LECTURE ON DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER



LECTURE ON DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER

THERE IS NO LONGER AN OFFICIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER

KNOWN AS "MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER"

DSM-III: MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER (MPD)

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DSM-IV: DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (DID)

OLD NAME: MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER

NEW NAME: DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (DID)

TYPES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS:

DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA

(USED TO BE "PSYCHOGENIC AMNESIA")

DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE

(USED TO BE "PSYCHOGENIC FUGUE")

DEPERSONALIZATION DISORDER

DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER

(USED TO BE MPD)

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER

1. TWO OR MORE PERSONALITIES

(EACH HAS OWN WAY OF SEEING THE WORLD AND RELATING TO IT)

2. AT LEAST TWO OF THE PERSONALITIES TAKE CONTROL

OF THE PERSON'S BEHAVIOR FROM TIME TO TIME

3. INABILITY TO RECALL IMPORTANT PERSONAL INFORMATION

4. NOT DUE TO SUBSTANCES (ALCOHOL, DRUGS, MEDICATIONS).

NOT DUE TO A GENERAL MEDICAL CONDITION (EPILEPSY)

IS DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER THE BEST EXPLANATION

WHEN THERE ARE DRAMATIC SHIFTS IN A PERSON'S BEHAVIOR?

1. NATURAL HUMAN VARIATION AT DIFFERENT TIMES

AND IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS

2. OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS THAT INVOLVE DRAMATIC SHIFTS

-- BIPOLAR DISORDER

-- BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER

-- ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER

3. ADOPTING A SECOND PERSONALITY

WHEN THE INCENTIVES ARE HIGH

-- KENNETH BIANCHI (HILLSIDE STRANGLER)

4. ADOPTING A SECOND PERSONALITY IN RESPONSE

TO SOCIAL PRESSURE OR SOCIAL INCENTIVES

5. ADOPTING A SECOND PERSONALITY IN RESPONSE

TO EXPECTATIONS OF AUTHORITY FIGURES

NICHOLAS SPANOS:

REJECTS VIEW THAT DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER IS

CAUSED BY TRAUMA OR ABUSE

ARGUES THAT DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER IS EITHER

1) A RESPONSE OF HIGHLY HYPNOTIZABLE INDIVIDUALS

TO SUGGESTIONS FROM THERAPISTS OR

2) A "STRATEGIC MOVE" IN THE FACE OF SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS AND PRESSURES

SPANOS, N. (1994). MULTIPLE IDENTITY ENACTMENTS AND MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER: A SOCIOCOGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE. PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN, 116, 143-165.

EVIDENCE SUPPORTING SPANOS' VIEW:

-- MEMORIES OF PAST LIVES AND ALIEN ABDUCTION UNDER HYPNOSIS

(SUGGESTIBILITY UNDER HYPNOSIS

NOT RELATED TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY)

-- NORMAL INDIVIDUALS CAN "STRATEGICALLY" ADOPT SECOND

PERSONALITIES WHEN THE IDEA IS SUBTLY SUGGESTED

-- EVIDENCE THAT AMERICAN THERAPISTS ARE USING SUGGESTIVE TECHNIQUES AND HYPNOSIS TO DIAGNOSE MULTIPLE PERSONALITIES

-- CROSS-CULTURAL EVIDENCE:

-- "MULTIPLICITY" VARIES AMONG CULTURES

-- PREVALENCE OF "MULTIPLICITY" RELATED TO

CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS

-- "MULTIPLICITY" MUCH LESS COMMON IN OTHER

DEVELOPED NATIONS THAN U.S.

-- TIME-PATTERNS OF "MULTIPLICITY" IN U.S.

-- LARGE NUMBER OF CASES SINCE "SYBIL"

(EARLY 1970'S)

-- INCREASES IN NO. OF PERSONALITIES PER CASE

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