Chapter 13: DNA, RNA, and Proteins
[Pages:83]Chapter 13: DNA, RNA, and Proteins
Lecture Notes
13.1 THE STRUCTURE OF DNA
EQ: HOW DOES THE STRUCTURE OF DNA RELATE TO ITS FUNCTION?
? Known since the late 1800s:
1.Heritable information is carried in discrete units called genes
2.Genes are parts of structures called chromosomes
3.Chromosomes are made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein
? KEY CONCEPT: DNA was identified as the genetic material through a series of experiments.
? Transformed bacteria revealed the link between genes and DNA
? F. Griffith worked with two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria
? S strain caused pneumonia when injected into mice, killing them
? R strain did not cause pneumonia when injected
Griffith Transformation Experiment
Mouse injected w/bacteria Results
Conclusions
R strain does not cause pneumonia
S strain does cause pneumonia
Heat-killed S strain does not cause pneumonia
Substance from heatkilled S strain can transform harmless R strain into deadly S strain
Genes Are Made of DNA
? Deductions from Griffith's experiment (1920s)
? Living safe bacteria (R strain) were changed by something in the dead (but normally disease-causing) S strain
? The living R strain bacteria were transformed by genetic material released by the S strain
? Later findings by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty (1940s)
? The transforming molecule from the S strain was DNA
Avery's Experiments
? Avery identified DNA as the transforming principle.
? Avery isolated and purified Griffith's transforming principle.
? Avery performed three tests on the transforming principle.
? Qualitative tests showed DNA was present. ? Chemical tests showed the chemical makeup matched
that of DNA. ? Enzyme tests showed only DNA-degrading enzymes
stopped transformation.
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