Biology Standard 1



Biology Standard 1.1

Clarifying Objectives

Bio.1.1.1

Summarize the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells (including  the nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes) and ways that these organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell. 

Bio.1.1.2

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their general structures (plasma membrane and genetic material) and degree of complexity. 

Bio.1.1.3

Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms. 

Biol 1.1.1 | |Biol 1,1,2 | |Biol 1.1.3 | | |Explain |Cell wall |Compare |Chloroplast |Compare |Differentiation | |Identify |Chloroplast |Infer |DNA |Explain |DNA | |Summarize |DNA |Use |Eukaryotic |Identify |Embryonic cells | | |Enzyme | |Mitochondria |Infer |Multicellular | | |Homeostasis | |Nucleus |Recall |Stem cells | | |Mitochondria | |Plasma membrane | |Unicellular | | |Nucleus | |Plasmid | | | | |Organelle | |Prokaryotic | | | | |Plasma membrane | |Ribosome | | | | |Ribosome | |RNA | | | | |Vacuole | |Vacuole | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Key Terms

Big Ideas

• Cells are organized.

• Plants and animals, and eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are different based upon structure and function.

• Cells in multicellular organisms are differentiated based upon DNA.

• Organelle structure and cell structure are the basis of their functions.

• Microscopes are useful tools to see cell structure.

Essential Questions

1.      How are cells organized?

2.       What are the differences in plant and animal cells?

3.      Identify and describe the following cell organelles: nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes.

4.         How does structure relate to the function of a cell’s organelle?

5.         What are the two general types of cells? Describe each.

6.         What is the proper order of steps when using a light microscope?

7.         How are cells specialized? What causes stem cells to become specialized?

8.         How do cells communicate with one another?

9.         How does structure relate to the function of a cell?

Part 1 - Cell Structure

Getting the Idea

While living organisms share a few common structures and functions, they exhibit an amazing diversity of sizes, shapes, and features. The same is true of cells, the basic units of structure and function in all organisms. Each cell is a complete system that carries out all the processes necessary for life. All cells, both single-celled organisms and cells that are part of larger organisms, have some features in common. However, cells also have a wide range of specialized structures that aid in their survival.

Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells

The two basic types of cells are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Each kind of cell performs similar functions in the same ways. Both kinds of cells are enclosed by an outer structure called a plasma membrane. Both are filled with cytoplasm and contain structures called ribosomes, in which proteins are synthesized. How then do the two kinds of cells differ? You can see some of the differences in the diagram below.

[pic]

One obvious difference is that the eukaryotic cell is more complex than the prokaryotic cell. The two kinds of cells have very different internal structures. For example, the eukaryotic cell has a distinct nucleus and other cell structures, called organelles, that are enclosed within membranes. Organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are called eukaryotes. The cells of eukaryotes are larger than prokaryotic cells. A typical eukaryotic cell ranges in size from about 2 to 100 micrometers. By contrast, most prokaryote cells are only 0.5 to 2 micrometers in size.

Organelles are cell structures that are specialized for different functions. Each type of organelle has a structure that is suited to its function. You will learn more about how organelle structure is related to function as you read about the different types of organelles.

Many eukaryotic organisms consist of large numbers of cells that work together. Plants, animals, protists, and fungi are all eukaryotes. All plants and animals, and some protists and fungi, are multicellular, or made up of many cells. In eukaryotes, the organelles interact to carry out most of the cell's life processes.

Notice that the prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are prokaryotes. In prokaryotes, most of the processes of life occur in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the thick, semifluid material that is enclosed by the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes, the cytoplasm contains the nucleus and the organelles that carry out most of the cell's life processes. For example, eukaryotes have specialized organelles that release energy. In prokaryotes, the processes that release energy occur in the cytoplasm or the plasma membrane. All prokaryotes are one-celled organisms—either bacteria or archaea.

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Key Terms

cell

eukaryote

Organelle

prokaryote

cytoplasm

nucleus

nuclear membrane

chromosome

plasmid

plasma membrane

ribosome

mitochondria

cell wall

chloroplast

vacuole

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