DNA, RNA, Replication, Transcription and Translation



DNA, RNA, Replication, Transcription and TranslationDNA/RNACarry genetic informationAll organisms share the same genetic code (nitrogenous bases)Made of a chain of nucleotidesNucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen baseThe sugars and phosphates link to make the sugar phosphate backbone and the Nitrogen bases are held in the middle by hydrogen bondsDNARNADouble stranded/helixSingle stranded/helixSugar is deoxyriboseSugar is riboseRemains in the nucleusCan leave the nucleusCodes for proteins/RNACopy of DNA informationFour Base Pairs: ATCGFour Base Pairs: AUCGAdenine AdenineThymineUracilGuanineCytosineCytosineGuanine451802516510Review Questions1. In DNA, what does Adenine pair with? Thymine2. In DNA, what does Cytosine pair with? Guanine3. What three things do nucleotides contain? Sugar, Phosphate and nitrogen base4. What is the sugar called in RNA? Ribose5. What is the sugar called in DNA? DeoxyriboseReplicationOccurs in Interphase’s s phaseReplication occurs in both directionsThe process used by cells to copy DNA, making an identical strand of DNAEnzyme unzips DNA and each side of the ladder, and acts as a template for the building of the complementary strandUse the Nitrogen Base Pairing RulesA-T, C-GTACGGAC (old strand)ATGCCTG (new strand)CodonSequence of three mRNA nucleotides that code for an amino acid4352925-113030TranscriptionThe process of making RNA from DNA DNA> mRNA (occurs in the nucleus)TACGGAC (template DNA strand)AUGCCUG (RNA Built)1. RNA polymerase binds to and separates the DNA strands at promoter sitesPromoter- 3 base sequence that serves as a starting and ending points for RNA to be made.2. RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to make the complementary strand of DNAThree types of RNA have a role in protein synthesis1. mRNA- messenger: blueprint for how to build protein2. tRNA-transfer: carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes3. rRNA-ribosomal: makes up a ribosome, where protein is made342900065405Review Questions1. What does semi conservative mean?The replicated copy of DNA has one new side and one Old side2. How many nucleotides code for an amino acid? 33. What is the process of making RNA from DNA?TranscriptionTranslation4886325213360The process of building a protein by matching codons in mRNA to anticodons of tRNA (use codon chart)mRNA>protein (occurs on ribosomes)1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome2. Starting at codon “AUG”, ribosome reads each codonCodon= 3 nucleotides3. For each codon, an amino acid is brought into the ribosome by tRNAEach tRNA molecule carries only one kind of amino acidEach tRNA has the anticodon, that is complementary to one mRNa codon4. A peptide bond forms between each amino acid as it is brought into the ribosome> polypeptide chain5. tRNA is released6. Polypeptide chain stops growing when the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNAPolypeptide (protein) & mRNA are released from the ribosomeReminders:3 nucleotides= 1 codon=1 amino acid20 different amino acidsProteins are determined by the sequence of amino acids Review Questions1. What are the segments of DNA that code for proteins or traits? Exons, codons, genes2. What is the process of making RNA from DNA? transcription3. How many different amino acids are there? 20What is the 1st step in protein synthesis? transcriptionWhat is the 2nd step in protein synthesis? translationWhat is mRNA>proteins at the ribosome? translationWhat is converting DNA>mRNA in the nucleus? TranscriptionWhich of these changes to the DNA triplet TCG will affect a protein produced?AGTb. TCAc. TCCd. AGA Cell Division General Haploid – having one set of chromosomes (n) – gametes – sperm/eggDiploid – having two sets of chromosomes (2n) – body cells – one set is maternal and one is paternalPlants cells do not have centrioles to do cell divisionSteps to cell DivisionInterphaseCell spends most of its time = resting phaseSteps1. G1- cell grows2. S – DNA is synthesized3. G2- all other organelles are copiedSteps of Mitosis 1. Prophase- nuclear membrane breaks down2. Metaphase chromatids line up in the middle3. Anaphase- sister chromatids are pulled apart4. Telophase- plants = cell plate animals = cleavage furrowCytokinesis- separation of cell (not a step of mitosis)*** asexual reproduction – a type of reproduction that only involves one parent cell. Daughter cells look identical to the parent cell. Examples include: Mitosis, Binary fission in bacteria, cloning, regeneration, and budding. Advantage – quicker, requires less energy, mass productionDisadvantage – less variation, no genetic diversity, more difficult to evolveREVIEW QUESTIONS1. When does the replication of DNA occur? What is this phase called?S phase of Interphase2. What happens during G1 and G2?G1- cell grows G2- organelles are copied and the nucleus prepares to divide3. What stage does the cell spend most of its life in? _______Interphase____________4. What does the cell do during this time?G1- cell grows G2- organelles are copied and the nucleus prepares to divide S- DNA replicates445389046355Mitosis OverviewProduces two identical diploid daughter cellsOccurs in body cells to grow and repairDNA coils to form chromosomes during cell divisionCancer / mutationsCaused when mitosis/cell cycle cannot be stoppedMass accumulation of cells none as a tumorThere is an error somewhere in replication, transcription, translationCannot be passed from parent to offspring unless located on the gametes (egg or sperm)01143005. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order. Then Name them. 1st: ___C________ called ____Interphase_______2nd: ___B________ called ____Prophase3rd: ___E________ called _____Metaphase4th: ___A________ called _____Anaphase5th: ____D_______ called Telophase/ Cytokinesis6. How many chromosomes do humans have in their…Body cells? ___46_____ Goal 3: Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of organisms over time. 30-35%3.01: Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis (transcription and translation), and gene regulation. -285750-1149351. Below is a strand of DNA. (Chapter 12) DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – what needs to be added to it to make it a double helix? Give the complementary nucleotide sequence. __C___ _T____G_ __G____ _C_____T ______ ______4248150-6610352. Describe the structure of DNA. What are the black pentagons? _Deoxyrobose, a 5 carbon sugar__________ What are the nitrogen bases? __adenine, thymine cytosine and guanine__________ What weak bonds hold the complementary bases together? __hydrogen_Bonds____3. If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be? __GUGGCU4. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA? (read from right to left)___valine, alanine_______________________________________________________5. What is a codon? A triplet of RNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid6. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table.RNA DNASugarsribosedeoxyriboseBasesGuanine, cytosine, adenine and uracilGuanine, cytosine, adenine and thymineStrandssingledoubleWhereIn CellcytoplasmnucleusFunctionCodes for proteinsCarries all genetic information7. What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? ___peptide___8. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?1) ___messenger RNA carries code from DNA to ribosomes__________________________________2) ___transfer RNA transfers amino acids to the ribosomes_________________________________3) _____site of translation , it IS the ribosome_____________________9. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? ______hydrogen__________________10. Why is it important that these bonds be weak? So that they can “unzip” for replication and making mRNA11. Describe the process of DNA replication. What enzyme breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between bases? ________DNA Helicase__________________How many pieces of DNA are made? ___2_____ What does semi-conservative mean? One side of copied strand is the original and the other side is a new strand0317512. Describe the process of protein synthesis: What is transcription? DNA copies its code onto mRNA13. What is translation? Coding for specific amino acids14. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs? A base sequence changes15. How does this affect the mRNA? mRNA will also change accordingly16. How can this affect translation? It might code for a different amino acid OR it might not4648200-70167517. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein? _it might change the protein or shorten the amino acid chain___________Cell Cycle Look at the diagram of the cell cycle. 18. When does the replication of DNA occur? What is this phase called?S phase of interphase19. What do GI and G2 represent?Growth phases20. What stage does the cell spend most of its life in? ___interphase________________What does the cell do during this time? Grows, replicates and goes about the general cell business02540021. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)? (Y/N?)noGene Expression and Regulation 22. In the diagram to the left, what is the role of the RNA polymerase?Causes the RNA to attach to DNA23. What is the role of the repressor? Stop RNA polymerase from attaching RNA to DNA24. The gene codes for lactase, an enzyme that digests milk sugar (lactose). 25. When lactose is present what happens to the repressor?Stops working26. When the repressor does not attach to the repressor region of the gene, what happens to gene expression?Lactase is formed27. If all the cells in an organism (cells with nuclei) have the same DNA, explain, in terms of genes, how a nerve cell functions differently from a muscle cell. Nerve cells are coded genetically to be long and sensitive to electrical stimuli in order to carry messages28. Why do pancreas cells produce insulin in great amounts but blood cells does not? Blood cells have other jobs and are genetically coded for them29. What is cancer? What are some causes of cancer? Rapidly growing cells. The cell cycle is not checked 3.02 Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction. 30-31. Complete the following Chart of Mitosis and Meiosis. MITOSISMEIOSISType of reproduction(Asexual or sexual)AsexualSexualChromosome number of mother cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)DiploidDiploidChromosome number of daughter cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)DiploidHaploidNumber of cell divisionsOneTwoNumber of cells producedTwoFourWhen does replication happen?Growing and developing or repairReproduction onlySOURCES OF VARIATIONMutations onlyCrossing overCrossing overNoYes33. How many chromosomes do humans have in their… Body cells? _46_______ Sex cells? ____23______34. What does Diploid mean? 2n number of chromosomes35. What does Haploid mean?1n number of chromosomes36. When does crossing over occur during Meiosis? _____prophase I________________________37. What is the major focus of Meiosis I? ______________Crossing Over___________________________________38. What is the major focus of Meiosis II? ________________Cell division into gametes__________________________ ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download