Chapter 10 – Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
In order to create proteins (which are used to express traits) a number of steps must be followed:
1) _______________ is used as a blueprint to make _______________.
2) _______________ then directs the making of _________________.
DNA vs. RNA
|Sugars: | | |
|Structure: | | |
|Location: | | |
|Bases: | | |
|Types: | | |
There are 2 stages needed for using DNA to make RNA to make proteins, they are:
A) _____________________ – DNA is rewritten as RNA.
B) ______________________ – 3 types of RNA work together to turn amino acids into proteins.
Terms to Know:
Genetic Code – ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Codon – _________________________________________________________________________
There are _______ possible combinations of three letter nucleotides, but only _______ amino acids.
DNA to RNA (Transcription)
Four Steps: (similar to DNA Replication)
________________________________ binds to the “start” codon of DNA.
________________________________ unwinds and separates the two strands of DNA.
________________________________ adds and links new nucleotides together and continues until a “stop” codon is reached. (The base pairing is _____________ and _____________)
4) The new __________ strand leaves the nucleus and the __________ rejoins back together.
DNA Replication vs. Transcription
|Enzymes used: | | |
|Nucleotide Type: | | |
|Number of Strands made: | | |
|Number of Templates: | | |
The Genetic Code:
* Many different _______________ strand’s are made during transcription.
* Each mRNA strand has _______________ for a different type of protein.
* The instructions are written in sets of three nucleotides called _______________.
* Each codon stands for a specific _______________.
* When enough amino acids are joined they form a _______________.
Key Codons Include: AUG = methionine = “__________” UGA, UAA, UAG = “__________”
B) RNA to Protein
Translation requires the use of three different types of RNA:
a) _______________ b) _______________ c) _______________
Translation occurs in_______________, which are made of two parts called the large and small subunits.
The Seven Steps:
The ribosome subunits, the mRNA and the tRNA all bind together at the “_______________.”
A second tRNA binds to the “_______________.”
The amino acids on the top of the tRNA’s form a _________ _________when close together.
The tRNA at the “P-site” breaks away, but leaves its _________ _________ behind.
The tRNA at the “A-site” moves to the “P-site” and a __________ tRNA enters the “A-site.”
Steps 3-5 repeat.
Translation ends when a “_______________” codon is reached, then all parts break up.
* All of the amino acids that were joined stay together to become a protein.
** Proteins are used to express all genes.
Mutations
Gene mutations result from changes in a ___________________ gene. Chromosomal mutations involve changes whole ______________________.
Gene Mutation
________________________ – Affect one nucleotide thus occurring at a single point on the gene. Usually one nucleotide is substituted for another nucleotide.
_________________________ – Inserting an extra nucleotide or deleting a nucleotide causes the entire code to “shift”.
Chromosomal Mutations
__________________ – Part of a chromosome is deleted
__________________ – part of a chromosome is duplicated
__________________ – chromosome twists and inverts the code.
__________________ – Genetic information is traded between nonhomologous chromosomes.
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