Small Animal Coursepack 2014.doc.docx



UNIT A-LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENTEssential Standard 1.00 Demonstrate leadership qualities through participation in the small animal care instructional program.Objective 1.01 Discuss leadership qualities desired by the small animal care industry.Leadership QualitiesIntegrity_______________________________________________________________________Courage______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Management_______________________________________________________________________Unselfishness_______________________________________________________________________Loyalty_______________________________________________________________________Enthusiasm______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Plan_______________________________________________________________________Knowledge_______________________________________________________________________Tact_______________________________________________________________________Components of the Program__________________________________________________Provides opportunities to explore interests, gain work experiences, and keep records__________________________________________________Studying and learning subject matter in the classroom.__________________________________________________Learning by demonstration and practice in shops, greenhouses, nurseries, and other settings.__________________________________________________The organization that develops leadership, citizenship skills, and student ability in parliamentary law.-Includes ________________________________________________________-Communication skills are developed through speaking and CDEs such as public speaking, creed, parliamentary procedure, agricultural sales, and oral reasons.Other Agricultural Agencies__________________________________________________Educational agency of the USDA and part of the university system-Sponsors 4-H clubs to enhance personal development and provide skill development for agricultural youth.Objective 1.02 Use public speaking techniques to deliver a speech.Types of SpeechesInformative_______________________________________________________________________Persuasive_______________________________________________________________________Integrate_______________________________________________________________________Methods of Presentations_____________________________________The speech is written and learned._____________________________________Little or no formal preparationVariables to consider..._____________________________________Why are you giving the speech?_____________________________________What group is hearing the speech?_____________________________________What is the event?_____________________________________What is the speech?_____________________________________How is the speech written or organized?Variables in Oral DeliveryVoice______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Stage presence______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Power of expression_______________________________________________________________________Response to questions______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________General effect_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Speech OutlineIntroduction_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Body______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Conclusion______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Choosing a TopicShould be of interest to the ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Takes into consideration the __________________ of the audience and the _______________ the speech should be important to the audience.Objective 1.03 Use Robert’s Rules of Order to conduct an orderly transaction of business. What is Parliamentary Procedure?Parliamentary procedure is ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Parliamentary procedure is governed by __________________________________________________________________________________________________________Parliamentary LawRobert’s Rule of OrderRules for _______________________________________________________________Assures that all sides are _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Main Objective:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Methods of Voting_____________________________Aye (pronounced “I”) or No_____________________________Standing or show of hands_____________________________Often used for elections or nominations_____________________________Each member is asked to state voteVotingSingle majority___________________________________________ of the votes castTwo-thirds majority_______________________________________ must be for the motionusually used when the ____________________________________________________Quorum_______________________________________________________________________Gavel__________________________________________________Meaning of the taps1 tap means ______________________________________________2 taps means _____________________________________________3 taps means _____________________________________________Series of taps____________________________________________________Rank of MotionsMost motions are made when _______________________________________________Motions must be higher ranking or arise out of a motion to be made when a motion is on the floor______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________MotionsMain MotionUsed to get group approval for a _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________Wording: _______________________ NOT “I make a motion”_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________AmendmentsUsed to _____________________________________3 ways to amend: _____________________________________Wording: “I move to amend the motion”_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________AdjournUsed to _____________________________________Wording: “I move to adjourn”_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Appeal____________________________________________________________Wording: “I appeal the decision of the chair”_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Point of OrderUsed when one believes a _____________________________________Wording: “I rise to a point of order”_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Division of the House_____________________________________Wording: “I call for a division of the house.”_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Lay on the table_______________________________________________________________Motion must be _____________________________________at the next meeting to be discussedWording: “I move to lay this motion on the table”_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Previous questionUsed to _____________________________________Wording: “I move to previous question”_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Refer to committeeUsed to ________________________________________________________Wording: “I move to refer this motion to a committee to report at our next meeting.”_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Essential Standard 2.00 Develop career objectives by implementing a Supervised Agricultural Experience program.Objective 2.01 Explore types of SAE programs.Factors in selecting a careerStandard of living-________________________________________________________Personal contacts-______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Location of employmentYour interest, likes, and dislikes_______________________________________________________________________________Working hours and time for leisure_______________________________________________________________________Your health & happinessSteps in selecting a careerConsider your ___________________________________________________________Narrow the searchStudy the _______________________________________________________________Plan for an alternative occupationPrepare a career planBe willing to pay the price for successEducationDedicationGet work experience___________________________________________________________________________School-to-work PlanFor a school-to-work plan to be effective it must be ______________________________Objective 2.02 Use an appropriate SAE record system to substantiate SAE activities.Elements of a Financial (Net Worth) StatementCurrent AssetsItems quickly converted to cash or that will be sold within 12 months__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Non-current AssetsItems that have a useful life or more than one year______________________________________________________________________________________Total assets=_____________________________+__________________________________Current LiabilitiesAccounts and notes payable, this year’s part of non-current liabilities________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Non-Current Liabilities________________________________________________________________________Total liabilities=_______________________________+_______________________________Net Worth or owner’s equity=________________________________________________________________________________________=total assets/net worthUsed by banks and lending institutions to decide whether or not to lend money to specific people or businessesUNIT B- THE SMALL ANIMAL CARE INDUSTRYEssential Standard 3.00 Discuss the importance of the small animal industry.Objective 3.01 Discuss careers and skills needed for employment in the small animal care industry.Benefits of Small AnimalsEconomic___________________________ to national economyCompanions to ____________________ of American FamiliesChildren learn responsibilityImproves quality of life for elderlyProduct testingDevelop ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Pet therapyRelieve ________________________________________________Reduces _______________________________________________Watch dogs, police dogs, seeing eye dogs__________________________________Low in cholesterol, sodium and fatFur and woolExhibitionRabbits provide multiple benefitsPetsFoodClothing ResearchEconomicsRetail pet stores_______________________________________________________________Biomedical researchSupported by _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ small animalsEducation6 million used for ___________________________________________4 million small animals used in the LD50 testAmericans spending on pets__________________________________________________Veterinary expenses_________________________________ annually______________________________________________$9.3 billion______________________________________________$2.7 billionDogs require twice as much for ____________________________________________Pet food manufacturers produce ______________________ in sales (2006).General Pet Ownership________________________more cats than dogs (___________________________)Each owner averages ____________________________________________More households have __________________________________________________Fish, birds, and rabbits rank third, fourth, and fifth respectively.Job Types in the Small Animal IndustryCare and management industryPetsLab animalsZoo animalsHealthTrainingBiological SciencesFood and equipment supplyPharmaceutical and biotechnology researchHospitalsUniversitiesDiagnostic LabsPrivate firmsExhibitorsOperates animals actsCarnivalsCircusFairs (Cleveland County Fair)ZooMarine mammal displaysCare and Management JobsPet care workerBoarding kennelsAnimal hospitalsSheltersPet storesTraining schoolsPet grooming parlorsKennel attendants_______________________________________________________________CleansAnimal groomersBathes, brushes & trims hair and nailsDog trainersTeaches the dog to _______________________________________________Small Animal BreedersRaises & markets ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________Usually specialized for one breedPet shop owners and managersDealersSell lab animalsResearcheducationVeterinarians (DVM)Control animal injuries and diseaseDisease preventionInspection_________________________________________________________SurgeryEstablish dietsPrescribe medicationsVet. TechniciansAssist veterinarians and other staffSkills needed:Previous experience as a keeperPart-time volunteer workSheltersPet shopsclinicsObjective 3.02 Discuss medical terminology used by those working in the veterinarian phase of the small animal care industry.Medical TerminologyComponents of medical terminologyPrefixBeginning of the word indicating:NumberLocationTimeStatusRoot wordsWord part that gives the fundamental meaning of a wordSuffixesWord part at the end of a word indicating:ProcedureConditionDiseaseDisorderMedical Prefixesa-, an- ________________________________________________________________Anemia- without bloodanti- _________________________________________________________________Antiseptic- against infectionbi- ___________________________________________________________________Bilateral- two sidesdys- _________________________________________________________________Dysentery- abnormal infection of the colonpre- __________________________________________________________________Preoperative- before surgerycarp_______________________________________________________________carpel- pertaining to the wrist cardi_______________________________________________________________cardiology- study of the heart dors_______________________________________________________________dorsal- relating to the backdent, odont_______________________________________________________________dentist- person who works with teethGastr_______________________________________________________________gastronomy- surgical opening of the stomachGingiv_______________________________________________________________gingivitis- inflammation of the gumsphleb, ven_______________________________________________________________phlebotomist- person who obtains blood from veinsMedical Suffixesalgia_______________________________________________________________arthralgia- painful jointscentesis_______________________________________________________________Cytocentesis- removing fluid from the bladderitis_______________________________________________________________bronchitisrrhea_______________________________________________________________diarrheaPositional TerminologyVentral________________________________________________________________Cranial________________________________________________________________Anterior_______________________________________________________________Posterior______________________________________________________________Dorsal________________________________________________________________Caudal________________________________________________________________Dorsal (frontal) plane ____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Transversal plane _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________00General Terminology (Write a definition for each of the following terms.)Antisepsis ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Biopsy ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Catheterization ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Clutch _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Colostrum ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Contact transmission ____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Endogenous ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Exogenous ____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Incubation ____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Infectious disease ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Pocket pets ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Preventative health care programs _________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Quarantine ____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Spaying ______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Zoonoses _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Neutering _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Essential Standard 4.00 Explore social issues related to working with small animals.Objective 4.01 Summarize animal rights and animal welfare. Animal RightsNot the same as animal welfare.Media may wrongly use the two terms interchangeably.Modern Animal Rights Movement_______________________________animal rights groups exist today.Came into prominence in the ______________________________________________Initially made up of _______________________________________________, many of whom were ____________________________________.Animal Rights BeliefsAnimals have same rights as humans (____________________________________________________________________________________________________________)Use of animals for human purpose is wrong and suggests that ___________________ _____________________________________________________________________Animals should not be used for:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ is often used to prevent people from using animals.PETA_____________________________________________________________________Largest animal rights group in the world with over ______________________________Since 1980, it has been dedicated to establishing and protecting rights of animals.Animal WelfareAnimal domestication dates back to _________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Early U.S. used animals for food, clothing, shelter, transportation, and horsepower.Animal Welfare (Religious)______________________________________ that God gave man dominion over animals including use and careGenesis 1:26Various religions use animal sacrifice and detail how to humanely slaughter the animal.Animal Welfare (Legal)Animal welfare influenced early lawsLaws protecting animals were present before _________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Animal Welfare BeliefsHumane treatment of animalsProper _______________________________________________________________Proper care for _________________________________________________________and treatment for injuries______________________________________________________ should be done in a humane wayObjective 4.02 Demonstrate safe work habits and techniques used when working with small animals.ZoonosesA disease that can be transmitted from ______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Example: RabiesRabiesA viral diseaseAffects the nervous systemContracted by:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ is recommended when in doubt93% of reported bites were from wild animalsChildren five to nine receive the most animals bitesMost domestic animals are not infected if vaccinated regularlyToxoplasmosisDisease from Toxoplasma gondii parasiteUsually carried by catsInfected by ingesting ______________________________________________Spread by:_______________________________________________________________Contaminated ___________________________________________________Affects those with suppressed immune systemConcern for pregnant women_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Prevention:Disposable gloves when cleaning litter boxThoroughly washing handsRingwormFungal diseaseSkin lesion: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Spread by _____________________________________________________________Indirectly by equipmentTreatment:Iodine soap or antifungal drugsPsittacosis (Parrot Fever)Contracted by caged birds of the Psittacosis familyTransmitted through _____________________________________________________BacteriaPrevention:Wear dust maskEliminating mites and liceSpraying disinfectantsCat-scratch feverNon-seriousCat bites and scratchesSymptoms:_______________________________________________________________Treated with antibioticsAffected area may be slow to healSamonellosisCaused by the Salmonella bacteriaChildren and elderly most at riskSymptoms appear 12-72hrs after infection:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Pet __________________________________________________________________Most likely to infect humansStreptococcalBacteriaResults in sore throatCan be _______________________________________________________________Treated with penicillinRocky Mountain Spotted FeverCause _______________________________________________________________FeverHeadachesNausea & VomitingSkin rashDeath if not treatedPrimarily passed by the American dog tick6 other species can carry the diseaseLyme DiseaseFirst case in 1969 in WisconsinNamed in 1977Lyme ConnecticutChildren developed ______________________________________________Bacterial disease (Borrelia burgdurferi)Distinctive ____________________________________________________________Flu like symptomsPainful jointsFatigue may last for monthsCan damage internal organs without antibiotics used as treatmentVaccines can be administeredParasitesGain subsistence from a host organismCan be ________________________ or _____________________________Children are most at risk because __________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________TicksSeven species carry Rocky Mountain Spotted feverFive species carry Lyme diseaseRoundwormsAscarids (Toxocara species) & HookwormsAffect dogs and catsMay be passed to humansFeverHeadache______________________________________________________________ most effective preventative methodTapewormOccasionally carried by dogs and catsAlveolar Hydatid Disease (AHD)RarePotentially fatal (50-70%)_______________________________________________________________May go unnoticed for yearsAvoid hand to mouth contactWorking with Animals SafelyFrequently wash hands and use protective clothing to __________________________ ______________________________________.Separate sick animals and treat in separate areas.Do not eat, drink, or store food and drink in treatment areas.Never wash lab coats and protective clothing with regular clothes.Protective Clothing______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ should be worn when handling chemicals or applying pesticides.Leather gloves help to protect from _________________________________________________________________________________________ offer some protection from bites and scratches.________________________________________ should be worn when there is a danger of inhaling toxic dust and other substances.Chemical SafetyUse chemicals according to label instructionsStore chemicals in the original containerAvoiding over-mixing and storing chemicals, but if they must be stored make sure they are in a locked location and clearly labeled.Dispose of all chemicals and their containers according to label instructions.Frequently wash hands and exposed area after using chemicals.Proper Handling TechniquesPrevent injury to the animal and the handler.Keep a first-aid kit available for workers who do suffer bites or scratches.Briefly restrain animals when needed for examination or treatment.To work around the head of a cat, wrap the animal in a blanket and place it into a __________________________________________________ so the handler can grasp the back of the head and hold the head between the thumb and fingers.Dogs are restrained by placing one arm under ________________________________ with the forearm holding the head while the other arm is placed ____________________ ______________________________________________ to pull it close to the handler. Dog muzzles can be created by ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________Rabbits can be picked up by grabbing the ____________________________________ and placing a hand under the rump for support.To hold them, simply move the hand from the _________________________________ _________________________________________Rabbits seldom bite, but can cause injury by kicking with their back legs. They may be injured if placed on a _________________________________________Foot pads are covered with fur.Can result in ___________________________________________________________Rats and mice that are used to being held may be picked up by grasping the tail close to the body and then using the other hand to grasp the loose skin in the neck and shoulder area.ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-UNIT CEssential Standard 5.00 Discuss the role of major systems of small animals.Objective 5.01 Discuss the role of major body systems of small animals.Basic Anatomy TerminologyCheek- _____________________________________________________________________Dewlap- _____________________________________________________________________Elbow- upper joint of the ________________________________________________________Flank- fleshy part of the side between _____________________________________________Foot pad- part that the animal walks onGuard hair- longer course hair above the shorter under fur _____________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the __________________________________________________Muzzle- projecting jaw _________________________________________________________Nose pad________________________________________________________________Used for investigating food and unfamiliar objectsCalled the _________________________________________________ in catsRump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter (a.k.a. croup)Shoulder- above the elbow of ____________________________________________________Stifle- joint above the __________________________________________________________Thigh- area between the ________________________________________________________Whiskers- long hairs growing near the mouthBasic Anatomy Terminology- BirdsCrown-______________________________________________________________________Ear covert-feathers covering the earsNape-_______________________________________________________________________Orbital ring-ring around the eyeBasic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and ReptilesBrille-transparent layer _________________________________________________________Eyelid for snakesFins-Web of skin supported with __________________________________________________Enables fish to move through waterGills-Major organ of the respiratory systemBreath without lungsScales-Modified portion of the ___________________________________________________Provides protectionFish and reptilesScutes-Epidermal scales found on ________________________________________________Skeletal SystemPurpose-to protect vital body organs and give form or shape to the bodySkull protects brain_____________________________________ protect lungs and internal organsSpinal column or backbone protects the ________________________________ and provides _____________________________________________________Axial skeleton________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Pectoral limbfront limbs____________________________________________________scapula _____________________________________________humerus _____________________________________________radius and ulna _______________________________________carpals, metacarpals and phalanges _______________________Pelvic limbrear legs and pelvic boneshookspin bonesfemur _______________________________________________tibia and fibula ________________________________________Tarsals ______________________________________________Metatarsals ___________________________________________Phalanges ____________________________________________Skeletal System-BirdsHave some unique bones unlike mammalsMost have a skull bone that _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Some have a skull with an upper beak fused to it while other birds have hinges on both upper and lower mandibles giving it more flexibilityInternal AnatomyHeartmajor organ in the circulatory system3 muscle layersCirculatory System________________________________________second layer muscle that makes up the thickness of the heart________________________________________thin layer inside myocardium________________________________________thin cover over the myocardiumOther parts of the circulatory system are the arteries, capillaries, veins and bloodCirculatory System- FunctionsTransports_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Protects against microbes and injuryKidneys and BladderPart of the excretory systemrids the body of wasteMaintain chemical composition__________________________________________________________regulates tissue fluidStomach and IntestinesMajor part of digestive systembreaks food down into smaller pieces to be used by the bodyNutrients are _____________________________________________________LungsPart of the respiratory systemoxygen is taken in by the nose, passed on to the lungs and then _____________ ________________________________________________________________Nervous SystemBrains, spinal cord, and nervesCoordinator of ____________________________________________________Regulates other systemsControls _________________________________________________________Reproductive systemOvaries and testes________________________________________________________________Help produce new individuals of the same speciesMuscular SystemMusclesMovementPostureSupportProduces heatDigestive SystemSingle-stomached________________________________________________________________includes all of the small animalsCatsDogsRabbitsBirdsRabbitsNon-ruminant herbivoresConsumes large amounts of roughageLarge cecum and colon between the small and large intestinescontains bacteriaRabbits eat _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Usually occurs late night or early morning Makes use of undigested material so they can make full use of bacteria in cecumBirds______________________________________________________Saliva is added to aid in swallowingVery little breakdown in the mouthGizzardLargest digestive organGrinds and crushesDigestive Process of Non-RuminantsFood is broken down in mouth (except birds)Passes to the stomachSmall Intestine__________________________________________________________Large IntestineAbsorption of WaterAddition of mucusDigestive ProcessFood is broken down in the mouth (except birds), stomach (gizzard), and then passed into the small intestine.Primary site for digestionAbsorption of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.Undigested food passes from the small intestine into the large intestine Absorption of waterAddition of mucus to aid in waste passageFish Digestive SystemSystems varyType of feed determines ____________________________________________Some fish swallow their prey whole while others chew it upReproduction in Small AnimalsSexual Reproduction is the union of egg and sperm to product a new animal.Two parents required:Male furnishes spermFemale supplies egg or ovumSexual TerminologyConception-Creation of new life by ____________________________________Union of egg and spermEstrus-___________________________________________________________Female is receptive to breedingStand for matingGestation-Period of ________________________________________________Begins at conception ends at parturitionOvulation-Release of eggParturition-Process of ______________________________________________Female Reproductive AnatomyOvaryPrimary reproductive organProduces the female gamete __________________________________GameteSex cell that unites with other sex cellsEmbryoDeveloping youngMammalsEnters uterus after ____________________________________ UterusPlace of embryo growth and developmentCervixPart of uterus that ___________________________________________Cervical mucus___________________________________________________VaginaReproductive passagewayUrine excretionVulvaExternal opening of reproductive tractMale Reproductive AnatomyTesticlePrimary organProduces male gametesExternally held in scrotum___________________________________________________SheathFold of skinProtective coveringObjective 12.02-Use principals of reproductive physiology to determine gestation characteristics in small animalsGestationTime from conception to parturition (birth)Varies for each speciesGeneral CharacteristicsIncrease size of breast and abdomen and appetiteRestlessness__________________________________________________________End of GestationPocket pets and rabbits__________________________________________________________Wood shavingsStrawPaperDogs and catsBirthing box__________________________________________________________Helps them to get comfortable with the settingSpeciesPeriod (days)CatsDogsRabbitsHamstersGerbilsRatsMiceGuinea PigFerretsEssential Standard 6.00-Examine the role of nutrition in the support of animal life.Objective 6.01-Discuss the nutritional requirements of small animals including deficiency symptoms and functions.NutritionProcess by which animals receive a proper and balanced food and water ration so it can _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________.NutrientsSubstance or feedstuff that is necessary for an organism to live and growSingle group of foods of the same general chemical composition that supports animal lifeThere are six basic nutrientsWaterMore important nutrient than any other nutrientmakes up ___________________________ of an animal’s bodyAides in ____________________________________________Dissolves and transports nutrientsRegulates body ______________________________________Carries waste from the bodySupports ____________________________________________ProteinsComplex nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogenDevelop and repairing body organs and tissuesmuscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathersProduction of ________________________________________Reproduction process of the developing fetusDeveloping the youngTransmitting _________________________________________Carbohydrates Converting of ________________________________________Made up of chemical elements____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Supports breathing and digestingProduction of heat for body warmthStores fatTypes of carbohydrates_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Fats Chemical elements ofCarbonHydrogenOxygenSame elements as __________________________________________ but different combinationsFats contain _____________________________________ more energyAid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins___________________________________________________Provides the essential fatty acids needed in an animal’s dietVitaminsOrganic substances needed for specific biochemical reactionsA,B, C, D, E and K Needed in small amountsRegulation of body glands_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized. Minerals Supply the material for building the skeleton and producing regulators such as enzymes and hormonesDivided into 2 groupsMacroMicroMacro vs. MicroMacroSeven major minerals needed in largest quantity and most likely lacking in the rationMicroNine trace minerals needed in small amountsMacro-minerals____________________________________________CalciumPotassium____________________________________________SulfurMagnesiumMicro-mineralsIron____________________________________________CopperCobalt____________________________________________ZincMolybdenum____________________________________________FluorineNutrient DeficienciesSlow growth__________________________________________________________Water deficiencyOverheatingslowdown in normal body functions occursCarbohydrateslack of energyLack of ___________________________________________________loss of ____________________________________________________ProteinsNormal growth development and repairing of body organs ex: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers suffersProtein deficiency may result AnorexiaAnemiaEdemaSlow growth rateLow birth weight of youngLower milk productionDecreased feed efficiencyFatsProvides energyaids in absorption of _________________________________________Vitaminsvarious body functions will suffer when vitamins are lackingDepends on the vitamins in questionMineral deficiency__________________________________________________________poor feed efficiencydecreased _________________________________________________decrease in milk, meat, eggs, and wool productionObjective 6.02-Distinguish between feeding programs for small animals.Nutrient Use Maintenancekeeping constantno gain or loss of weightusually high in ______________________________________________Growthincrease in body sizerations high in ______________________________________________ReproductionFailures are a major result from poor nutritionContains a large amount of protein, minerals, and vitaminsImproper nutrition can affect ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________Babies that are underweight at birth, or which become an aborted fetus are often the result of improper nutrition to female during gestationLactationTime during which females are _________________________________Requires the proper nutrients to have large milk productionDiet high in ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________The same nutrients contained in the milk are the same needed by a lactating femaleWork and activityIncreased amounts of fats and carbohydrates are needed in a working diet to supply the extra energy neededHunting dogs need special diets because they require energy to chase after gameFeeding TerminologyDiet-Feed and water that an animal usesAmount and type of feedstuff is based upon:Animal NeedsKind of and amounts of nutrients contained in feedPalatability- digestible and appeals to the animalA good nutritious feed is only good ____________________________________Feed classificationsRoughages (or forages)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Concentratesrecommended for small animals as a regular part of their dietHigh ________________________________Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oatsHigh ________________________________Soybean meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower mealSupplementscontains a specific nutrientRationfeed that contains the right amount and proportion of nutrientsSpecific DietsDogs and CatsCommercial feed is the bestPuppies need diet higher in protein than adults and food intake is regulated by activityCats need _________________________________________________10% of their diet should be ____________________________________RabbitsPellet type of commercial feed is bestAvoid feeding too much ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________Pocket PetsBest to use pellet type commercial feedIf mixing ration; should have a wide range of foodGerbilsNeed ______________________________________________ in dietRatsCan have __________________________________ substitutedFerretsCan eat ____________________________________________MiceWill not _____________________________________________Guinea pigsNeed solid food to dull their teeth and a certain amount of ___________________________________________________Amphibians & ReptilesPrefer to eat animals if large enoughTadpoleseat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat foodTurtlesPieces of ___________________________________________________Strawberries and other fruitsSnakes (in captivity)Full grown can learn to eat ______________________________Variety of insectsBaby rodentsFrogs and toadsLizardsMost eat insectsBirdsDiet mostly consists of seedsIncluding __________________________________________________Fruit and nectar birdsOrangesGrapesApple slicesFishDiet is affected by ___________________________________________Higher temperatureIncreased food intakeVariety of food should be given to _______________________________ __________________________________________________________Amount fish is fed should be amount it can eat in a few minutes to avoid __________________________________________________________Smaller fishFlaked foodLarger Fish__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-UNIT CEssential Standard 5.00 Discuss the role of major systems of small animals.Objective 5.02 Discuss the ways that disease processes affect major body systems.Infectious Diseases of DogsGroup of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganismsCanine distemperCanine parvovirus infectionKennel coughRabiesCanine brucellosisSalmonellosisCanine DistemperCaused by the inhalation of the airborne virus.Symptoms:Early-___________________________________________________________Later-___________________________________________________________Canine Parvovirus InfectionCaused by viral contact of materials contaminated with _________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Affects mostly _________________________________________________________Symptoms:VomitingBloody diarrheaRefusal to eatKennel Cough (Tracheobronchitis)__________________________________________________ contracted in confinement (pet shops, dog shows, kennels, etc.)Symptom:CoughRabiesViral disease that attacks the central nervous system.All _________________________________________________________ can transmit rabies.Symptoms--Occur 2 weeks to 3 months after bite. Severe can be within 10 days.Furious rabies-animal may act strange then wander off, attack and bite anything in its path, often frothing at the mouthDumb rabies-no wandering, but paralysis of lower jaw followed by body paralysis and deathCanine BrucellosisBacterial disease spread through breedingFemales______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Enlargement of lymph nodesMalesSwelling of ______________________________________________________SalmonellosisBacterial disease spread by ingestion of food contaminated by feces.Basic Noninfectious Diseases of DogsHeart Disease2 types________________________________________________________________________________________________________SymptomsCoughing at night during sleepCoughing during exerciseInability to exerciseOpen mouth breathing at restCataractsCause _______________________________________________________________Can be hereditary or notCan cause blindnessMore often affects ______________________________________________________ArthritisDegenerative joint disease that causes ______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Large, old and obese dogs are more prone to the disease.Basic Fungus Diseases of DogsRingwormMost common fungal disease.Symptoms:Broken hairs around the face, ears or feet.Reddened skin and scaly skin develop.Crusting and scaling in severe cases.BlastomycosisInhaling infected spores of soil enriched with _________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Symptoms:CoughingRapid breathingPneumoniaFeverInternal Parasites of DogsAscarids or RoundwormsMay grow to 8 inches in length when matureAffect mainly puppies and deprive them of nutrientsTransmitted by _________________________________________________________Severe infestation causes pot-bellied appearanceDanger to _____________________________________________________________HookwormsBlood-sucking parasites that attach to the small intestine, causing small spots of bleedingAdult worms attach to the small intestine where they digest _____________________ ______________________________________________________________________.Heavy infestations cause the animal to appear weak, listless, and anemicAffects older dogs and puppiesWhipwormsBroad at one end and narrow at the other.Use the narrow end to attach to the _________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Adults produce “shell” protected eggs that may live for years in the soil.Produce watery feces and may result in dehydration and death.TapewormsFlat and segmented worms that live in the small intestine.Shed terminal segments in feces.Usually the largest worms affecting dogs reaching 1 foot or more in lengthMost depend on a host such as a flea or wild rabbit to develop.Not harmful for dogs, but may cause serious injury to humans.HeartwormsThin worms that live in the major artery carrying blood from the heart to the lungs.Serious threat to dogs causing major injury to vital organs.Transmitted by _________________________________________________________Prevention is preferred to treatment which is only effective in early infestation.SymptomsFrequent coughingLabored breathingFainting in severe casesInfectious Diseases of CatsFeline PanleukopeniaCat distemper caused by _________________________________________________Affects cats younger than ________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Spread by direct contact, infected food and water dishes, bedding, and litter boxes.Symptoms:DepressionLoss of appetiteHigh feverLethargyVomitingDiarrheaDehydrationFeline herpesvirus (FHV)Respiratory infection caused by a DNA virus.Shed in discharges from _________________________________________________ and transmitted by direct contact.Cats can become carriers, but _____________________________________________Symptoms:DepressionSneezing and coughingSevere eye and nasal dischargesIncrease in temperatureMouth ulcersFeline Enteric CoronavirusCaused by ingestion of contaminated feces in kittens __________________________ ______________________________________________________________________.Spread by ingestion of contaminated feces.Symptoms:Low grade feverVomitingSoft or watery diarrheaBlood in the fecesDehydrationFeline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)Disease caused by coronavirus that leads to _________________________________Coronavirus infections are more common, but few show signs.SymptomsFeverRefusal to eatDepressionWeight lossNoninfectious Diseases of CatsFeline Urologic Syndrome (FUS)A.K.A. Feline Lower Urinary Tract DiseaseMay range from mild inflammation to blockage of the ___________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Causes of FUSImproper diet (where cats are fed high levels of magnesium and phosphorus)Low water intake that causes concentrations of _______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Possibly a virusWet EyeExcessive tear production or blockage of drainage canals that drain tears to the nasal cavity causing tears to overflow at the corner of the eyes.Internal Parasites of CatsToxoplasmosis Disease caused by infection with single-celled protozoan parasite Toxoplasm gondii.Contracted from eating raw meat or contaminated feces.Fever, jaundice, and difficulty moving may result.No vaccination and humans can become infected through cat litter boxes. Ascarids (Toxocara cati)Ascarids from ingesting eggs passed in the feces of an infected animal or in the case of kittens from the milk of an infected mother cat.Severe cases may cause pot-bellied appearance (distended abdomen) and an unthrifty cat.Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme)Infection occurs when larvae is ingested from contaminated food or water, or when larvae penetrates the skin.May cause dark-colored feces and anemia from the loss of blood.Tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)Require a cost other than the cat for development.Dipylidium caninum must be hosted by fleas and Tania taeniaeformis may be hosted by rats and mice. Neither type causes major harm.External Parasites of Small AnimalsFleasBrown, blood-sucking insects of small size that move rapidly over the skin.May develop from eggs to adult in as little as _________________________________May first be detected in the _______________________________________________ area of the animal.Cause irritation and extreme itchingMay be controlled with powders, dips, shampoos, collars, oral insecticides, foggers and sprays.TicksBlood-sucking arthropods of the skin.Two main families of ticks: hard and softTwo types of hard ticks are a concern: brown dogs tick (can survive indoors) and American dog tick (lives on grass and shrubs)Main soft tick is the Spirose Ear Tick.Larvae and nymph stage live in and cause irritation to the outer ear canal.LiceWingless insects that may bite or suck blood from the host.Not common on dogs.If infestation occurs, the dog will experience hair loss from scratching and rubbing.Two treatments 12 days apart with dips, dusts, or spray can control.Mites_____________________________________________________________________Five species cause the most problemsDemodectic mitesTwo types of sarcoptic mitesEar mitesCheyletiella mitesDemodectic MitesNo not usually cause problems. A severe infestation may result in hair loss, reddening of the skin, and encrusting in spots or over the entire body of the dog.Sarcoptic MitesBurrow within the outer layer of the skin.Highly contagious._________________________________________________________ which case intense irritation and itching that may result in the dog injuring itself as it tries to scratch, chew or rub the skin.Ear MitesHighly contagiousFound in the outer ear canal and other areas of dogs, cats, and mon problemInfected animals may ____________________________________________________Flea products are effective treatment, as well as, ear drops.Cheyletiella MitesContagiousCause a condition known as ______________________________________________Severe scaling on the back may occur, but itching is not as severe as with other mite infestations.ChiggersOrange-red larvae stages of Trombicula mites that cause an itchy, red rash on the belly, face, feet and legs.Picked up from ___________________________________________________Remain on the skin for a short time and usually do not require treatment other than something to stop the itching.Poisons Affecting Small AnimalsInsecticidesMay cause poisoning if ingested in sufficient anophosphates and carbamate compounds are the main source of insecticidal poisoning.Boric acid from roach bait and arsenic from ant traps can also poison animals.Plants_____________________________________________________________________ contain insoluble calcium oxadate crystals that cause irritation to the mouth and intestinal tract.Poinsettia, Japanese yew, azalea, and flower bulbs may cause mild intestinal upset.Household ChemicalsAmmonia, bleach, borates, hydroxides, pine oil, and phenol can cause sickness if pets ingest them.RodenticidesStrychnine and warfarin can cause internal bleeding and death if ingested in sufficient amounts.HerbicidesGlyphosphate herbicides and arsenic-based weed killers can poison pets. AntifreezeCommon source of poisoning because it has a ________________________________ that animals like.Animal may appear _____________________________________________________Rabbit DiseasesEnteritisIntestinal tract inflammationProbably the most common cause _________________________________________Causes include: stress, unsanitary conditions, and high energy feedsEnteritis SymptomsDiarrhea _______________________________________________________Animals will stop eating but drink lots of waterAnimals ________________________________________________________Almost 100% mortality rateEnteritis TreatmentPrevention is best. Accomplished through proper environment, sanitary conditions, feeding rations that are high in fiber, low in energy, control of birds and rodents that carry the disease.Treatment when applicable is through broad spectrum antibiotics.SnufflesDisease aggravated by stressful conditions such as poor sanitation, poor ventilation, changing temperatures, shipping, or show conditions.Symptoms: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Prevention: Reduce stress through proper environment.MastitisInflammation of ________________________________________________________Also called caked breastMay cause nursing problemsNursing baby rabbits may bite the nipples when they are unable to nurseNursing mothers may refuse to nurse the young.Mastitis Prevention and TreatmentRemove concentrates from the diet for 72 hours.Widespread cases, clean and disinfect all nesting boxes.Wry NeckCondition caused by inflammation of the inner neck.Head tilted to the side is the most common symptom.Often found where snuffles are also present.Best prevented by controlling upper respiratory diseases.Fur ChewingPulling of fur from itself or other rabbits caused by simple boredom, a nutrient deficiency, and a low-fiber diet.Prevention and treatment: Best by feeding hay or straw to add fiber to the diet. Adding magnesium oxide to the ration also helps.Hutch BurnChapped or burning condition of the external genital area of the doe. Caused by _____________________________________________________________________Prevention and treatment: keep bedding clean. Treatment is with antibiotic creams.Sore HocksUlcerated area on the bottom of the foot pads most often associated with rough wire cage floors and size of the foot pad not supporting the weight of the animal.Large breed with long foot pads are most often affected.Sore Hocks Prevention and TreatmentGet off wire and place on a solid surfaceApply astringents to the sore pads___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hamster DiseasesWet Tail (Enteritis)Most common disease of hamstersCaused by poor sanitation, bacteria, viruses, and diet.Wet Tail SymptomsWetness around the tail and rear of the animal caused by runny diarrhea.High death rate occurs within 2 days of symptoms appearing.Most often associated with poor sanitation caused by general neglect and poor care.Wet Tail Prevention and TreatmentChange and disinfect spoiled bedding, cages, and equipment and isolate infected animals.Keep temperature around 70 degrees to avoid estivation (sleep above 80 degrees) or hibernation (below 50 degrees). Avoid drafts.Animals do not respond well to treatment. Common DiarrheaCaused by incorrect diet with overabundance of green leafy materials, vegetables, or fruits.Should not be confused with serious infections.Correct by removing green leafy vegetables and fruits and feeding dry grains and seeds. Gerbil DiseasesColdsGerbils are hardy and seldom affected by disease, but colds are most common.Symptoms:Loss of appetiteConstant sneezingRunny eyes and noseCold Prevention and TreatmentReduce stress caused by overcrowding (gerbils need more space than hamsters)Avoid drafts, humidity and temperature fluctuations.Red NoseCommonly caused by the Staphylococcus bacteria.Animal will recover without any medication.Symptoms:Hair lossRed, swollen areas of the skin around the nose and muzzleRat DiseasesRespiratory DiseaseCommon disease caused by Microplasma pulmonisSymptoms: Nasal dischargeSnufflingRattled breathingRubbing eyes and noseTilted headUncoordinated and circling Mouse DiseasesHardy animals with proper diet, housing, and exercise.Respiratory disease can be caused by several organisms and result from changes in temperature, drafts, high humidity.Symptoms: squeaking or rattling breath, runny nose, watery eyes and fur loss.Salmonella and related bacteria are responsible for many of the serious infectious diseases.Control with clean cages, clean water, clean feed, and parasite control.Guinea Pig DiseasesVery healthy under favorable conditions.Avoid drafts and keep temperature and humidity constant to avoid mon cold and respiratory diseases can be a problem if environment is not good.Colds in Guinea PigsAnimals become lethargic, listless, have nasal discharge and sneezingPrevention:Maintaining a good environmentImmediate treatment with broad-spectrum antibioticsIncrease Vitamin CToxemiaBuild-up of toxins in the blood that developed in late pregnancy.Symptoms: females will be lethargic, go off feed, refuse to eat, and have difficulty breathing.Prevention and Treatment: Feed a high quality diet to the pregnant female and add ? teaspoon of sugar in the water bottle.Chinchilla IllnessesChinchilla EnvironmentNeed proper nutrition and a clean, dry, draft-free environment with low stress.Provide adequate ventilationAvoid temperatures above 80 degrees or cold drafts and high humidityPseudomonas aeruginosaOrganism that causes infection in wounds, inflammation of eyes and ears, pneumonia, intestinal inflammation, uterine inflammation, and poisoning of the circulatory system.Eye Inflammation (conjunctivitis)Swelling and redness around the eyes, sensitivity to light, watering, and pus formation.Treatment: Isolate infected animals, wash eyes gently with warm boric acid solution, and use ophthalmic medications. Clean cages and feed containers.Inner Ear Infection (otitis)Symptoms: Twisting and lowering of the head, hanging head to one side, running in a circle.Prevention and Treatment: Avoid drafty, cool environmental conditions. Clean the ear with warm boric acid solution and treat with ear drops.PneumoniaSymptoms: listlessness, failure to eat, breathing difficulty, swollen abdomenPrevention and treatment: Eliminate cold drafty, and high humidity conditions and treat immediately with aureomycin, penicillin, or other antibiotics.ImpactionLower digestive system becomes tightly packed with food material or feces. May then follow diarrhea.Caused by poor quality feed, stress, and poor nutrition.Animal is often humped with chin resting between its front feet.Treatment for ImpactionGive a dropper full of mineral oil daily ORAdd up to three full droppers of grapefruit juice to the animal’s diet.Ferret IllnessesCanine distemperA disease that also affects _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Symptoms: discharge from the eyes and nose, breathing problems, diarrhea.Canine Distemper TreatmentVaccination is important.Vaccinate at 12 weeks of age and give boosters annually to prevent canine and feline distemper.Treatment is not effective.Hemorrhagic enteritisBloody diarrhea is commonly seen Symptoms: Go off feed, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, possibly deathPrevention and treatment: Treat with antibiotics and sulfur material.BotulismCaused by toxin produced by bacteria.Symptoms: breathing difficulty and paralysisDeath can occur without symptoms.Keep food supply fresh.Disease Prevention and Treatment for Pocket PetsMaintain Good SanitationRemove spoiled urine soaked bedding regularlyRemove urine and feces contaminated feed regularlyKeep fresh water available at all timesProvide a Good EnvironmentKeep animals free of drafts and eliminate any cool, damp drafts immediatelyMaintain low humidity. Higher humidity contributes to respiratory diseases.Maintain constant temperature that does not fluctuate to a great degree.Provide adequate ventilation to remove stale air.Feed an appropriate ration.General Disease Treatment for Pocket PetsFirst, isolate sick animals to prevent the spread of disease.Remove and replace bedding from the cage of a sick animal.Chemically disinfect and sanitize cage prior to installing new bedding.Use medicated water routinely when disease is a constant threat.Use proper treatments and antibiotics if recommended.Dispose of dead animals properly (burn and bury in some cases)Cull animals that do not show signs of improvement.Improve environmental conditions that may be causing disease.Avoid breeding animals that may have inherited diseases.Use recommended pesticides to control pests. Parasites of BirdsInternal ParasitesRarely a problem with birdsRoundwormsDiagnosis is by observing feces for long, thin, white worms.Contracted from ingesting worm eggs in contaminated feces, soil, or food.Symptoms: blockage of intestines, poor plummage, weight loss, diarrhea.Treatments are availableTapewormsDiagnosed by observing small rice-like segments in the fecesContracted from eating an intermediate host such as house flies, fleas, ticks, or earthworms.Proper cleaning and sanitation are the best prevention.Treatment with piprazine, nicotine sulfate and Kamal powderExternal ParasitesRed MitesAppear as tiny red specks and feed on blood of infected birds at night, causing restlessness, scratching, and picking at their feathers.Spread through contact with infected birds.Adults may be dusted with pyrethium powder.Clean and disinfect all cages and nest boxes.Feather MitesCause a bird to chew or pick its feathers.Look for small, gray-colored moving specksFeed on the bird during both day and nightSymptoms: restlessness, severe scratching, feather picking, skin irritationCages and equipment should be treated with nicotine sulfate, Malathion, or coumaphos and birds should be sprayed with a mite spray.Scaly Leg Mites_________________________________________________________ of budgerigars, lovebirds, and canaries.Live their entire life cycle on the bird.Symptoms: white scaly deposits that become thickened, enlarged, and encrustedTreatment: Use _______________________________________________ to kill the mites and loosen deposits. This also suffocates the mites. Bacterial Diseases in BirdsParrot FeverChlamydiosis or psittacosisBacterial disease that affects the liver and spleen.Contracted mainly through feces and contaminated food and water.Symptoms: nasal discharges, listlessness, appetite loss, weight loss, greenish-colored diarrhea and labored breathing.Psittacosis ____________________________________________________________Treat birds with chlortetracycline-impregnated seed for at least 21 days.BumblefootA painful ailment associated with ___________________________________________Symptoms: feet and joints become hot and swollen with a thick, grayish white fluid and not walking or clasping onto perch.Prevent by using suitable perches and sanitation.Treatment is with antibiotics.Viral Diseases in BirdsPsittacine Beak and Feather DiseaseA.K.A. French MoltViral disease that attacks the immune system.Symptoms become evident at the first molt when new feathers do not emerge or are deformed and break off.Nails may be soft, overgrown, and lose their pigment.There is no cure for this disease.Treatment is with vitamins, minerals, and control of secondary diseases through sanitation.Newcastle DiseaseViral disease that has ___________________________________________________Imported birds are the main source of possible infection.Symptoms: Respiratory difficulty (wheezing) followed by tremors, wing droop, and a twisted neck.Birds should be vaccinated to prevent the disease. Nutritional Problems in BirdsGoiterSwelling of the ________________________________________________ in the neck and interference with breathing.Major cause is iodine deficiency.Especially a problem for budgerigarsRickets (Osteomalacia)Imbalance or deficient amount of calcium, phosphorus, or Vitamin D3 that causes deterioration or softening of the bones.Symptoms: lameness, stiff-legged gait, constant resting in the squatting position, decreased growth.Oyster shell or coarse limestone in the diet and Vitamin D3 supplementation is the best preventative.ObesityToo much food, not enough activity or seeds high in fat.Bird owners should avoid feeding too many sunflower seeds if obesity is a problem.Other Aviary ProblemsOvergrown ClawsCan result in injury if they become entangled in the cage.May be clipped with pet nail clippers.Avoid the pinkish streak in the center of the claw. It is a blood vessel.Feather PluckingBoredom, bad diet, needs mate, lack of bathingBirds living indoors need regular bathing or spraying to encourage preening.Preening is ____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Symptoms of Problems with BirdsSleeping on two legs may indicate that a bird is uncomfortable or ailing. Birds normally ______________________________________________________________________.A bird that fluffs its feathers out is usually chilled and trying to ___________________ ____________________________________.If feces are runny, a digestive ailment may be the problem.Not flying and lack of activity may indicate the bird is sick.Eye discharges or continually closed eyes are an indication of cold, etc.Wheezing, noisy, or irregular breathing may be a sign of a respiratory problem.Not eating or very little eating indicates a loss of appetite that is often associated with sickness. Prevention of Diseases and AilmentsSelect a healthy birdPlace bird in a dry, warm, draft-free placeSubject the bird to little stressNo other animals should be aroundQuarantine and observation period of at least 3-4 weeks before introducing to other birds.Keep perches and cage cleanSanitation is extremely important—should provide fresh food and water.Bathing and spraying reduces feather dust and dirt and cuts down on mitesSmall birds prefer to bathe in a container which may be placed in the cage at regular intervals for 30 minute time periods.Large birds need to be sprayed with a fine mist from a plant sprayer. Mist should be sprayed above the animal and allowed to filter down. Do not saturate, but gently spray 2-3 times per week.At the First Sign of IllnessCage temperature should be maintained between 85-90 degrees F.Move the cage to a warmer locationAdjust the temperature with a light bulb near the cage or a heating pad under the cage.Provide 2 or 3 perches so that the bird can find the most comfortable temperaturePartially cover the cage to prevent draftsProvide quick energy fluids such as ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________.Diseases of the AquariumSigns and Symptoms of DiseaseFish are behaving unusual/strangeFish are floating to the surface, sinking to the bottom, or leaning to the side of the aquarium.Fins are unusually lying flat against the body.Rolled caudal finsA fish is off by itself and not swimming with the school.Fish appears to be in slow motion and not keeping up with the other fish.Breathing seems unusually faster and deeper than normal.Fish is at the surface gasping for air.Rubbing/scratching against objects in the aquarium.Not interested in eating.Belly appears caved in or unusually thin.Belly appears bloated or swollen.Color of fish has changed or unusual.Fin appears frayed.Back and spinal column appear distorted.Eyes are not clear, appear cloudy.White spots are covering the body.Scales that stick out from the body instead of lying flat.Protruding eyesAnal discharge hanging from the fish.Parasites of FishWhite Spot (Ich)Caused by the parasitic organism Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and causes numerous white spots on the body and fins of a stressed fish. _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________Slime DiseaseParasites attack skin of fish causing a large amount of mucus. May cause death if it attacks the __________________________________Hole-In-The-HeadOrganism Hexsamita live under skin in muscle tissue and make the tissue break down and skin opens up to make the fish __________________________________________.Velvet DiseaseOrganism Oodinium penetrates skin cells and feed on fish.White Fungus GrowthWhite growth around mouth, fins, eye, and gills. A secondary infection is usually present already.FlukesWorm-like parasite that attaches to the gills and body of the fish.Anchor WormsAdhere and burrow under scales to attack the musclesFish LiceAttach to body of fish and pierce skin to _____________________________________Bacterial Diseases Affecting FishFin RotWhere the edges of the fish’s fins start to appear frayed and ragged, lose their color and the tissue between the fins breaks down.Mouth FungusCaused by bacteria with a white tufty material appearing around the mouth and white patches on the skin.Neon DiseaseCaused by parasite Plistophora hyphessobryconis. This organism is found in the fish’s body tissue where it causes the production of spores which are released when it dies.TuberculosisCauses by bacteria that invades the organs and tissues of the body.Pseudomonas and AeromonasSecondary infections in fish that are already sick. Fish have swollen bellies, lesions or ulcers.Environmental Problems Lack of oxygen and overabundance or carbon dioxide can be readily observed when almost all of the fish are swimming near the surface gulping for air.Incorrect water pH-causes respiratory problems and excess mucus production.Chemical filtration ability reduced and ammonia builds up—observed by cloudy, murky waterGravel filtration system pollution buildup of iron sulphite can be observed by the black color on the gravel.TreatmentUse of chemicals in the water with the aquarium being thoroughly cleaned before the fish are returned.Placement of fish in a hospital tank for treatment before returning to normal tank.Most treatments can be found at the local pet store.Amphibians and ReptilesSalmonellaBacterial disease that can be transmitted to humans.Affects the digestive tract and causes watery, green foul-smelling diarrhea.Mouth RotFungal disease associated with sores or open wounds in the mouth.Mites and TicksExternal parasites that attack amphibians and reptiles. Mites usually go undetected until there is a heavy infestation.Symptoms: anemia, anorexia, depression, stress, listlessness, lack of appetite, possible death.UNIT E- DOGS13.00 Use information specific to each breed to select to select the best dog for a given traitSeven Major Groups of Dogs________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Parson Russell Terrier according to the AKCSportingTwenty-four breeds make up the sporting groupPointersDogs developed about 200 years ago from EnglandNamed from the stance they take when finding game___________________________________________________ in combination with white or solid colorLess coat care due to ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Irish SetterNoted for its ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Mahogany or rich chestnut red with no trace of black in the coat color__________________________________________ than English settersUsed for all types of game, but train slower than some other breedsIdeal show dog, but _________________________________________American Cocker SpanielsSmallest members of the sporting dog familySandy color with elegant appearance and cheerful dispositionSoft-hearted dog that makes an ________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Labrador RetrieversActive water dog that was _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Very dependableOne of the best used breeds for guide dogs or for _____________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________Colors of _____________________________________________Usually not as tall as pointersThe HoundsHunts by scent or by sightThe greyhound and Alghan hound hunt by sight, while most others hunt by smellBasset hound ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ than any other breed for its sizeGentle, devoted dogs that are good with children, but may be _____________________________________________________Usually ____________________________________________________Not exceeding _________________ in heightWeighs ______________________on averageBeaglesNoted for their ______________________________________________Make great pets and companionsWeight and Height________________________________________________________________________________________________________Colors range from a blue with __________________________________ ___________________________________________________________BloodhoundsOne of the most docile of all breedsCan ______________________________________________________Disposition:Affectionate, but somewhat shyNon aggressive____________________________________________________Excellent pets for childrenColors range from tawny to black and tan or red and tan__________________________________________________________DachshundPerfected in the _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Dachshunds are ____________________________________________Long bodied muscular dogs__________________ pounds __________________ at the shoulderLively and courageousA barker that makes a good watchdogGood with childrenUsed mainly as a _______________________________________Greyhounds__________________________________________________________Greyhounds are good at hunting all types of gameBecause of its speed, they were used in packs to __________________ ___________________________________________________________Used in the United States for______________________________Valuable as a _________________________Need lots of exerciseNot suited for apartment dwellingNot recommended as a companion dog for childrenThe Terrier GroupDeveloped to hunt ________________________________Its name is derived from the Latin word _______________________________Two subgroups: __________________________________________________________________________Bull TerriersCross of the _______________________________________________ ____________________________________ that were used for dogfightsLoving and affectionateWill readily fight to protect themselves or their masterWhite or colored:White (may have some black markings about the head)Colored bull terriers are any color but white, with ___________________ ___________________________________________________________Fox TerrierEither smooth or wired, depending on ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________should be the dominant colorOne of the Best known and most widely distributed purebred dogsNoted for their courage in hunting animals that _______________ _____________________________________________________Fox terriers are easy to trainAffectionateGood companion dogsWorking DogsPerform a service to humans____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Great DaneOne of two largest breeds of dogsFriendly companion or watchdog.Weight_________________________ for females_________________________ for malesHeight at the shoulder____________ for females____________ for malesSaint Bernards__________________________________________________________Excellent sense of smellCoat made it suitable to perform rescue in extreme mountain climate conditionsPeaceful, quiet, and gentle dog____________________________________________________Makes a good companion dogColorRed with white markings or white with red markingsSiberian Husky__________________________________________________________Endurance sled dogFound its home in ____________________Began to win the ______________________________________ in the early 1900’sFriendly and gentle dogMay be stubborn and ill around childrenNot aggressiveness or protective____________________________________________________ColorPure white to all other colors including blackHerding DogsDeveloped to assist the ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________Shetland sheepdog__________________________________________________________Excellent family pets and companion dogsDocileDevoted dogIntelligentColorBlack, blue merle, and sable with markings of white and/or tanToys______________________________________________________________Most often used as house pets and companionsChihuahuaNamed for the state of ________________________________________Smallest breed of dog in the world____________________________________________________Noted as a _________________________________________________ Does not like other breeds of dogsCourageous, energetic, lively, alert, and intelligentPekingese______________________________________Extremely affectionate with its ownerMake good watchdogs or lapdogs for apartment dwellersWill show great courage ____________________________________________________Require _____________________________________ to prevent decay Needs frequent coat care to keep its long, fine hair well groomedPugVery old breedNoted for its __________________________________________; short, square muzzle; deep wrinkled forehead; and large, massive headIntelligentAffectionate Enjoy lots of attentionLove childrenEasily trainedShih TzuChinese breed with a _________________________________________Requires constant care to prevent matting and knottingColorEyes and nose are rim black with any coat colorLooks like a ________________________________________________Has an aristocratic, arrogant carriageNon-sportingMiscellaneous breedsUsed mainly for companion dogsDalmatianCalm, quiet dogIntelligentHas been used as a trail hound for ______________________________ ___________________________________________________________Most notably used as a _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Will follow their master if at all possible regardless of the mode of the master’s travelThrives on human companionshipNatural as guardiansLove childrenColorWhite with black spots or white with liver brown spotsPoodleVery intelligent____________________________________________________Known as the national dog of __________________________________Used as a ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________Used today as companion and show dogsAll colors with an even and solid coat color at the skinWeightStandards average ________________ pounds for females and __________________ pounds for malesMiniature varieties average ______________ pounds for females and ______________ pounds for malesToy Poodles average ________________ pounds for females and __________________ pounds for malesHeight at the shoulderStandards are __________________Miniature varieties average ___________________ Toy Poodles are _________________ExceptionsBreeds not included in the seven major GroupsThe Jack Russell TerrierDeveloped around 200 years ago in England by a clergyman, ___________________________________________________________Known for its _______________________________________________The dog may have a smooth or wirehaired coatColorWhite with black or tan markings or a combination of the three colorsWeight____________________ poundsHeightAt the shoulder _____________________Breed ConsiderationsSizeLarge or small based on space requirements both for the dog and for what you have availableWill it be inside or outside?Chihuahua_______________________________________________MastiffWeighs _______________________and are best suited for ________________________________________________TemperamentActive or quiet breedFox terrier_______________________________________________Labrador and a Sheepdog _______________________________________________Hair CoatType of hair coat determines grooming requirementsLonghaired or wirehairedMore groomingProne to skin diseaseShort hairedBrings less dirt insidePurpose of dogIs the dog for sporting, hunting, service, companion,show, guard, or racing?Price of dogDepends on demandMore common breeds are typically less expensive Less common breeds can be more expensiveSource ______________________________________________buys from local breeders______________________________________________purebreds and mixed breeds______________________________________________if wanting a purebred______________________________________________works for a companion or family dogUse?Affects all other considerations__________________________________________________________Cost?Mixed breed less expensive than a purebred pedigreed animalPedigree?__________________________________________________________Very important for show or huntingSex?Will it be spayed or neutered? Used for breeding?Age?Puppy________________________________________________________________________________________________________May get bigger in size than expectedAdultsYou know the size it isAlready trainedConformationGeneral structureLookMake-up of animalimportant for show to meet breed requirementswill it be able to swimrun after game if for hunting or sportingFamily history?________________________________________________________________________Personal preference?What color you likeWhat markings do you likeGroomingHairDaily brushing recommendedTo_______________________________________________________________________________________________________Check for mats in long hairTease with comb ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________Cut burrs by ____________________________________ ________________________________________________Terriers and wirehaired breedsNeed pluckingA stripping knife is used to _________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________is used with the stripping knife to pluck hairCleaning the EarsClean once a monthUse cotton swab or soft cloth _________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Only ear parts that can be seen should be cleanedUse a finger, never a sharp or pointed objectCheck for _________________________________________________Cleaning the EyesUse _____________________________________________________ to remove any irritating substanceCheck for any _____________________________________________Cleaning the TeethClean regularly to prevent ____________________________________Use small toothbrush with soft bristlesUse a mix of ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Clean from the gum line to the tips of teeth_________________________________________________________ help maintain healthy teethClean 1 to 2 times per weekNail CareTrimmed occasionally______________________________________________ when cuttingAvoid cutting the nail bed which will cause bleeding____________________________________Stops bleedingUse clippers not scissorsHealth concerns for dogsDog diseasesInfectious diseasesCaused by _________________________________________________Kennel Cough (tracheobronchitis)_________________________________________________________Contracted in confinementpet shopsdog showskennelsSymptom: coughRabiesViral diseaseAttacks the central nervous system_________________________________________________________Symptoms:Occur 2 weeks to 3 months after biteSevere can be within 10 days _________________________________________________act strange then wander offattack and bite anythingfrothing at the mouth__________________________________________________no wandering but paralysis of lower jawfollowed by paralysis of body and deathCanine Brucellosis_____________________________________________Causes ______________________________________Failure to whelpEnlargement of the lymph nodesSwelling of the ______________________________________________ Salmonellosisbacterial diseaseingestion of ________________________________________________Noninfectious Dog DiseasesCataracts__________________________________________________________can be hereditary or notcan cause blindnessfound mostly _______________________________________________Fungal diseasesRingworm__________________________________________________________Symptomsbegin as __________________________________ around the face ears, or feet____________________________________________________crusting and scaling in severe casesInternal ParasitesAscarids__________________________________________________________Affect mainly puppiesdeprive them of nutrientsSevere infestation will cause a ___________________________ _____________________________________________________Transmitted by female dogs to puppiesDanger to ___________________________External ParasitesFleas__________________________________________________________move rapidly over the skinDevelop from eggs to adult in as little as 16 daysfirst detected in the ____________________________________ areacause irritation and extreme itchingControlled with ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Ticks__________________________________________________________Two main families__________________________________Brown dog tick can survive indoorsAmerican dog tick lives in grass and on shrubs__________________________________Spirose Ear ticklarvae and nymph stage live in and cause irritation to the outer ear canalPoisons PlantsPhilodendronDieffenbachia (Dumbcane)____________________________________________________PothosCaladiumcontain insoluble calcium oxadate crystals____________________________________________________Household chemicals and cleanersCan cause sickness if ingested______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________RodenticidesUsed for rodent controlStrychnine & warfarin______________________________________________________________________________________________AntifreezeCommon source__________________________________________Symptoms:________________________________________________________________________UNIT F-CATS15.00 Use information specific to each breed to choose the best cat for a given use.Cat BreedsDiffer in ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________For our discussions we will focus on the two major types of hair:Shorthaired BreedsLonghaired BreedsShorthair BreedsAbyssinian________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Medium sizedMuscular cat______________________ shaped eyesVery activeFond of waterCan be taught to __________________________American Shorthair(Domestic Shorthair)Came to __________________________________________________34 recognized color patterns_______________________________ is the most common colorMedium to large sizedAffectionate makes great lap catBombay (1958)Relatively new breed resulting from _____________________________ ___________________________________________________________Medium sized cat Jet black __________________________________________ colored eyesDispositionGraceful, charming, and get along well with others, even strangersBurmeseOriginated in _______________________________________________1930’s Cross between _____________________________________________Medium-sizedSable-brown in color with gold eyesGood disposition, enjoy being heldCan become bossy, stubborn, and angryCornish RexSmall to medium size__________________________________________________________Must be kept _______________________________________________lacks ________________________________________ to protect it from the elementsDevon RexResulted from ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Medium sized cat with wavy hair coatLarge, wide-based ears are set low and distinctive to this breedKoratHighly prized, ______________________________________________Protective of family members, and reserved with strangersMedium-sized cat Silver blue fur tipped with silverProduces a ________________________________________________ManxAmong earliest European breedsresult of a genetic mutationMedium-sizedaffectionate cat tends to be better in one-to-one relationships_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________others have a short tail __________________________________some have a long tail ___________________________________SiameseKnown for one-on-one devotion to one personEye color is always __________________________________________Head forms an _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Very little pigmentation in color patternPigmentation is darker at the pointsColor is restricted to the points: ___________________________ _____________________________________________________Medium-sized very long and refinedSiamese cats are very unpredictable; however, they are described as ___________________________________________________________Fearless cats of extraordinary intelligence.Siamese cats are particularly sensitive to vaccinations and anestheticsSingapuraSmall breedKnown for its’ quiet, shy dispositionMales weigh at most _________________________________Females usually weigh less than ________________________Snowshoe BreedMedium to large size Similar to American Shorthair________________________________________Bright blue eyes are large, ovalEars are large and broad at baseWedge shaped headThe mask, tail, ears, and legs are usually defined seal or blue with the masking colors covering the entire face, except for inverted white V-shaped pattern over mouth and noseSphynx__________________________________________________________Known for its _______________________________________________Indoor catcannot survive outdoors depends upon people for survivalConstantly _________________Adores body contact and is very affectionateNormal body temperature is 4°F higher than most other breedsunable to store body fatmust eat more frequently to maintain its body temperatureLonghair BreedsBirmanSturdy cat of medium to large sizeLong, silky coat that does not matrequires little careVery sociableneeds the company of others__________________________________________________________Eyes are roundEars are medium with rounded tipsMaine CoonOldest natural breed in _______________________________________native American originLarge-sizedreaches 12 -18 pounds_______________________________________ is the best known colorLovable and friendlyhas a tiny voice that ____________________________________Persian__________________________________________________________Medium to large size short, compact bodylarge headsmall rounded earsWell manneredeasy goingquiet cats Make good apartment cats and excellent companions__________________________________________________________Requires regular bathingremoves ___________________________________from the coatRagdollOriginated in the ____________________________________________Exceptionally large Heavy breed Blue eyesDocile, quiet, and composednamed because _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________take a ____________________________________when handledSelecting a Pet CatThe Cat vs. The DogRequires less careindependent natureLower feeding costsmallerInitial purchase price is lessQualities to considerAdult cats are better for elderly or busy ownersKittens adapt quicklyFemales reach sexual maturity at ______________________________estrus cycle __________________________________________Friendly affectionate pets“they don’t usually kill or injure small children”Pedigree animals have certain characteristicsmost cats are mixed breedsLong haired breeds require frequent groomingrequire air conditioned facilitiesMixed breeds are cheaper to purchase.Choosing a healthy cat1. Look for signs of health________________________________________________________________________________________________________Nose should be _______________________________________Clean glossy coatFree of mats2. Look for signs of illnessDischarge from the eyes or noseBuildup of wax in the ears_______________________________________________External ParasitesFleasInternal ParasitesPotbellied cats may indicate ________________________ ________________________________________________Grooming CatsRemoves old and dead hairProvides opportunity to check for:ParasitesSkin disordersEye problemsEar problemsLonghaired CatsNeed daily care to keep free of _________________________________EquipmentCombsBlunt end scissorsNail clippersGrooming brushGrooming powderProcedures for longhair cats1st-Use a wide tooth comb for animal2nd- Use a small toothed combOnce all tangles are out, brush hair in opposite direction of growth occasionally and sprinkle grooming powder _____________________________________________________________________________________Check for ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________Grooming ToolsComb with two sizes of teeth (fine toothed and a flea comb).Nail ClippersGrooming brush natural bristles ________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Grooming powder such as ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Shorthair GroomingRubber grooming brushFine-toothed/ flea combSoft chamois, silk, nylon padRubber grooming brushAvoid removing good hairBathing CatsStart bathing as early as ______________________________________Avoid splashing or running water when cat is presentUse __________________________inches of warm waterGently lower cat into the water until the entire cat is wetKeep water our of eyes and earsApply a baby shampoo to the wet coat, lather and rinseMedicated shampoo for fleasTowel dry __________________________________________________Other GroomingCheck teeth and gums____________________________________________________Check for ear mites________________________________________indicates mitesUse ear drops to treatUsed special clippers to trim clawsDo not cut into pink area of claw, __________________________Scratching post helps to reduce claw trimmingHealth concerns for catsDiseasesInfectiousCat Distemper (FPV)Feline herpes virus (FHV)Feline calicivirus (FCV)Feline Rhinotracheitis (FVR)Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)Feline Leukemia (FeLV)Feline Enteric Corona virus (FECV)RabiesFeline Panleukopenia (FPV)Feline distempercaused by a __________________________________________Abnormally low white blood cell countAffects young cats____________________________________________________Spread by direct contact but also from food and water, bedding, litter boxes, etc. Symptoms:Depressionloss of appetitehigh feverlethargyvomitingdiarrheadehydrationFeline herpes virus (FHV)Caused by respiratory virus infection_________________________________________________________________________________________________________transmitted through ____________________________________Can ______________________________________________________Symptomsdepressionsneezingcoughingsevere eye and nasal discharges increase in temperatureFeline Enteris Corona virus (FECV) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Symptoms: low grade fever, vomiting, soft or watery diarrhea, blood in the feces and dehydration.Feline Infectious Peritonitis virus (FIP)__________________________________________________________Affect those with weak immune systems__________________________________________________________Symptoms:feverloss of appetitedepression weight lossNon-infectiousFeline Urological syndrome (fus)EntropionWet eyeWet Eye__________________________________________________________blockage of drainage canal causing the tears to overflow at the inner corner of the eyes Feline Urologic syndrome (fus)A feline urinary tract disease also referred to as FLUTDMay range from mild inflammation to blockage of the urethra__________________________________________________________Internal Parasites____________________________- prtozoan parasite Toxoplasm gondii infection____________________________-Toxocara cati____________________________-Ancylostoma tubaeforme____________________________-Dipylidium caninumExternal Parasites____________________________- Felicola subrostratus____________________________-denidex cati____________________________-Notoedres cati______________________________-ear mites, walking dandruff mites, chiggers, fleas and ticks.Fungal Diseases and PoisoningsCats and dogs share the same concerns for fungal diseases and poisoningsInsecticidesPlantsHousehold cleanersRodenticidesAntifreezeUNIT G-RABBITS, FERRETS, AND POCKET PETS17.00 Summarize the use of Rabbits, Ferrets, and Pocket PetsRabbitsDeveloped into forty-five recognized breedsDivided into five weight categories______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Dwarf or Miniature BreedsBritannia PetiteNetherland DwarfHimalayanHimalayan One of the oldest and widest distributionsYoung rabbits are ___________________________________________Matures rabbits become ________________________________ _____________________________________________________Small Breeds DutchTanFlorida WhiteDutchOriginated in Holland and developed in EnglandUnique color markingscolored patches on each side of the head that _______________ _____________________________________________________rear half is also colored the same as _______________________Florida WhiteDeveloped in FloridaCrossed with _________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Short and compact well-rounded hips and hindquartersBred for a _________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Medium BreedsEnglish SpotStandard ChinchillaEnglish AngoraBelgian HareRhinelanderRexEnglish SpotIntroduced to US from EnglandA unique chair of markings, the size of a pea, run from the ___________ ___________________________________________________________English AngoraHas a short, compact body and the head, ears, feet, and body are ___________________________________________________________Large BreedsCalifornianCinnamonAmericanEnglish LopNew ZealandSilver FoxEnglish Lop_________________________________________________________Body is medium length with well arched back and low head carriageNew ZealandLeading choice for __________________________________________White is preferred because ___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________GiantGiant AngoraFrench LopFlemish GiantGiant AngoraDeveloped for maximum amount of _____________________________Has the body structure of a commercial animal with a unique coat structureFrench LopEars are shorter than the English Lop and ________________________ ________________________ shape from the crown approximately 1 ? inches or more below the muzzleFlemish GiantOriginated in BelgiumThis is the _________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Pocket PetsNot defined by breedsGrouped by ________________________________________________Golden HamsterAdults reach _________________ long weigh about ___________________Rich mahogany or orange color on the back with a white or creamy colored underside________________________________ is usually present along the side of the cheeksLong-haired or ______________________ hamsters have long, silky furGerbilsAdult gerbils reach ______________ long nose to tailWeigh ____________________Mongolian Gerbilreddish brown to dark brownRatsBlacktail is ________________________________________________ears are about half as long as the headcolor is usually black or dark gray with a brown or gray-white undersideBrown_____________________________________________________tail is always shorter than the head and bodythicker and more robustshort and more rounded earsfur is ______________________________________ on the back with ____________________________________ on the undersideMiceSelf colors___________________________Tansany color with _______________________Piebald or pied marked mice____________________________________________________Satinsany color or markings with _______________________________Guinea PigAdults guinea pigs reach ____________________________________weigh from _______________________________Guinea pigs have very sensitive hearing and can __________________ ___________________________________________________________Self-defense for guinea pigs is to _______________________________ ___________________________________________________________Types:Abyssinianrough, wiry hair coatthe hair is made up of swirls or cowlicks called_____________________Americanhair is short, very glossy and fine in texturePeruvianlonghaired variety that may reach _____________in lengthsince guinea pigs do not have a tail it is difficult to distinguish the front from the back of the Peruvian. _______ ________________________________________________Satincoat is fine, dense, and softChinchillasAdults range in length from ________________________tail of ___________________weigh ___________________Standard_________________________________ that is most popularWhite_____________________________________________________Beige_____________________________________________________Blackhas a black undercoat, very narrow ________________________ _____________________________________________________FerretsCommon Sableranges from light to dark, depending on the shade of both the _____________________________________________________the underfur ranges from ________________________________Whitered-eyed is referred to as ________________________________there are a few black-eyed whiteSliver Mittunderfur of _________________with _______________________ of black and whitegives a ______________________________________________Sterling Silversimilar to Silver Mitt but with ______________________________ _____________________________________________________Butterscotchunderfur is same as sable but the guard hairs, mask, and hood colorings are ___________________________________________Cinnamonunderfur is white or off-white and guard hairs that are __________ _____________________________________________________Uses of rabbits, ferrets, and pocket petsRabbitsMeatHigh in ___________________________Low in ______________________________________________Very _____________________________Research and laboratoryFlorida WhiteDeveloped as a __________________________________ ________________________________________________Used to produce disease fighting antibodiesStudy _______________________________________________Research ____________________________________________Skin irritation teststest the reaction of ________________________________ ________________________________________________Have been used in tests for cosmeticsdo not have __________________________________________cannot shed tears to dilute chemicals put into their eyesMost companies do not use this test anymoreFur/wool-divided into four typesNormalregular rabbitRexshortAngoralike woolSatinmutation fursmaller in diameter transparent outer shellCompared to sheep’s wool, rabbit’s wool is _______________________ ___________________________________________________________Does not cause irritation to skinNot as scratchyUsed in the manufacturingClothingToysCoatsHatsGlovesPetsWith diversity in size they can fit into different home situationsTrainable to use __________________________________Require little special careClean, gentle, and lovable petsHamstersUsed in ___________________________________________________Found that they could be _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________Golden hamster most abundant hamster used for research and petsDwarf/small desert hamstersmake good petsChildren have more problem handling them due to ____________ _____________________________________________________GerbilsJapanese scientists were the first to _____________________________easy to work withgentleactive during the dayhave no special food or housing requirements_______________________________________________________________________________________________popular petsRats White albino ratsHave been of major importance in _________________________ _____________________________________________________used in developing drugsstudying diseases, nutrition, aging, and other topicsIntelligent and have the ability to learn so have been used in behavioral studies_____________________________________especially have been accepted as petsMiceUsed for medical and biological researchespecially with hereditary studiesPet mice are _______________________________________________When handled frequently, show little tendency to __________________ ___________________________________________________________Guinea pigsBred originally for ___________________________________________Still used by the native people of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia as a _____________________________________________________Used for research on pathology, nutrition, genetics, toxicology, and serum developmentUsed by Louis Pasteur in his research on ___________________Used also as a petChinchillasUsed as a source of fur for thousands of yearsBrought to ___________________________________________ to breed for their furMany furs are sold as a groupRequires _______________________________________ ________________________________________________Used as pets since the __________________FerretsRecently been found to be wonderful petshave a musky smell and need to be ________________________males also need to be __________________________________Used in the 1800s for ________________________________________run into holds and run the rodents outleave a scent behind that would trigger fearHelp ___________________________________ in hard to reach placesUsed in scientific researchcatch the _____________________________________________Diseases of rabbits, ferrets, and pocket petsGeneral Disease Prevention1. Maintain good sanitationRemove spoiled urine soaked bedding regularlyRemove urine and feces contaminated feed regularlyKeep fresh water available at all times2. Provide a good environment that:Is free of drafts Has low humidityhigher humidity contributes to _______________________ ________________________________________________Maintains a constant temperature Adequate ventilation This helps prevent respiratory diseasesFeed and appropriate rationGeneral Disease TreatmentIsolate sick animals from othersRemove and replace bedding, etc. from the cage of a sick animalChemically disinfect and sanitize cage prior to installing new beddingUse _______________________________________________ routinely when disease is a constant threatUse proper treatments and antibiotics if recommendedDispose of dead animals properly _______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________animals that do not show signs of improvementImprove environmental conditions that may be causing diseaseAvoid breeding animals that may have inherited diseasesUse recommended pesticides to control pestRabbit DiseasesEnteritisIntestinal tract inflammation Probably the most common cause of ____________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ all contribute to the disease. Symptomsdiarrhea stained with bloodOff Feed, but drink lots of water and grind their teeth_____________________________________________________Preventionbest accomplished through proper environment, sanitary conditions, feeding rations that are high in fiber and lower in energy, and control of rodents and birds that may carry the diseaseTreatment using broad spectrum antibioticsSnufflesAggravated by stressful conditions such as _______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Symptoms:persistent _________________________________________________________________________________Prevention and treatment:Reduce stress through proper environmentMastitisInflammation of mammary tissue; also called ______________________May cause ___________________________________________Nursing baby rabbits may bite the nipples when they are unable to nurse, and nursing mothers may refuse to nurse the youngTreat by removing concentrates from the diet for 72 hoursWhen widespread cases in the rabbitry exist, clean and disinfect all nesting boxesHamster DiseasesWet tail – also called _______________________________Description: The most important disease of hamsters. Enteritis is caused by ________________________________________________________wetness around the tail and rear of the animal, caused by a _____________________________________________________high death rate occurs within ___________________ of symptoms appearingmost often associated with poor sanitation caused by _____________________________________________________Prevention and treatment: Change and disinfect spoiled bedding, cages and equipment and isolate infected animalsKeep temperatures around 70°F avoid estivation (____________________________________________) when temperatures go above 80°F or hibernation when temperatures go below 50°FKeep cage at constant temperature and avoid draftsAnimals often do not respond well to treatmentGerbil DiseasesGerbils are hardy and seldom affected by disease, but ___________ ___________________________________________________________Symptoms: loss of appetite, constant sneezing, and runny eyes and noseAvoid changing the temperature, drafts, damp condition, and overcrowdingPrevention and treatment:Best treatment is to reduce stress caused by overcrowding(______________________________________________ __________________________________________), avoid drafts, humidity, and temperature fluctuationsRat DiseasesRespiratory disease caused by Microplasma pulmonis is a common diseaseSymptoms:_____________________________________________________rubbing the eyes and nose_____________________________________________________Prevent with proper ventilation and good sanitationremove contaminated feedprovide clean beddingmaintain a draft free, constant temperature with low humidityTreat with antibiotics added to waterIsolate and eliminate affected animals if antibiotics added to the drinking water are ineffectiveExternal parasites Description: Polyplax spinulosa is a type of _______________________ ___________________________________________________________Mites also cause hair loss, skin irritation, and may result in __________________________________________________________________________________________________________Prevention and treatment:Treat lice and mites with flea powder every three to four days allow dust to stay on the animal for about ___________________ at the timeMice DiseasesMice are hardy with the proper diet, housing, and exerciseRespiratory disease is caused by several organisms and result from environmental conditions such as changes in _______________________ ___________________________________________________________Symptoms:squeaking or rattling breath, runny nose, watery eyes, and fur lossIt is best to prevent infestation by eliminating environmental causes______________________________________________________ are responsible for many of the serious infectious diseasesControl with clean cages, clean water, clean feed, and parasite control.Mites –commonly infected with several mites that cause skin irritation and inflammation due to _____________________________________Control with insecticide.Guinea Pig DiseasesGuinea pigs are very healthy under favorable environmental conditionsAvoid drafts and keep temperature and humidity constant to avoid problemsDescription: Common cold and respiratory diseases can be a major problem and result in animals that are ____________________________ ___________________________________________________________Prevention and treatment:Maintain a good environment and immediate treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics accompanied with increased ______________Chinchilla DiseasesEye inflammation ____________________________Symptoms:swelling and redness around the eyes, sensitivity to light, watering, and pus formationIsolate infected animalswash eyes gently with warm boric acid solutionuse ophthalmic medicationsClean and disinfect cages and feed containersFerret DiseasesCanine distemper – a disease that also affects dogsDescription: _______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Symptoms includeDischarge from the eyes and nose, breathing problems, and diarrheaPrevention and treatment:Vaccinate at twelve weeks of age give boosters annually to prevent canine and feline distemperTreatment is not effective Housing and FeedingRabbit Housing and EquipmentHutch size depends on the size of the animalsmall rabbits need cages 24“ wide x 24" long x 14" highlarge rabbits (over 12 pounds) needing 24" x 48"x 18" high_________________________________________ is an active breed that needs even more spaceSolid wood floors are needed for large breeds (over 12 pounds) to ___________________________________________________________Absorbent materials for solid floors should be replaced weekly, but cages should be cleaned dailyWire floors are easier to keep clean because ______________________ ___________________________________________________________Cages for small rabbits will need to be cleaned once or twice a weekControl urine odor with _______________________________________ sprinkled in the corners of the collection trayreplace absorbent material on a regular basisRaise rabbits outside year-roundprotect from winter wind provide air movement in hot weather if temperature goes above 90°FA ________________________________________________________ can help keep the rabbit cool in hot weatherVentilation is a mustavoid cool, damp, drafts___________________ of daylight or artificial lighting promotes breeding______________________________________________ that clip on the outside of the cage allow quick feeding and help eliminate wasteBowls take up cage space and are subject to be tipped overRabbits need a lot of water___________________________________________ is minimum32 ounce bottle is betterVaccum-type water bottlesclip on the outside of the cagebest for eliminating wet dewlaps and spills that can spoil bedding and result in lack of water for the petFeeding RabbitsBest to use ________________________________________________ formulated to meet daily nutritional needsuse fruits, vegetables, and leafy green foods in moderation to avoid gastrointestinal problemsGrass hay, oats, corn, oatmeal, wheat germ, pieces of carrot, carrot tops, slices of apples and bananas, pineapple, and green beans are all acceptableYoung rabbitsshould not be fed leafy green vegetableshigh water contentresults in _____________________________________________Gerbil Housing and EquipmentSame as hamsters, but gerbils are more active and need more spaceA breeding pair need 150 square inches of floor spaceMultiple gerbils need 36 square inches of floor spaceOvercrowding can lead to cannabilism.Gerbils can jump, so a ________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Avoid cotton and wool for beddingcan cause blockage in the digestive system__________________________________________________________ towels make excellent temporary tunnels and gerbils enjoy chewing them upOnly use solid plastic exercise wheels__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Feeding GerbilsEasiest to use commercially prepared hard pelletsMixed rations should contain seed, corn, oats, wheat, and barleyAvoid sudden changes in the diet Don’t overfeed greens (lettuce, cabbage, carrots, turnips, and beets) may cause diarrhea__________________________________________________________adds variety to their dietfeeding oilseed like sunflower may lead to ___________________Gerbils do not drink much water, an 8 ounce drip-type water bottle is bestUNIT H- BIRDS19.00 Summarize the use of birds as pets.Parrot FamilyContains some of the smartest birds.Many species can be taught to talk, are affectionate, and make excellent pets.Members of the parrot family are known for their __________________ ______________, especially the ________________________________Includes Cockatoos, Cockatiels, Conures, Macaws, Parrots, Parakeets, Lovebirds, Hanging ParakeetsCockatoos _________________ or tuft of feathers on the top of the headAbility to mimic words and soundsIntelligent Range in length from 13-30”Popular birds that make excellent petsTame easilyCockatiel One of the most popular pet birdsAbout 12” long (the size of a small cockatoo)Commonly found in pet stores at a reasonable price________________________________________ are mostly available.Ideal for beginners and youngstersEasy to raise and affectionateBlue and Gold Macaw Up to 30” longMost alert and intelligent of all macawsVery curious and mischievousPrices usually range from _____________________________________This species is one of the more ________________________________ and most ___________________________________________________African Gray Parrot 13” longPrimary color is __________________________Very alert, intelligent and affectionateConsidered to be the ________________________________________Voice closely resembles a ____________________________________Budgerigar-budgie Most popular _____________________________________ in the worldAustralian bird that gets its name, which means ___________________ ____________________________, from the _______________________About 7” long with a primary color of ____________________________Can be taught to talk with proper trainingEasy to care for, inexpensive petEats food from _____________________________________________Perching BirdsLargest family of birdsAlmost ___________________ of all birds (5,100 of 9,000 bird species)Good singers known as ______________________________________Canary Very important petSome are bred for their colorOthers are bred for their ______________________________________Some are bred to have a crested top ____________________________ ___________________________________________________________Care and maintenance of pet birdsCagesFor large parrot-type birds must be made of heavy-gauge metalSize ranges from 26” long x 20” wide x 20” high for a single cockatiel to 6’ x 3’ x 3’ for a mynah birdCockatoos, Conures, Macaws, and Parrots need larger cagesFinches need a rectangular cage to allow ________________________ _______________________________________________ to imitate their natural flight and reduce stress from circular flight.Finches need a larger cage than canaries and budgies.PerchesSize and style depend on the birdMost store bought cages come with _____________________________ ________________________ which may be uncomfortable for birds.If birds refuse to perch, replace plastic perches with ___________ ______________________ that are more natural for birds.Larger birds like larger perches, smaller birds like smaller perchesFinches/canaries- ?” round perchBudgerigars- ?” oval perchParrots- 1’ square perchThe perch for large parrot-type birds must be replaced as these birds destroy wood perches. However, the bird _________________________ ____________________________ and stays busy in the process._______________________________________ make natural perches, but care must be taken to insure they are free of mold and pesticide residue.Tapered perches work well because they give the bird a choice of most of the comfortable perching spot.Water and Feed ContainersWater containers need to be hard and easy to clean materials like glass, ceramic, or stainless steel_________________________________________ that hang outside the cage with a metal spout/tube extending into the cage work excellent.Feed containers may be plastic for smaller birds, but parrot-type birds need the same kind of material used for watering containersToysPrevent _______________________________________Large parrot-type birds need __________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Smaller birds like canaries and finches can have __________________ ___________________________________________________________Cage LocationLocation of cage must be out of direct sunlight, free from drafts, in a place of constant temperature, and protected from hazards like ___________________________________________________________FeedingMost birds eat one of three things—_____________________________ ___________________________________________________________SeedThe vast majority of birds have a diet of seedCereal seeds—higher content of carbohydrates compared to oil_______________________________________________________________________________________________Oil seeds—higher in fat content than cereal seed and lower in carbohydrates_______________________________________________________________________________________________Handling and TrainingAllow birds to adjust to new locations for 2 to 3 days before any handling is attempted.Offer a treat at regular intervals until it will take the treat through an open door cagePress a stick perch up against the bird’s chest above the legs to encourage the bird to step up on itOnce the bird is comfortable one may substitute a finger or hand for the bird to perch onLeather gloves may be needed for larger birds that _________________ ___________________________________________________________Clipping WingsWings can be clipped to restrict their ability to _____________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________Primary and secondary flight feathers are cut just above ____________ ___________________________________________________________Cutting into the feather shaft will result in _________________________ ___________________________________________________________The two outer primary flight feathers are left for ____________________ ___________________________________________________________Teaching to TalkBudgerigars, cockatiels, parrots, macaws and cockatoos can be taught to talk__________________________________ are usually the best learners and easiest to teachRemove distractions such as mirrors, toys, and feed during lessonsThe same person needs to work with a bird on a regular basis. Usually ____________________________________________ are better trainers.Lessons should be given at the same time everyday.Limit the length to about ______________________________ each dayUse short phrases and words and slowly repeat themBird HealthInternal ParasitesRarely a problem with birds, however some are possibleRoundwormsTapewormsRoundwormsContracted from ingesting worm eggs in _________________________ ___________________________________________________________Diagnosis is by observing feces for _____________________________ ___________________________________________________________Symptoms: blockage of the intestines, poor plumage, weight loss, diarrheaSeveral treatments are availableTapewormsContracted by eating an intermediate host such as _________________ ___________________________________________________________Diagnosed by observing small, ________________________________ _________________________ in the fecesProper cleaning and sanitation practices are best preventionTreatment is with piprazine, nicotine sulfate and kamal powderExternal ParasitesRed MitesFeather MitesScaly leg mitesScaly Leg MitesMites that tunnel under the scales on the legs of budgies, lovebirds, and canaries.Have their _________________________________________________Symptoms: White scaly deposits that become ____________________ ___________________________________________________________TreatmentUse _________________________________________________ to kill the mites and loosen the depositsThis also plugs the air holes used by the mites and causes them to suffocateAdditional treatment is by cleaning cages, perches, and equipmentBacterial DiseasesBumblefootA painful ailment associated with staphylococcal infectionsSymptoms: feet and joints become hot and swollen with a thick, grayish white fluid, and not walking or clasping onto the perchPrevention: _______________________________________________Treatment: AntibioticsViral DiseasesNewcastleRespiratory difficulty (wheezing) is one of the first symptoms, followed by tremors, wing droop, and a twisted neck.____________________________________________ are the main source of possible infectionsSpreads rapidly with a high mortality rateShould be vaccinated to prevent the diseaseGoiterSwelling of the thyroid glands in the neck and interference with breathingMajor cause is _____________________________________________Seems to be a special problem for BudgerigarsNutritional ProblemsFeather PluckingDue to boredom, bad diet, lack of bathing, or bird is in need of a mateBirds living indoors need regular bathing or spraying to encourage preening and avoid feather plucking._________________________________ is the process that a bird goes through in cleaning and trimming its feathers with its beak.BathingRegular bathing and spraying reduces feather dust and dirt and cuts down on mitesSmall birds (budgerigars, canaries, finches, mynah birds, lories, cockatiels) prefer _____________________________________________ A container may be placed in the cage at regular intervals for ________ ___________________________________________________________Larger birds need to be sprayed with a __________________________ ___________________________________________________________The mist should be allowed to filter down onto the bird rather than being sprayed directly on the animal.The bird does not need to be saturated, but gently sprayed __________ ___________________________________________________________Symptoms of ProblemsSleeping on two legs may indicate the bird is uncomfortable or ailing. ___________________________________________________________A bird who fluffs its feathers out is usually ________________________ ___________________________________________________________If feces is runny, a __________________________________________ may be the problem.Not flying around and lack of activity may indicate sickness.Eye discharges or continually closed eyes are an indication of cold, etc.Wheezing, noisy, or irregular breathing may be a sign of a respiratory problem.Not eating or very little eating indicates a loss of appetite that is often associated with illness. At the First Signs of IllnessCage temperature should be maintained between _________________ ___________________________________________________________Move the cage to a warmer location if neededAdjust the temperature of the cage with a light bulb near the cage or a heating pad under the cageProvide 2 to 3 perches so that the bird can find the most comfortable temperaturePartially cover the cage to ____________________________________Provide quick energy fluids like ________________________________ ___________________________________________________________UNIT I-FISH, AMPHIBIANS, AND REPTILES21.00 Summarize the use of fish, amphibians, and retiles for pets.Species/Breeds of FishEgg laying fishKoiGoldfishBetasTetrasBarbsCatfishChinese Algae EaterHeadstandersGoldfishVery popular first fish for many childrenHardy and easy to keep freshwater fish that prefers pools or cold water aquariumsPrefer a temperature range of 32-68?FCan live in various types of water as long as ______________________ ___________________________________________________________BetasFreshwater fish that are ______________________________________Frequently kept alone as a specimen fish in a species-only aquarium_________________________ must never be put in the same aquariumOne or two females may be put in a community aquarium but it may affect their ________________________________Prefer a temperature range of 80?F ± 3?Livebearing fish__________________________________________________________Live in shoals or groups of five or moreGuppiesSwordtailsMolliesPlatysGuppiesMost popularVarieties only differ in shapes of their fins and tailsPrefer water temperatures 68-75?FMay average giving birth to ___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________SwordtailsKnown for its long ___________________________________________Like environment similar to guppiesAverage 3-4 ?” longPrefer water temperatures 68-70?FMolliesMost species are black and differ only in the size of their finsPrefer water temperatures 72-82?FDwell in large groups or schoolsHave problems with large fins _________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Saltwater BreedsLive in saltwater and require the addition of sodium chloride (salt) to create a marine environmentMost of these ornamental fish lay eggsAngelfishButterfly fishBrassletsClown fishSergeant MajorAngelfishSome can live in freshwaterDelicate in appearance, but are very hardyEggs are __________________________________________________ and placed either in foliage or sand as part of the incubation processPrefer water temperature of 77-86?FClown FishOrange in color with _________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Each white band & fins are edged in blackKnown for their ability to live around the tentacles of the sea anemone in a mutually beneficial relationship known as symbiosisBreeds of AmphibiansNewtsSalamandersFrogsToadsNewts and SalamandersRange in size from a few inches to 5’ or moreUsually have four legs and long tailsFrogs and ToadsDiffer in that frogs ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________while toads have a rough skin and dry appearanceTrue frogs include the American Bullfrog and may grow to 14” long_____________________________________ is the common toad in the eastern United StatesGreen Tree Frog is actually a yellow-green toad with a yellow stripe running from its lower jaw back along its sidesSpecies of ReptilesBoa constrictorsGarter snakesGreen anoleSkinksSavannah MonitorChameleonBoa ConstrictorsPopular pets because they adjust well to captivity and tame quicklyMay grow 18’ longLike to feed on small animals, birds, fish, and eggsSavannah MonitorA lizard that can be used as a petMay reach sizes up to ________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________Common ChameleonA true chameleon that reaches about 10” in length__________________________________________________________ to adapt to their surroundingsPhysiology of fish, amphibians, and reptilesTerminologyOrnamental fish-Kept for their appearance ________________________________ _____________________________________________________Personal appeal to peopleNot usually used for foodTropical fishPopular fish for aquariums that come from the _______________ _____________________________________________________Marine fishFish that are kept in salt water aquariumsOften more colorful than freshwater varietiesFreshwater fishFish that are kept in a freshwater tankOften _______________________________________________Community fishFish that do well in an aquarium with other fish speciesExamples include: _____________________________________ _____________________________________________________Species fish_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Examples: Blind Cave Fish, Piranhas, Red-Tailed Shark, Schomburgk’s Leaf Fish, Spiny eels, Killifish (one pair alone in an aquarium), Betas (alone in an aquarium)Live bearerFish that give birth to ___________________________________Examples: guppies, Mollies, Platys, and SwordtailsEgg layersFish that _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________Examples: tetras, barbs, catfish, goldfish_________________________________The reproduction ritual where eggs are deposited and fertilized by egg laying species of fishWater/Salt RequirementsFish must maintain proper levels of salt and water in their bodies.Water flows from areas of weak salt solution to areas of strong salt solution by _______________________Freshwater fish do not need to drink water because their body concentration is higher than the waterSaltwater fish have a lower concentration of salt in their bodies than in the water. Therefore, they must drink water to keep from dehydrating.Feeding HabitsBottom feeders (dwellers) are fish that inhabit the lower level of the aquarium and _______________________________________________Their mouth may be _________________________________________ and they may have barbs to help them locate food.Example: barbsMiddle feeders (middle-water fish) primarily occupy the middle layer of the aquarium and usually have small mouths that are straight forward because they are eating feed that is straight in front of feeders usually eat from the surface and occupy the upper levels of the aquarium. Often, their mouths will be turned ____________________and they will have _______________________________________________ designed for rapid movement to help them catch insects.Some fish, like ___________________________, do not show a preference for the level of the aquarium.Physiology of RespirationFish use organs called____________________ to breathe.Water is drawn through the mouth by constant opening and closing of the mouth.This forces water into the pharynx and out through gills._________________________________ in water is taken into the blood and ________________________is released into the water from the gills.A few species of fish come to the surface and gulp air into their mouth. They are able to use atmospheric oxygen because part of their intestines allow for intake of oxygen. The air is then swallowed into the digestive system and taken into the blood.Physiology of Movement__________________-a moveable structure that allow the fish to swim and maintain balance.Most bony fish have rayed fins that consist of ________________ _____________________________________________________Rays can be sharp, soft, or spiny.Fins are very flexible.Most fish have at least one fin along their back (dorsal), one underside near the tail (anal), and one tail fin (caudal).Some have a small fleshy fin located between the dorsal and caudal called an ________________________________________Fish also have a pair of fins located behind the head called the _____________________________________________________ located behind them.Physiology of AmphibiansCold blooded animals that have thin, moist skin that allows them to breathe through the skin by _____________________________________Amphibians usually live in moist environments, but location usually depends on their _____________________________________________Amphibians do not have scales.Amphibians crush their prey and swallow it whole because they do not have teeth.They also live part of their life in water. Adult amphibians spend part or all of their life on land.Physiology of ReptilesReptiles are cold blooded vertebrates that have ___________________ ___________________________________________________________Reptiles have bony __________________________________________ that cover their body.Reptiles include crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, etc.Some give birth by laying eggs ________________________________, others retain the eggs in their body until they hatch and give birth to young ________________________________, and in others their young develop in a placental sac and are born live _______________________.Establishing a Healthy EnvironmentSigns of Disease-FishStrange or unusual behavior.Floating to the surface, sinking to the bottom, or leaning to the side of the aquarium.Fins are ___________________________________________________ against the body.__________________________________________________________A fish is off by itself and not swimming with the school.Appears to be in slow motion and not keeping up with the other fish.Breathing seems faster and deeper than normal.Fish is at the surface gasping for air.Rubbing or scratching against objects in the aquarium.Not interested in eating.___________________________________________ or unusually thin.Belly appears ______________________________________________Color of fish has changed or is unusual.Fins appear ________________________________________________Back and spinal column appear distorted.Eyes are not clear, appear cloudy.Scales are sticking out instead of flat against the body.White spots covering body.Protruding eyes.________________________________________ hanging from the fish.Parasites in FishWhite spot (Ich)Caused by the parasitic organism _________________________ _________________________ and causes numerous __________ _______________One of the most common diseases found in aquarium fish.Slime diseaseParasites attack skin of fish causing a large amount of ________________________May cause death if it attacks the gills.Bacterial Diseases-FishFinrotWhere the edges of the fish’s fins start to appear _____________ _____________________________________________________Fish lose their colorTissue between the fins breaks downTreatment of DiseasesUse of chemicals in the water with the aquarium being thoroughly cleaned before fish are returned.Some need to be placed in a __________________________________ and treated before returning to normal tank.Most treatments can be found at the local pet store.Diseases-Amphibians and Reptiles__________________________________is a bacterial disease that can be transmitted to humans. It affects the digestive tract and causes ___________________________________________________________Mites and ticks are external parasites that attack amphibians and reptiles. Mites usually go undetected until there is a heavy infestation.Symptoms include: anemia, anorexia, depression, stress, listlessness, lack of appetite, and possible death.Habitat RequirementsPurchasing an AquariumDecide on tank type (glass or plastic)_____________________ is cheaper, but ___________________ is easier to clean.__________________________________ are more expensive than all glass and offer more support to the glass.Tank sizeSize depends on the amount you want to invest and the type (species) of fish.Ranges from a simple Beta or goldfish bowl with a 1 gallon capacity to 10, 30, 50, or 100+ gallons.Thickness of glass ranges from ___________________________ ____________________________________ for larger aquariums.Stocking Rate for Aquariums1 inch of fish requires a MINIMUM of:For example:An aquarium that is 24” long by 10” wide has ________________ of surface area.The tank would hold _______ of tropical fish, _______ of cold water fish, or _______ of marine fish.One could have eight swordtails 3” long in a tropical aquarium, two goldfish 4” long in a coldwater aquarium, or two Brasslets 2.5” long in a marine aquarium.Aquarium EquipmentPower filter with an electric motorFiltration systems remove _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Types of Filtration SystemsMechanicalRemoval of waste by using various kinds of filtration devicesModern systems use an _________________________________ChemicalRemoval of dissolved material by using a chemical processThe use of _________________________________________ to soak up dissolved minerals and chemicals is the most common chemical removal process.Activated charcoal is often part of the filter system and must be changed at regular intervals.BiologicalUse bacteria to feed on toxic substances such as _______________________________excreted from fish during respiration or as a result of decaying waste and food material.Waste is changed from a harmful substance to a harmless one (nitrogen)__________________________________________ in the water is also replenished.Air Pumps for aerationWater is circulated from the bottom of the tank to __________________ ___________________________________________________________Compressed air (oxygen) is pumped through ______________________ (fused, porous glass) to break the airflow into minute bubbles.As the compressed air goes into the water, it disperses ______________ ___________________________________________________________Air bubbles rising from the bottom aid in equalizing the water temperature throughout and circulating the water to the top where ___________________________________________________________Aquarium MaintenanceRemove temporary hardness of water by _________________________ ___________________________________________________________Eliminate chlorine by aerating it for _________________________ prior to use or allowing it to sit for _______hours so the chlorine will evaporate.Daily MaintenanceCheck heater, temperature, aeration, and filtrationRemove dead fishObserve for any unusual behaviorWeekly MaintenanceCheck ___________________________________ and add water and chemicals as appropriateMonthly Maintenance_____________________________________ of the water needs to be changed every three to four weeks to provide fish a stress free environment and prolong the life of the filtersSiphon off any dead material from bottom of the aquarium.Tend to ______________________________________________Factors that contribute to increased ammonia and nitrates in the tankIncrease in waste material and uneaten food on the bottom (Don’t overfeed)_______________________ and failure to change water monthlyOverpopulation of fishFeeding FishVary feed to prevent boredom—fish really like live food, but freeze-dried and frozen food is a good alternativeFeed fish _________________________________ per dayFeed only enough for the fish to eat in ___________________________Live foods like ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________ are treats to mercially prepared flake foods are ideal for small fish up to 4-5” long. ___________________________________________________ are provided in amounts needed by the mercially prepared pellets work well for larger fish. The type depends on the eating habit of the fish being kept.Reptile and Amphibian HabitatsVast differences between species, but the goal should always be to __________________________________________________ of the pet.Aquariums usually make the best containers.Semi-aquatic aquariums may be made by using plexi-glass to partition the aquarium in half_______________________________ should be designed to give the reptile an environment close to its actual habitat.Reptiles are _________________________ They do not generate body heat and must rely completely on the temperature of their environement.Reptiles need ultraviolet (UV) rays for ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________Reptiles need ____________________________Fluorescent lights will provide ________________________ as long as there is not glass between the light and the reptile. Glass filters the UV rays out. ................
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