DNA- Replication, Transciption, Translation



Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation DNA→RNA→ProteinProtein Synthesis occurs in two major parts: transcription and translation. DNA _Transcription - the process of producing an RNA molecule from a DNA molecule (DNA→RNA)Occurs in the Nucleus The part of the DNA that is copied is determined on what protein_is needed to be made.Steps of DNA Transcription: 1. The DNA uncoils/ unzips 2. Hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken by an enzyme. 3. Free RNA nucleotides match the complimentary DNA nitrogen bases. 4. The phosphate of one RNA nucleotide bonds to the ribose of the next RNA nucleotide. 5. The RNA molecule leaves the DNA molecule and the DNA nitrogen bases bond together again. (zip back up).Outcome: one single stranded RNA (called mRNA).RNA Nucleotide Structure:1. Ribose2. Phosphate 3. BaseCompare DNA and RNA:DNARNA Double Strand Single Strand Deoxyribose (sugar) Ribose (sugar) Contains Thymine Contains Uracil Stays in nucleus Leaves nucleus Forms of RNA: mRNA= messenger RNACarries code of DNA bases used for protein synthesisSingle strandtRNA= transfer RNA Picks up amino acids in cytoplasm and brings them to the ribosome.Cloverleaf shape rRNA= ribosomal RNA Produces the enzymes needed to form peptide bonds. b. Globular in shape DNA Translation- the process of converting the nitrogen base code of the mRNA into sequence of Amino Acids (RNA→Protein)Occurs on the ribosome.There are 20 different amino acids determined by the codon on the mRNACodon= A sequence of nitrogen bases (humans have 64 different codonsTypes include: DNA codon, mRNA codon, and tRNA anticodon ................
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