tendon |Moves hyoid bone back |Facial VII |

|Posterior belly | | | | |

|Sternocleidomastoid |Manubrium and medial third of clavicle |Mastoid process |Rotates head to same side, elevates chin, and |C2 and C2, spinal |

| | | |flexes vertebral column |accessory, XI |

|DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK |

|Erector Spinae |Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar |Angle of the last 6 or 7 ribs |Extension of vertebral column |Spinal nerves dorsal |

|(Sacrospinalis) |vertebrae and T11,12 | | |rami |

|--iliocoastalis | | | | |

|thoracicus | | | | |

|lumborum | | | | |

| --longissimus |Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar |Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae |Extension of vertebral column |Spinal nerves dorsal |

|dorsi |vertebrae and T11,12 | | |rami |

| --spinalis dorsi |Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar |Spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae |Extension of vertebral column |Spinal nerves dorsal |

| |vertebrae and T11,12 | | |rami |

|MUSCLES OF THORACIC WALL |

|External intercostal |Inferior border of rib above |Superior border of rib below |Elevates rib cage/inspiration |Intercostal |

|Internal intercostal |Superior border of rib below |Inferior border of rib above |Depresses rib cage/expiration |Intercostal |

Exercise 17: Histology of Nervous Tissue

3. Know the basic cell structure of a multipolar neuron:

a. Cell body

b. Nucleus

c. Nucleolus

d. Axon hillock

e. Dendrite

f. Axon

g. Schwann cells and myelin sheath

h. Nodes of Ranvier

i. Telodendria

j. Axon Terminals=Synaptic end bulbs

4. Distinguish between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons

5. What is another word for a sensory neuron?

6. What is another word for a motor neuron?

7. What are association, or interneurons?

8. Learn the histology of nerves, and identify the following structures on a microscope slides; drawings; and models if available in lab:

a. epineurium

b. perineurium

c. endoneurium

d. fascicle

e. axon

f. myelin sheath

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