Principles of Drug Action - Triton College
Principles of Drug Action
-4 different body processes that affect drug action
-Absorption- the passage of the drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream
-Sublingual- in the mouth
-Oral- in the stomach/intestines
-IM- in the muscle
-SUBQ- under the skin
-IV- in the bloodstream
-Topical- through the skin
-Rectal- in the rectum
-Distribution- the transportation of that drug from the bloodstream to the body tissue and intended site of the action
-Metabolism/biotransformation- a series of chemical reactions that inactivate a drug by converting it into a water-soluble compound so that it can be excreted by the body
-The process of metabolism occurs under the influence of enzyme, which are proteins
-They also detoxify, or eliminate substances that are toxic to the body
-Most of the metabolism and detoxification of drugs takes place in the liver
-Excretion- the body’s way of removing the waste products of ordinary cell processes
-Most drugs leave the body through the kidneys
-Factors affecting drug action
-Age
-Size (Patient weight)
-Diet
-Sex
-Genetic factors
-Pathological conditions
-Psychological factors
-Route of administration
-Time of Administration
-Drug-taking history
-Environmental conditions
-Drug Effects
-Action- the chemical changes the drug produces in cells and tissues
-Effect- the combination of biological, physical, and psychological changes that take place in the body as result of the drug action
-Therapeutic effect- the desired effect
-Side effects- additional effects on the body that are not part of the goal of drug therapy
-Drug effects are classified as either
-Local- having effect in the immediate area of administration
-Systemic- having an effect throughout the body
-Adverse reactions- dangerous or unexpected effects of drugs
-Drug allergy- reaction of the body cell to a foreign substance (Antigen) to which it has previously developed antibodies
-The injured cells release a substance called histamine, which is responsible for the symptoms usually seen in allergic reactions
-Hypersensitivity is synonymously with allergy
-Anaphylaxis- severe allergic reaction that may be fatal
-Idiosyncrasy- abnormal or peculiar responses to certain drugs, are thought to be caused by an abnormal metabolism of drugs as the result of an enzyme deficiency
-Tolerance- the need for increasingly larger doses of a drug to produce the same physiological and/or psychological effects
-Cumulative effect- when the body cannot metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug completely before the next dose is given
-Overdose and toxicity- a dose that is too large for his or her age, size, and/or physical condition
-Toxicity- the drug’s ability to poison the body
-Drug interactions- when one drug modifies the action of another drug
-Synergism- when two drugs administered together produce a more powerful response than the effect of each drug given separately
-Potentiation- administration of two drugs at the same time wherein one drug increases the effect of the other drug
-Antagonism- interaction in which two drugs inhibit or cancel each other’s effect
-Drug dependence- a strong psychological and/or physical need to take a certain drug
-Withdrawal symptoms- set of physical reactions that occur when a person stops taking a drug on which he or she is physically dependent
-Drug abuse- self-administration of a drug in chronically excessive quantities, resulting in psychological or physical dependences
-Drug misuse- the overuse or careless use of any drug
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