The Java Tutorial
The Java? Tutorial
Sixth Edition
The Java? Series
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The Java? Tutorial
A Short Course on the Basics
Sixth Edition
Raymond Gallardo Scott Hommel Sowmya Kannan Joni Gordon Sharon Biocca Zakhour
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gallardo, Raymond. The Java tutorial : a short course on the basics / Raymond Gallardo, Scott Hommel, Sowmya Kannan,
Joni Gordon, Sharon Biocca Zakhour.--Sixth edition. pages cm
Previous edition: The Java tutorial : a short course on the basics / Sharon Zakhour, Sowmya Kannan, Raymond Gallardo. 2013, which was originally based on The Java tutorial / by Mary Campione.
Includes index. ISBN 978-0-13-403408-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)--ISBN 0-13-403408-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Java (Computer program language) I. Title. QA76.73.J38Z35 2015 005.13'3--dc23
2014035811
Copyright ? 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065
Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to (201) 236-3290.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-403408-9 ISBN-10: 0-13-403408-2
Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Edwards Brothers Malloy in Ann Arbor, Michigan. First printing, December 2014
Contents
Preface About the Authors
Chapter 1
Getting Started The Java Technology Phenomenon
The Java Programming Language The Java Platform What Can Java Technology Do? How Will Java Technology Change My Life? The "Hello World!" Application "Hello World!" for the NetBeans IDE "Hello World!" for Microsoft Windows "Hello World!" for Solaris and Linux A Closer Look at the "Hello World!" Application Source Code Comments The HelloWorldApp Class Definition The main Method Common Problems (and Their Solutions) Compiler Problems Runtime Problems Questions and Exercises: Getting Started
xxiii xxvii
1 1 2 2 4 4 5 6 15 20 23 24 25 25 27 27 29 31
v
vi
Contents
Chapter 2 Chapter 3
Questions
31
Exercises
32
Answers
32
Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
33
What Is an Object?
34
What Is a Class?
36
What Is Inheritance?
38
What Is an Interface?
39
What Is a Package?
40
Questions and Exercises: Object-Oriented Programming Concepts 41
Questions
41
Exercises
41
Answers
41
Language Basics
43
Variables
44
Naming
45
Primitive Data Types
46
Arrays
51
Summary of Variables
57
Questions and Exercises: Variables
57
Operators
58
Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators
59
Equality, Relational, and Conditional Operators
62
Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators
65
Summary of Operators
66
Questions and Exercises: Operators
67
Expressions, Statements, and Blocks
68
Expressions
68
Statements
70
Blocks
71
Questions and Exercises: Expressions, Statements, and Blocks 71
Control Flow Statements
72
The if-then and if-then-else Statements
72
The switch Statement
74
The while and do-while Statements
79
The for Statement
80
Branching Statements
82
Summary of Control Flow Statements
85
Questions and Exercises: Control Flow Statements
86
Contents
vii
Chapter 4 Classes and Objects
87
Classes
88
Declaring Classes
89
Declaring Member Variables
90
Defining Methods
92
Providing Constructors for Your Classes
94
Passing Information to a Method or a Constructor
95
Objects
99
Creating Objects
100
Using Objects
104
More on Classes
107
Returning a Value from a Method
107
Using the this Keyword
109
Controlling Access to Members of a Class
110
Understanding Class Members
112
Initializing Fields
116
Summary of Creating and Using Classes and Objects
118
Questions and Exercises: Classes
119
Questions and Exercises: Objects
120
Nested Classes
121
Why Use Nested Classes?
122
Static Nested Classes
122
Inner Classes
123
Shadowing
123
Serialization
124
Inner Class Example
125
Local and Anonymous Classes
127
Modifiers
127
Local Classes
127
Anonymous Classes
131
Lambda Expressions
136
When to Use Nested Classes, Local Classes,
Anonymous Classes, and Lambda Expressions
155
Questions and Exercises: Nested Classes
156
Enum Types
157
Questions and Exercises: Enum Types
161
Chapter 5 Annotations
163
Annotations Basics
164
The Format of an Annotation
164
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