Chapter 12- Motivation



Chapter 12- Motivation and Hunger

Motivation is………………….

What Motivates Us?

1. Instincts-

2. Drives-

3. A need for homeostasis-

4. Drive Reduction Theory-

5. Incentives ( intrinsic v extrinsic)

6. Theory of Optimal Arousal-

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- fill in chart

What does it mean to be self- actualized?

Chapter 12- Motivation and Work

7. Motivation- The need to Achieve-

1. Intrinsic v Extrinsic- what’s the difference?

2. Achievement Motivation- page 491-

8. The Art of Motivating People-

1. Industrial- Organizational Psychology-

2. Personnel Psychology-

3. Organizational Psychology-

4. Task Leadership vs. Social Leadership-

5. Theory Y vs. Theory X

Why am I So Hungry?

1. Physiological reasons for hunger- know the Walter Cannon Study

2. Chemicals are unbalanced- How do the following influence hunger?

a. Glucose-

b. Insulin-

c. Leptin-

3. Neurotransmitters are unbalanced- Know how they influence hunger.

a. Norepinephrine-

b. Dopamine-

c. Serotonin-

4. Hypothalamus – know how they each influence hunger.

a. Lateral Hypothalamus

b. Ventromedial Hypothalamus

5. Hunger Hormones- How do the following influence hunger?

a. Insulin-

b. Orexin-

c. Ghrelin-

d. PYY-

How does Hunger affect my life?

1. Set Point-

2. Basal Metabolic Rate ( Metabolism)-

3. Memory and Hunger-

4. Modeling-

5. Anorexia vs Bulimia

Chapter 12- Motivation and Sex

Sex

1. Major Researchers

1. Alfred Kinsey- Know the study and why it is important.

2. Masters and Johnson Sexual Response Cycle-

1. Excitement-

2. Plateau-

3. Orgasm-

4. Resolution and Refractory period-

2. Hormones and Sex- How do the following influence our sexual behaviors?

1. Estrogen-

2. Testosterone-

3. Hypothalamus-

3. External Stimuli and Sexual Motivation-

a. Julia Heiman Study-

b. How do men and women compare in terms of sexual motivation?

4. Sexual Disorders-

1. Premature Ejaculation-

2. Impotence-

3. Orgasmic Disorder-

5. Why do Teens get Pregnant?

6. What “causes” homosexuality?

a. Nature Supported-

b. Nurture Supported-

|1. |Which of the following is clearly not an example of an incentive? |

|A) |$1000 |D) |smell of popcorn |

|B) |threat of punishment |E) |lack of bodily fluids |

|C) |electric shock | | |

|2. |Motivation is defined by psychologists as: |

|A) |an impulse to accomplish something of significance. |

|B) |rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of all people. |

|C) |a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal. |

|D) |the cause of behavior. |

|3. |The set point is: |

|A) |the stage of the sexual response cycle that occurs just before orgasm. |

|B) |the body temperature of a healthy organism, for example, 98.6 degrees F in humans. |

|C) |the point at which energy expenditures from exercise and from metabolism are equal. |

|D) |the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time. |

|4. |The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of: |

|A) |refractory periods. |D) |boredom. |

|B) |sexual disorders. |E) |anorexia nervosa. |

|C) |hunger. | | |

|5. |The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for: |

|A) |self-esteem. |D) |food and drink. |

|B) |love and friendship. |E) |achievement. |

|C) |religious fulfillment. | | |

|With regard to the incidence of premarital sexual intercourse among Americans during the 1940s, Alfred Kinsey found that: |

|A) |nearly all men and most women reported having premarital sexual intercourse. |

|B) |most men and nearly half the women reported having premarital sexual intercourse. |

|C) |most men but very few women reported having premarital sexual intercourse. |

|D) |very few individuals of either sex admitted having premarital sexual intercourse. |

|Increases in ________ increase hunger, whereas increases in ________ decrease hunger. |

|A) |insulin; blood glucose |C) |leptin; orexin |

|B) |blood glucose; leptin |D) |orexin; insulin |

|If researchers wanted to improve upon the scientific accuracy of Alfred Kinsey's research on American sexual practices, their |

|first concern should involve: |

|A) |using telephone rather than face-to-face interviews. |

|B) |interviewing a larger number of people. |

|C) |having females rather than males interview the female respondents. |

|D) |interviewing a more representative sample of the American population. |

|The brain structure that detects sex hormone levels and activates sexual arousal is the: |

|A) cerebellum. B) amygdala. C) hypothalamus. D) medulla. E) thalamus. |

| |

| |

|10. |For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce: |

|A) |homeostasis. |D) |the refractory period. |

|B) |a drive. |E) |metabolic rate. |

|C) |an instinct. | | |

|11. Mice are most likely to eat less when they experience ________ levels of ________. |

|A) elevated; leptin B) reduced; glucose C) elevated; orexin D) reduced; ghrelin |

|12. |When an organism's weight rises above its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n): |

|A) |decrease in both hunger and basal metabolic rate. |

|B) |increase in hunger and a decrease in basal metabolic rate. |

|C) |decrease in hunger and an increase in basal metabolic rate. |

|D) |increase in both hunger and basal metabolic rate. |

|13. |Research on the environmental conditions that influence sexual orientation indicates that: |

|A) |homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been sexually abused during childhood. |

|B) |homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been overprotected by their mothers. |

|C) |homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been raised in a father-absent home. |

|D) |homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been exposed to a gay or lesbian schoolteacher. |

|E) |the reported backgrounds of homosexuals and heterosexuals are similar. |

|14. About eight months ago, 14-year-old Shelley went on a drastic weight-loss diet that caused her to drop from 110 to 80 |

|pounds. Although she is now dangerously underweight and under-nourished, she continues to think she looks fat. Her frustrated |

|father recently forced her to eat a peanut butter sandwich, but Shelley immediately went to the bathroom and threw it all up. |

|Shelley most clearly suffers from: |

|A) |excess leptin. |D) |hypermetabolism. |

|B) |an abnormally low set point. |E) |anorexia nervosa. |

|C) |bulimia nervosa. | | |

|15. Anorexia patients are most likely to have parents who: |

|A) |have physically or sexually abused their children. |

|B) |are high-achieving and protective. |

|C) |have been recently separated or divorced. |

|D) |are unconcerned about physical appearance and body weight. |

|16. |Theory Y managers are more likely than Theory X managers to: |

|A) |frequently monitor individual employees in order to make sure they are working. |

|B) |discourage employees from critically discussing controversial company policies. |

|C) |give employees a high degree of responsibility for developing their own work procedures. |

|D) |remind employees of the exact deadlines for the completion of work projects. |

|17. |Which profession is most directly involved in the application of psychology's principles to the workplace? |

|A) |social psychology |D) |developmental psychology |

|B) |personality psychology |E) |industrial-organizational psychology |

|C) |cognitive psychology | | |

|18. |Developing assessment tools for selecting and placing employees is of most direct relevance to: |

|A) |social psychology. |D) |human factors psychology. |

|B) |clinical psychology. |E) |personnel psychology. |

|C) |organizational psychology. | | |

|19. |After studying artists who would spend hour after hour painting or sculpting with enormous concentration, Csikszentmihalyi |

| |formulated the concept of: |

|A) |a hierarchy of motives. |D) |360-degree feedback. |

|B) |erotic plasticity. |E) |flow. |

|C) |achievement motivation. | | |

|20. |Participative management is to _______ as directive management is to ________. |

|A) |leniency errors, halo errors |

|B) |Theory Y; Theory X |

|C) |task leadership; social leadership |

|D) |unstructured interviews; structured interviews |

|21. Dr. Thompson is involved in scripting interview questions that will effectively predict job applicants' success in specific|

|work positions. Her work best illustrates that of a(n) ________ psychologist. |

|A) personnel B) organizational C) human factors D) clinical |

|22. |According to Maslow, our need for ________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for ________. |

|A) |love; food |D) |self-actualization; friendship |

|B) |adequate clothing; self-esteem |E) |political freedom; economic security |

|C) |religious fulfillment; adequate housing | | |

|23. |Dr. Milosz electrically stimulates the lateral hypothalamus of a well-fed laboratory rat. This procedure is likely to: |

|A) |cause the rat to begin eating. |

|B) |decrease the rat's basal metabolic rate. |

|C) |facilitate conversion of the rat's blood glucose to fat. |

|D) |permanently lower the rat's set point. |

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