DNA Exam Review Sheet



DNA Exam Review Sheet Name_______________

Prd.____Date________

Part 1. Vocabulary

1. Nucleotide

2. Base Pairing

3. Replication

4. Transcription

5. Translation

6. messenger RNA

7. transfer RNA

8. Codon

9. Anticodon

10. Transformation

Part 2. DNA Structure

Draw and label all the following parts of a nucleotide: Deoxyribose, Phosphate, Nitrogen Base: See pg. 296

What is the difference between Purine and Pyrimidine nitrogen bases? (see pg. 296-297)

Draw a diagram of the double helix shape of a DNA molecule: See pg. 298

What are some differences between DNA and RNA? Fill in the following chart:

DNA RNA

Made in the nucleus, but

Leaves nucleus and

Goes to Ribosome

Stays in Nucleus

Double-stranded double

Helix shape

Single-stranded

Has nitrogen bases: G, A, T, C

Has nitrogen bases: G, A, U, C

Has the sugar Deoxyribose

Has the sugar Ribose

What are some differences between messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA):

mRNA tRNA

Made in nucleus, but leaves

Nucleus and goes to

Ribosome

Floats around freely in the

Cytoplasm of the cell

Picks up amino acids in the

Cell and brings them

To the ribosomes

mRNA tRNA

Carries the genetic code from

The DNA to the

Ribosome

Single-stranded shape

Twisted shape with one end

To attach amino acids

And another end (the

Terminal end) with 3 bases

Contains the Codon

Contains the Anticodon

Part 3: DNA Replication

DNA is responsible for 2 important things in the cell: DNA Replication which provides new cells with their own copy of DNA, and the production of Proteins (Protein Synthesis).

Study the following diagram and be able to answer questions about the process. (See Pg. 301)

[pic]

In DNA Replication, what is the role of these enzymes:

DNA Helicases

DNA Polymerases

Fill in the following sequence of DNA to replace its missing sides:

C –

G –

T –

A –

C –

C –

T –

A –

G –

G –

C –

A –

C –

A –

T –

G –

C –

A –

Why does DNA replicate? Be specific

Part 4: Protein Synthesis

1. What are proteins and why are they important in cells?

2. What are amino acids?

3. What determines the differences between proteins of a cow and a human?

4. Protein Synthesis in a cell begins with a process call Transcription: the making of a messenger RNA molecule. What does the word Transcription mean?

Study the following diagram of the process of Transcription:

In the space to the side of this diagram, list the steps involved in Transcription (making a strand of mRNA):

[pic]

1. What is happening in the diagram labeled “B”?

2. What is happening in the diagram labeled “C”?

3. In the diagram labeled “D”, where is the mRNA strand going?

4. What is happening in the diagram labeled “E”?

Fill in the following mRNA strand if it is attached to the right side of this DNA molecule:

DNA:

-T

-A

-G

-G

-C

-A

-C

-A

-T

-G

-C

-A

The second step in the making of a protein is called Translation. Here the code provided by the messenger RNA is “translated” into the code of a protein.

Study the diagram on pages 308 and 309: Write an explanation and draw each of the steps involved below: Label each of the following CLEARLY in your diagram: mRNA, tRNA, Ribosome, amino acids, Peptide bonds, Codon, and Anticodon

Fill in the missing tRNA anticodons for this mRNA strand:

mRNA:

A-

U-

G-

U-

U-

A-

G-

C-

C-

A-

U-

A-

C-

C-

G-

Using the chart on page 307, answer the following questions. What would the sequence of amino acids be for the following mRNA sequence:

AUG UAU CGA GGG AAU GCG

A. Acid:

AUG is called an “initiator” or “start” codon. It also brings one amino acid, which is always the first amino acid of any protein. What amino acid is it?

What are the 3 codes for the “Stop” codon?

What amino acid do these bring to the protein chain?

What are the two main functions of a DNA molecule?

1.

2.

These scientists each performed experiments related to our study of DNA and its’ function in a cell. Describe each experiment and how it was significant to our understanding of DNA:

Dr. Frederick Griffith:

Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod:

Hershey and Chase (Waring Blender Experiment):

Rosalind Franklin:

James Watson and Francis Crick:

DNA Fingerprinting & Genetic Engineering

Define the following terms:

Restriction Enzyme:

DNA Ligase:

Recombinant DNA:

Recognition Site:

Gel Electrophoresis:

Explain how Gel Electrophoresis enables researchers to determine how many fragments of DNA there is in a sample of DNA as well as how long each fragment is:

The following diagram represents an electrophoresis gel. Indicate on the following diagram where the DNA fragments will migrate. You must indicate DNA pieces of the following lengths: 100 bp, 250 bp, 525 bp, 750 bp, and 950 bp. Be sure and indicate the well where the DNA is loaded and the positive electrode location. Note: the 100 bp fragment is shown for you already.

Use the following data for your analysis:

100 bp will travel 10 cm

200 bp will travel 9 cm

300 bp will travel 8 cm

400 bp will travel 7 cm

500 bp will travel 6 cm

600 bp will travel 5 cm

700 bp will travel 4 cm

800 bp will travel 3 cm

900 bp will travel 2 cm

1000 bp will travel 1 cm

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In the space below, write the steps involved in DNA replication:

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