The Java Tutorial

The Java? Tutorial

Sixth Edition

The Java? Series

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The Java? Tutorial

A Short Course on the Basics

Sixth Edition

Raymond Gallardo Scott Hommel Sowmya Kannan Joni Gordon Sharon Biocca Zakhour

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gallardo, Raymond. The Java tutorial : a short course on the basics / Raymond Gallardo, Scott Hommel, Sowmya Kannan,

Joni Gordon, Sharon Biocca Zakhour.--Sixth edition. pages cm

Previous edition: The Java tutorial : a short course on the basics / Sharon Zakhour, Sowmya Kannan, Raymond Gallardo. 2013, which was originally based on The Java tutorial / by Mary Campione.

Includes index. ISBN 978-0-13-403408-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)--ISBN 0-13-403408-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Java (Computer program language) I. Title. QA76.73.J38Z35 2015 005.13'3--dc23

2014035811

Copyright ? 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065

Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to (201) 236-3290.

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-403408-9 ISBN-10: 0-13-403408-2

Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Edwards Brothers Malloy in Ann Arbor, Michigan. First printing, December 2014

Contents

Preface About the Authors

Chapter 1

Getting Started The Java Technology Phenomenon

The Java Programming Language The Java Platform What Can Java Technology Do? How Will Java Technology Change My Life? The "Hello World!" Application "Hello World!" for the NetBeans IDE "Hello World!" for Microsoft Windows "Hello World!" for Solaris and Linux A Closer Look at the "Hello World!" Application Source Code Comments The HelloWorldApp Class Definition The main Method Common Problems (and Their Solutions) Compiler Problems Runtime Problems Questions and Exercises: Getting Started

xxiii xxvii

1 1 2 2 4 4 5 6 15 20 23 24 25 25 27 27 29 31

v

vi

Contents

Chapter 2 Chapter 3

Questions

31

Exercises

32

Answers

32

Object-Oriented Programming Concepts

33

What Is an Object?

34

What Is a Class?

36

What Is Inheritance?

38

What Is an Interface?

39

What Is a Package?

40

Questions and Exercises: Object-Oriented Programming Concepts 41

Questions

41

Exercises

41

Answers

41

Language Basics

43

Variables

44

Naming

45

Primitive Data Types

46

Arrays

51

Summary of Variables

57

Questions and Exercises: Variables

57

Operators

58

Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators

59

Equality, Relational, and Conditional Operators

62

Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators

65

Summary of Operators

66

Questions and Exercises: Operators

67

Expressions, Statements, and Blocks

68

Expressions

68

Statements

70

Blocks

71

Questions and Exercises: Expressions, Statements, and Blocks 71

Control Flow Statements

72

The if-then and if-then-else Statements

72

The switch Statement

74

The while and do-while Statements

79

The for Statement

80

Branching Statements

82

Summary of Control Flow Statements

85

Questions and Exercises: Control Flow Statements

86

Contents

vii

Chapter 4 Classes and Objects

87

Classes

88

Declaring Classes

89

Declaring Member Variables

90

Defining Methods

92

Providing Constructors for Your Classes

94

Passing Information to a Method or a Constructor

95

Objects

99

Creating Objects

100

Using Objects

104

More on Classes

107

Returning a Value from a Method

107

Using the this Keyword

109

Controlling Access to Members of a Class

110

Understanding Class Members

112

Initializing Fields

116

Summary of Creating and Using Classes and Objects

118

Questions and Exercises: Classes

119

Questions and Exercises: Objects

120

Nested Classes

121

Why Use Nested Classes?

122

Static Nested Classes

122

Inner Classes

123

Shadowing

123

Serialization

124

Inner Class Example

125

Local and Anonymous Classes

127

Modifiers

127

Local Classes

127

Anonymous Classes

131

Lambda Expressions

136

When to Use Nested Classes, Local Classes,

Anonymous Classes, and Lambda Expressions

155

Questions and Exercises: Nested Classes

156

Enum Types

157

Questions and Exercises: Enum Types

161

Chapter 5 Annotations

163

Annotations Basics

164

The Format of an Annotation

164

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