Chapter 10, Section 2



Chapter 10, Section 2I. Movements toward Independence in Africa (pages 508-509)Even though black Africans had fought for the British and French in World War I, their hopes for independence after the war were not met. The Versailles peace settlements took away German colonies only to give them as mandates to France and Britain.Many Africans became politically active after World War I. They sought reforms that would allow them the same ideals of liberty and equality espoused by Western democratic nations.In Kenya, the Young Kikuyu Association protested in 1921 the high taxes imposed by Great Britain. Their leader Harry Thuku was jailed. When a crowd tried to free him, the British killed 50 of them and exiled Thuku.In Libya, guerrilla fighters under Omar Mukhtar fought the Italian rulers and defeated them several times. The Italians put Libyans in concentration camps and eventually killed Mukhtar, which ended the fighting.Colonial powers usually responded to revolts with force. In some cases, they made some reforms, hoping to satisfy African peoples. By the 1930s, many new African leaders emerged. They insisted on independence and said that reforms were not enough.Many of the new African leaders had been educated abroad. W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey influenced Africans who studied in the United States. Du Bois was an African American and led a movement to make all Africans aware of their cultural heritage. Garvey was a Jamaican living in New York City who stressed the need for African unity. This was called Pan-Africanism.Jomo Kenyatta was an African man from Kenya who had been educated in Great Britain. He argued that British rule was destroying traditional African cultures. Léopold Senghor and Nnamdi Azikiwe were leaders in Senegal and Nigeria, respectively, who worked to end colonial rule.II. The Movement for Indian Independence (pages 510-511)Before World War I, Mohandas Gandhi had been active in the independence movement to end British rule in India. He was known as Mahatma, or "Great Soul." Gandhi organized mass protests. He insisted that the protests be nonviolent. Gandhi used civil disobedience—the refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust—to achieve his goals.In 1919, British troop killed hundreds of unarmed protesters. Gandhi was eventually arrested for his role in the protests and was in prison for several years.In 1935, Great Britain passed the Government of India Act. The act gave more government positions to Indians and the right to vote to a small percentage of the population.In 1885 the Indian National Congress (INC) was formed to seek reforms. However, by the 1920s reforms were not enough. After he got out of jail, Gandhi went back to work to spread his message to the Indian people.Nonviolence was the core of Gandhi's campaign. He said that it was wrong to harm any living being and that hate could only be overcome by love. He advocated noncooperation, such as not buying cloth imported from Britain and government-made salt. He told Indians not to pay their taxes.The British raised the tax on salt and prohibited Indians from harvesting their own. In 1930, Gandhi protested by walking to the sea on the Salt March. At the ocean, Gandhi defied the British by picking up salt. Thousands of Indians followed suit. Gandhi and other INC leaders were arrested.In the 1930s, Jawaharlal Nehru emerged as an important leader in Indian politics. Nehru had studied law in Great Britain and was an upper class intellectual. The independence movement split into two paths. Gandhi represented the traditional, religious, and Indian path. Nehru represented the modern, secular, and Western. While the two paths shared the same goal, the division created uncertainty about what the future of India would look like.Another division in Indian politics was that between Hindus and Muslims. Muslims objected to the Hindu control of the INC. In 1930, the Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan in the northwest.III. The Rise of Militarist Japan (pages 511-513)Between 1900 and 1920, Japanese society adopted many aspects of Western societies and became an increasingly prosperous and industrial country.The zaibatsu were large financial and industrial corporations. With government help, these firms developed into vast companies that controlled major parts of Japanese industry. By 1937, the four major zaibatsu controlled a large amount of the economy.As wealth became concentrated among the relative few, more and more people had less. Food shortages, inflation, and other economic problems led to riots and unrest. The Great Depression had a severe impact on workers and farmers.Traditionalists called for a return to older Japanese values. They rejected the influence of Western ideas in education and politics.In the early 1900s, Japan had trouble finding sources of raw materials and foreign markets. Until World War I, the Japanese had expanded their territory to meet these needs. This policy worried many Western nations, especially the United States.The United States wanted to keep Asia open for trade. In 1922, the United States held a conference that produced a nine-power treaty that recognized China's territorial integrity and the Open Door policy. In return, Japan was allowed to control southern Manchuria.During the 1920s, Japan tried to use economic and diplomatic means to realize Asian interests. The policy was unpopular. New heavy industries developed in Japan. To run these industries the Japanese needed new sources of raw materials.At the end of the 1920s, problems arose that led to a rise in militarism in Japan. A group within the ruling party gained control of the political system. Many in the group thought that the Japanese system had been corrupted by Western ideas.During the 1930s, extremist patriotic organizations emerged, some as part of the military. In 1931, a group of army officers directed an invasion of Manchuria. The government opposed the move, but the people supported it. In time, the military and other supporters of Japanese expansion dominated the government.Japan was put on wartime status. In 1938, a military draft was begun. The government controlled all economic resources. Labor unions were disbanded. There was only one political party. Western ideas were purged from education and culture. Traditional Japanese values became important once again.IV. Nationalism and Revolution in Asia (page 513)Before World War I, Marxist ideas had no appeal for Asian intellectuals. The mostly agrarian Asian societies seemed ill-fitted for revolution. After the Russian Revolution, however, it became clear that Marxist ideas could be used to overthrow an outdated system.In 1920, Lenin determined to spread communism to the outside world. The Comintern, or Communist International, was a worldwide organization of Communist parties dedicated to revolution. Comintern agents were trained in Moscow and then returned to their own countries. By the end of the 1920s, almost all Asian countries had a Communist party.The success of Communist parties in Asia varied greatly. Some cooperated with existing nationalist parties to overthrow Western colonial rulers. For example, in French Indochina, Ho Chi Minh, who had been trained in Moscow, organized the Vietnamese Communists. China had the strongest Communist-nationalist alliance. However, in most Asian colonial societies, communism had little success in the 1930s. ................
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