“Triangular Trade - Suffolk Public Schools Blog



Conservation- The action of conserving something in particular?Conservatism- A right-of-center political philosophy based on a tendency to support gradual rather than abrupt change and to preserve the status quo?Confederacy- Who- Thomas Jefferson When- 1861 What- Established in the seven slave states in the lower south whose economy and political leadership was based on slavery?Confederate States of America- The eleven southern states are Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. The southern states seceded from the U.S. from 1860-1861??Communications Revolution- Increasing rapidness of communication in antebellum period. Ex) Telegraph, Clipper Ships, and Mail?Constitutions- A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed?Corporate Growth- The planning and execution of a wide range of strategies to meet specific organizational objectives?Counterculture- A culture with values and mores that run counter to those of established society?Culture- The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively?Cultural Blending- Where two or more cultures mix together their way of living?Demographic Changes- The change of the quantifiable statistics of a given population?Great Depression- A drastic decline in the world economy resulting in mass unemployment and widespread poverty that lasted from 1929 until 1939?Desegregation- The elimination of laws customs, or practices under which different races, groups, etc. are restricted to specific or separate public?Abolitionist- a person who favors getting rid of a practice or institution/ really popular pre civil war in the 19th century/ throughout the USAbigail Adams- wife of John Adams, the second president, and mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth president/ 1744-1818/ born and died in MassachusettsRichard Allen- a bishop, minister, writer, and one of Americas most active and influential black leader/ in 1794 he founded first independent black denomination in the US/ 1760-1831/ born in PennsylvaniaAmerican Expeditionary Force- US armed forces sent to Europe in World War I/ 1914-1918/ lead by John PershingAmerican Federation of Labor- first federation of labor unions in the US/ founded in Columbus Ohio in 1886/ founded by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the night of laborAmerican Indians- member of any of the indigenous peoples of north or south AmericaAmerican Protective Association- an anti-Catholic society/ 1887/ by American protestants/ in the mid-west/ collapsed in the mid-1890s American Revolution- American colonies won independence from European rule/ 1775-1783/ between American and Great Britain American System- a tariff to protect and promote American industry/ national bank to foster commerce and federal subsidies for roads etc./ 1820s/ Henry Clay’s systemAnnexing Texas- Mexican American war/ treaty of Guadalupe/ 1845-1848/ James Polk oversaw expansion/ to gain territoryAnthracite Coal Mining- a coal strike of 1902 also known as the anthracite coal strike/ Theodore Roosevelt offered them more moneyAsian Americans- an American who is of Asian descentArticles of Confederation- original constitution of the US/ratified in 1781/ by the original thirteen coloniesAtlantic Charter- pivotal policy statement in 1941/ early World War II/ defined allied goals for the post war world/ drafted by leaders of Britain and the USAtomic Bomb- Manhattan project/ nuclear bomb/ World War II/ bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki/ planned completion date around 1945 Mestizo- People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.Metis- People of mixed American Indian and Euro- American ancestry.Mexican-American War- (1846-1848) it was the first U.S. conflict fought on foreign ground. Afterwards, Mexico lost over a third of their land including California, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona.Mexican Intervention- the U.S. intervened in Mexico in order for them to protect their national security and their economic interests.Military-industrial complex- This is used in order to signify relationships between government and the defense minded manufacturers.Minstrel shows- a minstrel show was an American entertainment that has comic skits, dancing, and music, performed by whites in blackface.Missouri Compromise- passed in 1820 between pro and anti slavery; it prohibited slavery in the Louisiana area.Mission settlements (missionaries) - these were Christian missions brought about between the 15th and the 17th centuries in Mexico a southwestern portions of the U.S.Miranda vs. Arizona – it held the constitutions Fifth Amendment prohibition against its self-incrimination.Mission system, Spanish- spoke much about the Spanish strategies, contributions, and their failed missions to regions. They did vary in the success in which they had in economic and religious ways.Molasses Act- made about in 1733, it brought about a tax of 6 pence per gallon on imports containing molasses from colonies not associated with Britain. It better secured the trade in America. Monroe Doctrine- was made in 1823 by President James Monroe. This doctrine warned the Europeans that the U.S. wouldn’t take further colonization or monarchs.Moral Majority- was an American political organization having to do with Christian rights.Moreno, Luisa- she was a leader in the U.S labor movement. She also was a social activist. Luisa unionized workers, led many strikes, and wrote pamphlets not only in English but in Spanish.Morgan, J.p.- was an American financier and banker. He was one of the most feared men in finance. Was the primary banker for Wall Street and had a rare nose condition called rhinophyma.Holding Companies – a company or firm that owns other companies' outstanding stock. Holding companies allow the reduction of risk for the owners and can allow the ownership and control of a number of different companies.Homestead Act – gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost in the United States. Used before Civil War to allow farmers to individually own and operate small farms, as opposed the large slave-labored plantations of the South.Hopper, Edward – (July 22, 1882 – May 15, 1967) was a prominent American realist painter and printmaker. His spare and finely calculated renderings reflected his personal vision of modern American life.Hudson River School – a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism.Huron Confederation, dispersal of – The Huron Confederation was 4 nations of Indians that started forming around A.D. 1300 in the Ortario area of Canada. They created a formal trading alliance with the French colony of Quebec in 1614, which later lead to the dispersal of the Confederation in 1647Hydrogen Bomb – also referred to as a thermonuclear weapon, it was first developed and used in 1952 and has since been used in most of the world's nuclear weapons. Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam developed it in 1951 for the U.SImmigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 – also known as the Simpson-Mazzoli Act, signed into law by Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986, is an Act of Congress which reformed United States immigration law. This made it illegal to hire illegal immigrants Imperialist (anti-imperialists) – one who supports imperialism (expansion of national territory through the establishment of colonies). And one who does not.Marshall, Thurgood – (July 2, 1908 - January 24, 1993) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African American justice.Maryland Act of Toleration – also known as the Act Concerning Religion, it was a law mandating religious tolerance for trinitarian Christians. Passed on April 21, 1649 by the assembly of the Maryland colony, it was the second law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies and created the first legal limitations on hate speech in the world.Massive Retaliation – also known as a massive response or massive deterrence, is a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.McCulloch vs. Maryland – was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland.Mechanical reaper – invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831. It greatly improved a single farm’s harvest by allowing more land to be “reaped”Medicare – a federally administered system of health insurance available to persons aged 65 and over founded in 1966. Money from taxpayers funds this program, requiring higher taxes. Medicaid – a social health care program for families and individuals with low income and resources. It is jointly funded by state and federal governments. Glided Age- A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.Economic Globalization- A process by which regional societies, economics, and cultures have become joined together through an international system of trade, transportation, and communication. It benefited the American consumer because it offered new and varied products at low prices.First great awakening- The first great awakening affected British North America in the 1730s-1740s. True to the values of the Enlightenment, the Awakening emphasized human decision in matters of religion and mortality. It respected each individual’s feelings and emotions. In stark contrast to Puritanism, which emphasized outward actions as proof of salvation, the Great Awakening focused on inward changes in the Christians heart. A revival movement meant to purify religion from material distractions and renew one’s personal faith in God. The movement was a reaction the waning of religion and the spread of skepticism during the Englightenment of the 1700s. Second great awakening- Was a Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the U.S. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800, and, after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the 1840s. Great Depression (1928-1941) - was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in 1930 and lasted until the late 1930s or middle 1940s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline. The depression originated in the U.S., after the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday).Great Migration (1630-1642) – Migration of 70,000 from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The 20,000 migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose to establish a model Christian settlement in the New World.Great Society (1964-1968) – President Johnson term for his domestic policy agenda. Billed as a successor to the New Deal, the Great Society aimed to extend the postwar prosperity to all people in American society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty.Harlem Renaissance- A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourishedHereditary Privilege - Nobility is a social classes that possesses more acknowledged privileges or eminence than most other classes in a society, membership thereof typically being hereditary. The privileges associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles, or may be largely honorary (e.g. precedence), and vary from country to country and era to era. Historically, membership of the nobility and the prerogatives thereof have been regulated or acknowledged by the monarch or government, thereby distinguishing it from other sectors of a nation's upper class. Nonetheless, nobility per se has rarely constituted a closed caste; acquisition of sufficient power, wealth, military prowess or royal favor has, occasionally or often, enabled commoners to ascend into the nobility.Hispanics - denotes a relationship to Spain or, in some definitions, to ancient Roman Hispania, which roughly comprised the Iberian Peninsula including the contemporary states of Andorra, Portugal, and Spain and the Crown Colony or British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar. Today, organizations in the United States use the term as a broad catchall to refer to persons with a historical and cultural relationship either with Spain, or with Spain and Portugal, regardless of race. The U.S. Census Bureau defines the ethnonym Hispanic or Latino to refer to "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American (except for Brazil), or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race,” and states that Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race, any ancestry, any ethnicity.Imperialism (Imperial system) – The ambition of powerful nation to dominate the political, economic, and cultural affairs of another nation.Independence movements - An independence movement is a movement that is trying to gain political independence for some area that it thinks should be its own country. ?Independence movements can be conducted by colonized people against their colonizers. ?For example, the Vietnamese fight against the French after WWII can be seen in this way as the Vietnamese felt their country should be independent rather than being a colony. ?Such movements can also push for partitions in an existing country. ?A recent example of this was the successful movement for the independence of what is now South Sudan.International Migrants - occurs when peoples cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimum length of time. Migration occurs for many reasons. Many people leave their home countries in order to look for economic opportunities in another country. Others migrate to be with family members who have migrated or because of political conditions in their countries. Education is another reason for international migration, as students pursue their studies abroad. While there are several different potential systems for categorizing international migrants, one system organizes them into nine groups: temporary labor migrants; irregular, illegal, or undocumented migrants; highly skilled and business migrants; refugees; asylum seekers; forced migration; family members; return migrants; and long-term, low-skilled migrants.International security system - consists of the measures taken by nations and international organizations, such as the United Nations, to ensure mutual survival and safety. These measures include military action and diplomatic agreements such as treaties and conventions. International and national security are invariably linked. International security is national security or state security in the global arena.Western Nations against Communist Aggression- a United States Presidential doctrine comprises the key goals, attitudes, or stances for United States foreign affairs outlined by a President. Most presidential doctrines are related to the Cold War. Though many U.S. Presidents had themes related to their handling of foreign policy, the term doctrine generally applies to Presidents such as James Monroe, Harry S. Truman, Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan, all of whom had doctrines which more completely characterized their foreign policy.Audubon, John:Who: John AudubonWhat: an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl and contributed to the western population movements When: 1843Where: Mississippi Why: He had a great success in the works as birds of America. Ironically, he shot a lot of birds for sport when he was young. The Audubon society for the protection of birds was named after him. 2. Axis Powers:Who: Germany, Italy, and JapanWhat: The World War II allianceWhen: 1939Where: ruled empires that dominated large parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific OceanWhy: Those states opposed to the Allies during the Second World War, but ended with their total defeat.3. Bakke vs. University of California:Who: Allan Bakke against University of CaliforniaWhat: Supreme Court CaseWhen: (1978) Where: CaliforniaWhy: Ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances. 4. Baldwin Locomotive Works:Who: Mathius BaldwinWhat: steam locomotivesWhen: 1834Where: PhillyWhy: one of the largest locomotive manufacturing firms in USA.5. Battle of Fallen Timbers:Who: Mad Anthony Wayne & IndiansWhat: An attack made by American General "Mad Anthony Wayne" against invading IndiansWhen: Aug. 20, 1794Where: NorthwestWhy: The defeat of the Indians ended the alliance made with the British and Indians6. Beat Movement:Who: a group of American writersWhat: came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they wrote about.When: the 1950'sWhere: AmericaWhy: Central elements of "Beat" culture include a rejection of mainstream American values, experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and an interest in Eastern spirituality.7. Beaver Wars:Who: the Iroquois and the FrenchWhat: series of bloody conflictsWhen: occurring between 1640s and 1680sWhere: east and the Great Lakes region Why: the Iroquois fought the French for control of the fur trade8. Bellamy, Edward:Who: Bellamy EdwardWhat: wrote Looking Backward, a utopian novel.When: 1888Where: BostonWhy: described the experiences of a young Bostonian who went into a hypnotic sleep in 1887 and awoke in 2000, finding a new social order in which want, politics and vice were unknown. The society had emerged through peace and evolution, and all of the trusts of the 1800s joined together form one government controlled trust, which distributed the abundance of the industrial economy equally among all people. Fraternal cooperation d replaced competition, there were no class divisions, and there was great nationalism.9. Bill of Rights:Who: The peopleWhat: freedom of speech, press, and religionWhen: June 1776Where: VirginiaWhy: these were implemented to satisfy the several states that made it a condition of their ratification (mostly the anti-federalists) it protected the citizens rights- an extra precaution.Right to trial by jury and due process law- forbade "unreasonable searches and seizures- protected individuals against self incrimination and criminal cases. 10. Black Panthers:Who: African-AmericansWhat: established to promote Black Power and self-defense through acts of social agitation.When: the mid-1960s into the 1970sWhere: United States, Started in Oakland, CA. Why: achieved national and international presence through their deep involvement in the local community. The Black Panther Party was an auxiliary of the greater movement, often coined the Black Power Movement. The Black Power movement was one of the most significant movements (with regards to social, political, and cultural aspects). “The movement had provocative rhetoric, militant posture, and cultural and political flourishes permanently altered the contours of American Identity11. Boomtown areas of West:Who: Towns, Famers, and MerchantsWhat: Overnight Pop Up townsWhen: Late 1800’sWhere: WestWhy: started out with some men looking for gold and living in tents. Then a farmer realized that they would need a supply of food so he went to that area. Merchants realized that these miners needed to purchase manufactured items, construction workers to build houses, and then the town needed entertainment. All this built up one right after another, after the mining and the gold moved out, so did the people &businesses; it became a Ghost Town 12. Braceros program:Who: United States and MexicoWhat: Wartime agreementWhen: 1941 to 1947Where: US & MexicoWhy: Imported farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage13. Brown vs. Board of Education:Who: Thurgood Marshall and Board of EducationWhat: Invalidated racial segregation in schools and led to the unraveling of de jure segregation in all areas of public life.When: May 17, 1954Where: Topeka, Kansas.Why: In the unanimous decision spearheaded by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court invalidated the Plessy ruling, declaring in the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal; has no place and contending that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal ; Future Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall was one of the NAACP lawyers who successfully argued the case.14. Bruce, Blanche: Who: Bruce BlancheWhat: An American politicianWhen: 1875 to 1881Where: AmericaWhy: Represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate.mon Sense (Thomas Paine):Who: Thomas PaineWhat: Published his pamphlet, sparking the Revolutionary War.When: January 1776Where: AmericaWhy: Exhorted Americans to rise in opposition to the British government and establish a new government based on Enlightenment ideals. Historians have cited the publication of this pamphlet as the event that finally sparked the Revolutionary War. Paine also published rational criticisms of religion, most famously in The Age of Reason (1794-1807)Gilded Age – a period in the late nineteenth century characterized by a greatly expanding economy, political corruption, and corporate financial misdealings.Globalization, economic- the interaction and integration among the people, companies, and government of different nations driven by international trade and investment.Great Awakening, First – the sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies and unified them.Great Awakening, Second – in the late 1800s, people were converted and many churches were changed and revived. This influenced woman’s rights, abolishment of slavery, prison reform, and reform in education.Great Depression – the economic crises around the world started with the stock market crash in October 29, 1929.Great Migration – the relocation of African Americans from the South to the cities of the North, Midwest, and West in the early twentieth century.Great Society – a domestic policy given by Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted social welfare programs.Harlem Renaissance – a cultural movement in the 1920s that renewed and flourished black literary and musical culture.Political machines – a party organization leaded by a single boss or small group that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state.Political parties – an organized group of people that have the same views and opinions that seeks to influence public policy by trying to get their candidates elected to public office.Populist movements – grassroots movements that middle class and laborers support (not just the Populist movement or Agrarian revolt of the 1890’s).Presentism – an attitude toward the past dominated by present day attitudes and experiences.Progressive reformers – a reform between 1900 and 1920 that held irresponsible actions by the rich were corrupting public and private life.Racial stereotyping – an ethnic stereotype that is a simple and misleading representation of an ethnic group.Racial gradations – a series of racial colors.Thirteenth Amendment~ this amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slave owners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States. “Triangular Trade”: furs, tobacco, Carolinas-rice, Barbados – sugar ~ England to Africa - manufactured good & rum: Africa to Caribbean (middle passage) – slaves: Caribbean to North America - slaves & sugar: North America colonies to England - tobacco, rice, fur, timber and indigo.Urban middle class~ professionals, businessman, and traders in the market economy; the family and home was the center of middle-class life; lived in large houses with new consumer products; first time a distinct middle class emergedUtopian societies~ communities formed to create an ideal society and persuasion to changeUS Fish Commission~ was established by a joint Congressional resolution on February 9, 1871 as an independent commission with a mandate to investigate the causes for the decrease of commercial fish and aquatic animals in U.S. coastal and inland waters, to recommend remedies to Congress and the states, and to oversee restoration efforts. Vaqueros~ Used chiefly in southwest and central Texas to mean a ranch hand or cowboy In California, however, the same word was Anglicized to buckarooVietnam War~ a protracted military conflict (1954-1975) between the Communist forces of North Vietnam supported by China and the Soviet Union and the non-Communist forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States.Walker, David~ was an outspoken African American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery in the new nation.Wampanoag~ tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers War Hawks~ Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. Warren, Mercy Otis~ the head of patriot women during the revolution; produced many writings questioning the declining republican values in post-revolutionary America.War in AfghanistanWHO: al-Qaeda against U.S. Armed Forces WHAT: ongoing war on terrorism between the al-Qaeda and The United States that started in response the terrorist attacks beginning on September 11, 2001; was an effort to dismantle the al-Qaeda and remove the Taliban (perpetrators behind the attacks) from power.WHEN: 2001 – presentWHERE: AfghanistanWHY: To liberate Afghanistan and not let it back in control of Terrorist Organizations, as the Afghan government and military is not strong enough to resist being overthrown by Radicals at present.Iraq WarWHO: U.S. Armed Forces against Iraq under the leadership of Saddam HusseinWHAT: war against supposed Weapons of Mass destruction in Iraq, started by President George W. Bush; prevention of the potential spread and use of Weapons of Mass Destruction against the U.S.WHEN: March 2003 – December 2011WHERE: Iran, IraqWHY: one of the longest and most costly wars in history, with over 500,00 casualties and over 2 trillion dollars spentKorean WarWHO: Communist and non-Communist forces in Korea, U.S. forces, People’s Republic of ChinaWHAT: civil war between Communist and non-Communist forces in Korea, grew to be an international conflict when the U.S. and PRC became involved; fought to stop the spread of communism into the rest of the world (there was a strong belief in the “domino effect” of communism – if one falls, they all fall)WHEN: June 25, 1950 – July 27, 1953WHERE: KoreaWHY: first shooting confrontation of the Cold War and accelerated the racial integration of the militaryVietnam WarWHO: North Vietnam (supported by the USSR, China and North Korea), South Vietnam (supported by the United States, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines). WHAT: guerrilla war that was a result of conflict between nationalist forces attempting to unify Vietnam under a communist government and the United States and South Vietnamese attempting to prevent the spread of communism and was in part the Vietnamese fight against the French for control of their own country; part of the Cold WarWHEN: 1955 – 1975WHERE: VietnamWHY: the United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containmentMexican-American WarWHO: United States and MexicoWHAT: armed conflict between the United States and the Centralist Republic of Mexico; began with the United States’ annexation of Texas in 1845 and from a dispute over whether Texas ended at the Nueces River (Mexican claim) or the Rio Grande (U.S. claim)WHEN: April 25, 1846 – February 2, 1848WHERE: Mexico, began in Texas and included California and the American SouthwestWHY: it resulted in a major territorial gain for the US that completed its expansion from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast and it meant an increase of US territory; renewed the slavery question for the acquired territories, and ultimately contributed to the American Civil War.Spanish-American WarWHO: United States, Cuba, and Puerto Rico against SpainWHAT: result of the American intervention in the Cuban War for IndependenceWHEN: 1898WHERE: Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the PhilippinesWHY: signaled the emergence of the US as a great power in regards to international relations and diplomacyWorld War IWHO: the Allies (United States, France, Russia, England) and the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire.WHAT: war that was directly triggered by the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Bosnia; the world’s first global conflict started over militarism, imperialism and nationalism among nationsWHEN: July 28 July 1914 – November 11 1918.WHERE: Europe, Middle East, Asia, AfricaWHY: mechanized and aerial warfare came to play in WWI the first time, and the use of chemical warfare; the United States realized that isolationism did not work and their only choice was military involvement.World War IIWHO: Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan against the Allied forces of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the United States, and China.WHAT: a continuation of the unsettled disputes of World War I; the bloodiest conflict and largest war in history.WHEN: 1939 – 1945WHERE: fought in Europe, Russia, North Africa and Asia.WHY: stopped the spread of dictatorships in both Asia and Europe; ushered in the Atomic Age; the end of World War II saw the beginning of the Cold War and the conflict between the east (Soviet Union) and the west (United States). Civil WarWHO: Confederate States of America and the United States of AmericaWHAT: brutal war fought due to differences between northern and southern states on the idea of slavery, trade, tariffs, and states’ rights; also fought due to 11 southern states seceding from the UnionWHEN: 1861 – 1865WHERE: United StatesWHY: eradicated slavery from the country; paved the way for Civil Rights legislation; established Abraham Lincoln as one of the important figures in United States and world history; and established an American military traditionAmerican RevolutionWHO: Great Britain against the original 13 British colonies in AmericaWHAT: political disruption during which the Thirteen American Colonies broke from the British Empire and formed the United States of America, an independent nationWHEN: 1775 – 1783WHERE: North America and EuropeWHY: established the U.S. as an independent nation; burdened the French economy, helping to lead to the French Revolution; directly inspired the French and Haitian Revolutions; and it crippled the the British Empire.War Against the IndiansWHO: WHAT:WHEN:WHERE:WHY:War on TerrorWHO: United States against multiple terrorist nationsWHAT: military efforts to eliminate terrorist activities and funding of terrorist cells throughout the worldWHEN: September 2001 – presentWHERE: Middle East, AfricaWHY: mission to wipe out terrorism completely and put an end to terrorist attacks in the U.S. and foreign nationsWars on Afghanistan and IraqWHO: U.S. against foreign terrorist nations (Afghanistan and Iraq)WHAT: ongoing struggle between the United States and Middle Eastern countries regarding foreign terrorist policies and national securityWHEN: 2001 – presentWHERE: Afghanistan, IraqWHY: shows the United States’ resilience against terrorist activityDemocratic Party – (in?the?US)?the?older?and?more?liberal?of?the?two?major?political?parties, so named?since?1840Democratic-Republican Party - the?antifederalist?party?originally?led?by?Thomas?Jefferson,?which?developed?into?the modern?Democratic?Party.A?U.S.?political?party?opposed?to?the?Federalist?Party,?founded?by?Thomas?Jefferson?in?1792.Department of Interior - The?Department?of?the?Interior?was?created?by?Congress?in?1849. Its?original?duties?includedsupervision?of?all?mining?in?the?United?States,?the?General?Land?Office,?the?Office?of?Indian?Affairs,?the?Pension?Office,?the?PatentOffice,?the?District?of?Columbia?penitentiary,?the?U.S.?census,?and?accounts?for?federal?court?officers.?These?agencies?and?dutieshad?little?in?common?except?that?their?focus?was?within?U.S.?borders,?and?they?were?out?of?place?in?other?departments.Détente (mutual coexistence) - Period of the easing of?Cold War?tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1967 to 1979. The era was a time of increased trade and cooperation with the Soviet Union and the signing of the?SALT?treaties. Relations cooled again with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.Dollar Diplomacy - foreign policy?created by U.S. president? HYPERLINK "" William Howard Taft(served 1909–13) and his secretary of state, Philander C.? HYPERLINK "" Knox, to ensure the financial stability of a region while protecting and extending American commercial and financial interests there. It grew out of President Theodore Roosevelt’s peaceful intervention in the Dominican Republic, where U.S. loans had been exchanged for the right to choose the Dominican head of customs (the country’s major revenue source)Dominion of New England - an English governing organization that united the New England colonies into a single administrative unit from 1686 to 1689.Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell - The Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy refers to the U.S. military's 'don't ask, don't tell' policy that prohibits anyone who demonstrates a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts from serving in the armed forces. The reason for prohibition was that it would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability. The President signed this repeal in December, 2010.Dred Scott - a US?Supreme Court?decision in?1857?that a slave was not a citizen and could not begin a legal case against anyone. Dred Scott was a slave who wanted a court to say he was free because his owner took him to a free state. The Supreme Court also decided that?Congress?had no power to prevent?slavery?in new states. The case divided the nation and led indirectly to the?Civil War.Dutch Colonial Efforts - is a style of domestic architecture, primarily characterized by?gambrel?roofs having curved?eaves along the length of the house. Modern versions built in the early 20th century are more accurately referred to as "Dutch Colonial Revival," a subtype of the?Colonial Revival?style.Indian Removal Act - was a law passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. It authorized the president to negotiate with?Indian?tribes in the Southern United States for their removal?to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands.Inflation – 1970’s - The easy-money policies of the American central bank, which were designed to generate full employment, by the early 1970s, also caused high?inflation. The central bank, under different leadership, would later reverse its policies, raising?interest rates?to some 20%, a number once considered usurious Was blamed on oil prices, currency speculators, greedy businessmen and avaricious union leaders. Interchangeable parts – popularized in America when Eli Whitney used them to assemble muskets in the first years of the 19th century, allowed relatively unskilled workers to produce large numbers of weapons quickly and at lower cost, and made repair and replacement of parts infinitely easier.Internet - This marvelous tool has quite a?history?that holds its roots in the cold war scenario.?A need was realized to connect the top universities of the United States so that they can share all the research data without having too much of a time lag. This attempt was a result of Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which was formed at the end of 1950s just after the Russians had climbed the space era with the launch of Sputnik. After the ARPA got success in 1969, it didn’t take the experts long to understand that how much potential can this interconnection tool have. In 1971 Ray Tomlinson made a system to send electronic mail. This was a big step in the making as this opened gateway for remote computer accessing i.e. telnet.Interment of Japanese - An?action?taken?by?the?federal?government?in?1942,?after?Japan?bombedPearl Harbor?and?brought?the?United?States?into?World War II.?Governmentofficials?feared?that?Americans?of?Japanese?descent?living?on?the?West?Coastmight?cooperate?in?an?invasion?of?the?United?States?by?Japan.?Accordingly,more?than?100,000?of?these?residents?were?forced?into?relocation?campsinland,?most?losing?their?homes,?businesses,?and?other?property?in?theprocess.?About?two-thirds?of?those?moved?were?United?States?citizens.?Interstate Commerce Act - The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 stands as a watershed in the history of the federal regulation of business. Originally designed to prevent unfair business practices in the railroad industry, the statute shifted responsibility for the regulation of economic affairs from the states to the federal government. It has been amended over the years to embrace new and different forms of interstate transportation, including pipelines, water transportation, and motor vehicle transportation. Among its many provisions, it established the?Interstate Commerce Commission?(ICC).Kevin WaldenAP US HistoryBlock 6September 15, 2014 !Assigned TermsCivil rights movement - The national effort made by black people and their supporters in the 1950s and 1960s toeliminate segregation and gain equal rights. The first large episode in the movement, a boycott of the city buses inMontgomery, Alabama, was touched off by the refusal of one black woman, Rosa Parks, to give up her seat on abus to a white person. A number of sit-ins and similar demonstrations followed. A high point of the civil rightsmovement was a rally by hundreds of thousands in Washington, D.C., in 1963, at which a leader of the movement,Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his “ I have a dream ” speech. The federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 authorizedfederal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment.Civil War !Class - a set or category of things having some property or attribute in common and differentiated from others bykind, type, or quality; the system of ordering a society in which people are divided into sets based on perceivedsocial or economic status. !Cold War - The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for worldinfluence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisisbut never attacked one another (1947-1991) !Colonial independence movement - a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which theThirteen American Colonies broke from the British Empire and formed an independent nation, the United States ofAmerica. !Colonization - the act of setting up a colony away from one's place of origin !Columbian Exchange - An exchange between the Old World, New World, and Africa. In this exchange the OldWorld gave the New World food, animals, and diseases. Africa gave the New World slaves. Lastly, the New Worldgave the Old World gold, silver, raw materials, and syphilis (1450-1750) !Communism - The final state of social evolution according to Marx, in which the state has withered away andeconomic goods are distributed according to need. The fall of the Berlin Wall (November 9,1989) symbolized thefall of communism (1848-1989) !Conservation - Movement in America to begin preserving natural resources and stop the rapid destruction of theseresources and land (1850-1920) !Conservatism - embraces conventional wisdom of their times, accept the status quo, and support only small,incremental changes (1850-1920)Confederacy - a secessionist government established in 1861 by 11 states in the Lower South whose economy andpolitical leadership was based on slavery.Confederate States of America - a republic formed in 1861, composed of the 11 Southern states that seceded fromthe United States in order to preserve slavery and states' rights. It was dissolved in 1865 after being defeated in theAmerican Civil War. !Communications revolution – increasing rapidness of communication in antebellum period. Telegraph, clipperships and mail !Constitutions - a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or otherorganization is acknowledged to be governed !Corporate growth - business generates significant positive cash flows or earnings, which increase at significantlyfaster rates than the overall economy. !Counterculture - a rebellion of teens and young adults against mainstream American society in the 1960s; a culturewith lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture; "hippies" who accepted drugs and sexualityand lived unconnected to the past !Culture - the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. !Cultural blending - migration, trade, conquest, and pursuit of religious coverts or freedom. These all encouragecultural blending between different cultures. European culture blended with Indian and African to create newcommunities and traditions 1450-1750 !Democratic ideas - fundamental beliefs and constitutional principles of America society, which unite allAmericans. These values are expressed in the Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution andother significant documents, speeches, and writings of the nation (1792-now) !Demographic changes - occurred ever since the eastern countries set foot in America. Settlers into this new landforever changed it. The demand for land and agriculture caused them to overtime create weak soil, and to resort toslash and burn tactics to create more room !The Great Depression - The economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries,roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s; one ofthe darkest moments in World History. !Desegregation - the abolishment of racial segregation, which happened due to the work of Civil Rights leaderssuch as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.; down South, Jim Crow laws still segregated the races. Though able to vote onpaper, only about 20% of southern blacks were actually registered to vote (1964) !Hereditary privilege - privileges passed down from birth.!Hispanics - a Spanish-speaking person living in the US, especially one of Latin American descent. !Imperialism (imperial system) - a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy ormilitary force (1890-1913) !Independence movements (British colonies, emergence of democratic ideals) - Separatism is the advocacy of astate of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group; apolitical upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which the Thirteen American Colonies brokefrom the British Empire and formed an independent nation, the United States of America. The AmericanRevolution was the result of a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations in American society,government and ways of thinking. !International migrants - occurs when peoples cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimumlength of time. Migration occurs for many reasons. Many people leave their home countries in order to look foreconomic opportunities in another country. Others migrate to be with family members who have migrated orbecause of political conditions in their countries. Education is another reason for international migration, asstudents pursue their studies abroadInternational security system – system of collective security amongst western nations against communistaggression !Internal migrants - refers to human migration within one geopolitical entity, usually a nation; the United States sawa massive internal migration from the eastern states toward the west coast during the mid nineteenth century, asimilar large-scale migration of African Americans from the rural south to the industrialized northeast in the earlyto mid-twentieth century, and a large-scale reverse migration of African Americans from other parts of the countryto the urban south beginning in the late 20th century and continuing to the present. !Gettysburg: 1863-General Lee led the Confederate troops into Pennsylvania. He surprised the units in Gettysburg and the battle was the most crucial and bloodiest of the war. The victory at Gettysburg belonged to Lincoln and the Union. Turning point; last offensive attack of the South.Gilded Age: (1877-1900) "Gilded Age" was a term coined by Mark Twain. It meant that this age was gilded to look like gold but really made of nothing of value (gold on the outside, crap on the inside). Businesses prospered but working and living conditions were very poor for the common man. Better materials were made available. Carnegie had steel and Rockefeller had oil.Ghost Dance Movement: (Two movements one in 1870 and one in 1890)The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands came through a religious movement known as the Ghost Dance. In the government's campaign to suppress the movement, the famous Sioux medicine man sitting Bull was killed during his arrest. Led to Massacre at Wounded Knee.Gold Rush: 1848-1856 California. Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill, by James Marshall. Attracted thousands of settlers (49ers). Created need for government in California. San Francisco turned into "boom town". Brought issue of slavery to territories.Gorbachev, Mikhail: Last Communist leader/President of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His economic, social, and political reforms, such as policies of Perestroika and Glasnost, contributed to the downfall of communism & the end of the Cold War.Gospel of Wealth: (1889) A book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.Gradual Emancipation, Pennsylvania: (1780) Process that ended slavery through a series of steps.Grange: A cooperative venture created by farmers in the Great Plains in 1867. They offered information, emotional support, and fellowship, but their central concern was farmers' economic plight.Great Society: President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.Great Awakening: 1730s, came about due to a watering down of religion by things such as the Halfway Covenant. Brought back religion, focusing on using the fear of Hell for revivals, and is anti-intellectual, democratic, appeals to the "have-nots," and there were old lights vs new lights. Key figures were Whitefield, Edwards, and Frelinghuysen.Great Migration: movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920Griswold vs. Connecticut: 1965- 14th amendment. CT law against use of contraceptives. Griswold, director of Planned Parenthood in New Haven, was arrested for counseling married couples. Appealed. Court overturned CT law, said Constitution called for privacy. Examined concept of "unenumerated rights" in 9th amendment.Hamer, Fannie Lou: (1917-1977) was a civil rights activist whose passionate depiction of her own suffering in a racist society helped focus attention on the plight of African-Americans throughout the South. In 1964, working with the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Hamer helped organize the 1964 Freedom Summer African-American voter registration drive in her native Mississippi. At the Democratic National Convention later that year, she was part of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, an integrated group of activists who openly challenged the legality of Mississippi’s all-white, segregated delegation.Hamilton’s Financial Plan: (1791) to pay off the U.S.'s war debts and stabilize the economy, he believed that the United States should become a leading international commercial power. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S.'s credit rate, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war.Harlem Renaissance: 1920s growth in African American literature and arts, as southern African Americans brought culture to the northHartford Convention: Meeting of New England Federalists on 12/15/1814, to protest of War of 1812 (06/18/1812-02/18/1815); proposed seven constitutional amendments (limiting embargoes and changing requirements for office holding, declaration of war, and admission of new states), but the war ended before Congress could respond.Health Care Reform debate – 1990’s: was a healthcare reform package proposed by the administration of President Bill Clinton and closely associated with the chair of the task force devising the plan, Hillary Clinton.Washington, Booker T.Who: Booker T WashingtonWhat: educator who urged blacks to better themselves through education and economic advancement, rather than by trying to attain equal rights. In 1881 he founded the first formal school for blacks, the Tuskegee Institute.When: 1881Where: Tuskegee InstituteWhy: First school for blacksWashington, GeorgeWho: George WashingtonWhat: Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and President of the Constitutional Convention. Later became the first PresidentWhen: 1700s and 1800sWhere: VirginiaWhy: responsible for fighting for, creating and leading the United States of America in its earliest daysWashington’s Farewell AddressWho: George WashingtonWhat: Washington warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliancesWhen: 1796Where: USWhy: it gives advice on the necessity and importance of national union, the value of the Constitution and the rule of law, the evils of political parties, and the proper virtues of a republican peopleWatergate Who: Richard NixonWhat: five men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee's executive quarters in the Watergate Hotel. Nixon admitted to complicity in the burglaryWhen: June 17, 1972 - July, 1974Where: Washington D.C.Why: Nixon's impeachment began, so he resign with a disbarmentWashington naval ConferenceWho: President Warren G. HardingWhat: the world’s largest naval powers gathered in Washington for a conference to discuss naval disarmament and ways to relieve growing tensions in East AsiaWhen: 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922Where: Washington D.CWhy: It resulted in the conclusion of the Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty and the Nine-Power Treaty. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with establishing the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II.Webster-Ashburton TreatyWho: United States, represented by Secretary of State Daniel Webster, and Great Britain, represented by Alexander BaringWhat: Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake statesWhen: August 9, 1842Where: MaineWhy: Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake statesWells, Ida B.Who: Ida B WellsWhat: African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, and an early leader in the civil rights movement.When: late 1800’s and early 1900’sWhere: IllinoisWhy: da B. Wells accomplished helping to end lynchingsWhigsWho: conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation ownersWhat: Colonials who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won.When: 1834-1856Where: U.SWhy: Whig party was so weakened that the Democrats swept Franklin Pierce into office by a huge margin. Eventually the Whigs became part of the new Republican partyWilson, WoodrowWho: Woodrow WilsonWhat: believed that monopolies had to be broken up and that the government must regulate business. He believed in competition, and called his economic plan "New Freedom."When: 1913 to 1921Where: Washington D.CWhy: Established the New FreedomWomen’s rights movementWho: Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott and moreWhat: Women started to stand up for their rights and demand for equal treatment of both men and womenWhen: late 19th century and early 20th centuryWhere: 1960’sWhy: led to women gaining the rights they fought for so long. In 1920 the 19th Amendment was added to the Constitution, securing the right of women to voteWomen’s Christian Temperance UnionWho: Frances Willard and other Christian womenWhat: A group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol and who worked to get laws passed against alcohol.When: 1874Where: Cleveland, OhioWhy: eventually led to World Trade CenterWho: Bin LadenWhat: terrorists drove a truck bomb underneath it and detonated it. The parking garage was gutted, but the buildings stood up until the two planes hitWhen: 2001Where: New YorkWhy: Nearly 3000 people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American historyWool ActWho: US and EnglandWhat: Declared that wool produced in the colonies could only be exported to EnglandWhen: 1699Where: Us and EnglandWhy: it protected the English woolen tradeWorcester vs. Georgia Who: Georgia and CherokeeWhat: Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court.When: 1832Where: GeorgiaWhy: Expanded tribal authority by declaring tribes sovereign entities, like states, with exclusive authority within their own boundariesXenophobiaWho: immigrants and AmericansWhat: intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countriesWhen: 1880s and 1890sWhere: USWhy: effect of the rapid immigration rates.Yiddish TheaterWho: JewsWhat: plays written and performed primarily by Jews in YiddishWhen: late 19th century until just before World War IIWhere: New York CityWhy:ZamboWho: mixed AmericansWhat: racial terms used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires and occasionally today to identify individuals in the Americas who are of mixed African and Amerindian ancestryWhen: early 16th centuryWhere: Spain and Portuguese Why: african and indian slavery could be practiced.ALGONQUIN- a group of Indians that were settled from Canada to the east coast of Virginia. They lived in wigwams and longhouses, and lived off the land quite peacefully. CATAWBA NATION- a group of Indians who were settled in the Carolinas. They were very friendly towards the settles, and even worked together to fight against other native tribes. Their culture was mostly lost when their population was decimated by smallpox.CHICKASAW WARS- a war between two opposing foes, the Chickasaw allied with the British, versus the Choctaw allied with the French. The French fought to protect their position on the Mississippi River. It was a long battle, lasting from 1721-1763, with the French signing the Treaty of Paris.CHIEF JOSEPH- leader of the Nez Perce Indians, indigenous to Northeast Oregon. The tribe was forcibly removed from their land in the mid 1800’s, so they resisted all the way to their new home. He led in the Nez Perce War, and was known as ‘red Napoleon’.CHINOOK- several peoples in the Pacific Northwest region who spoke the Chinook language. They encountered the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805. Their claim to fame was their dugout canoes and slavery practices. They bound their babies’ heads so they would have flat heads, and the flat heads were considered better than the roundheads. Most roundheads were put into slavery.DAWES ACT- in 1887, the government took natives’ land, divided it up for individual Indians. Those who accepted were given US citizenships to stimulate assimilation of Indians into mainstream society. The excess land was sold for profit.GHOST DANCE MOVEMENT- 1890. New religious movement incorporated in many Indian beliefs. Would reunite the living with the spirits and bring peace, prosperity and unity to the region. Jack Wilson is the man who started the movement which is believed to have contributed to the Lakota resistance in Wounded Knee Massacre.HURON CONFEDERACY- Iroquoian speaking Native American Indians. They lived along the St. Lawrence River when contacted by French explorer Jacques Cartier in 1534. They were mainly an agriculture tribe, and bitter enemies of the Iroquoian Confederacy.INDIAN REMOVAL ACT- transplantation of several tribes, more commonly known as the Trail of Tears. May 28, 1830 President Andrew Jackson made the act that called for Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, Kickapoo, and Shawnee to move to reservations. Many traditions and cultural aspects were lost, not to mention the lives. SEMINOLE WARS- 1816- 1858 war between the Florida native Seminoles and the US army. Ended with Florida seceding into the US. IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY- also known as the 5 Nations (later 6 Nations, when the Tuscarora tribe joins in 1722) is situated along upper New York during the 17th and 18th century of struggle between the British and French for the mastery of the US. Confederacy comprised of the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca (and later Tuscarora).LITTLE TURTLE AND WESTERN CONFEDERACY- Little Turtle was one of the most famous Native American military leaders from the early 1800’s, and had several victories against the US during the Northwest Indian War. He led in the Western Confederacy, which was formed in the late 1700’s to keep the Ohio River as a boundary between Indian lands and US.PONTIAC’S REBELLION- launched in 1763 by a loose confederacy of Indians who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies. It was a brutal rebellion killing hundreds in the Great Lakes area of the US. PRAYING TOWNS- developed by Puritans from 1646- 1675, used to convert Indians to proper British subjects in the Christian faith. Essentially bible school for Indians in the Massachusetts and Connecticut area. WAMPANOAG- Massachusetts and Rhode Island local tribe with a large population due to the rich conditions. King Philip, and his subsequent war were started with this tribe. King Philip’s War killed off over 40% of his tribe, and the rest were sold into slavery. KING PHILIP’S WAR- armed conflict between Indians and settlers in 1675- 1678.12 towns destroyed, many more damaged. The war hindered the growth of settlers in New England, and turned the settlers even more against the Indians. PUEBLO REVOLT- 1680, Pueblos against the Spanish Empire in August 10-21. Pueblos killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 200 out of New Mexico. 12 years later, the Spanish returned and took over.SAND CREEK MASSACRE- US vs. Arapaho and Cheyenne tribes. An atrocity in the Indian Wars that occurred on November 29th 1864 when 700 men attacked the peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho, killing 2/3 of them.LITTLE BIGHORN- part of the Great Sioux War, took place in Eastern Montana Territory June 25-26 1876. Also called Custer’s last stand, because he along with the 7th infantry suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the Sioux. Custer and over 260 of his men died that day.Colored Farmers Alliance: Who: Richard Manning Humphrey What: group of black farmers When: Dec.11, 1886 Where: Houston county, Texas Why: efforts of farmers at self-protection from 'land sharks,' merchants, horse thieves and cattle ranch; to fill their needColumbian Exchange: horses, cows, sugar, silver, smallpox, corn, potatoes: Who: old world and new world What: widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade (including African/American slave trade) after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage. When:15th and 16th century Where: new world, old world, and Africa Why: first step to connecting the western and eastern hemispheres together through trade and culture exchangeCommittees of correspondence: Who: Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies What: shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of the American Revolution. When: 1764 Where: Boston Why: rally opposition to the Currency Act and unpopular reforms imposed on the customs serviceCompromise of 1850: Who: Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky What: package of five separate bills passed in the United States When: September 1850 Where: Why: defused a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846–1848)Conspicuous consumption: Who: introduced by the economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen What: spending of money on and the acquiring of luxury goods and services to publicly display economic power—either the buyer's income or the buyer's accumulated wealth. When: 19th century Where: book The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions (1899) Why:Containment: Who: U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan What: United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad When: 1946 Where: US Why: stop spread of communismConstitution (US): Who: James Maddison What: supreme law of the United States of America When: September 17, 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why: important because it outlines all of our rights as citizensContract with America: Who: Written by Newt Gingrich and Richard Armey What: document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 Congressional election campaign When: 1994 Where: ideas originated at The Heritage Foundation Why: promised to bring to floor debate and votes 10 bills that would implement major reform of the federal governmentCorridors: Who: What: When: Where: Why:Cult of domesticity: Who: wives and daughters of the men who made up the white upper class power structure in the United States and Britain What: prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the nineteenth century in the United States and Great Britain When: 1950s Where: US and Great Britain Why: emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and familyDawes Act: Who: President Grover Cleveland(signed); Senator Henry Laurens Dawes(creator) What: to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians When: 1887 Where: Massachusetts Why: split up reservations held communally by Native American tribes into smaller units and distributed these units to individuals within the tribeDeclaration of Independence: Who: Thomas Jefferson What: usual name of a statement adopted by the Continental Congress which announced that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the British Empire When: July 4, 1776 Where: Philadelphia Why: important because it states that a government exists for the benefit of the people and that "all men are created equal."Decolonization: What: undoing of colonialism, where a nation establishes and maintains dependent territoryDeficits, budget: What: A status of financial health in which expenditures exceed revenueDe Las Casas, Bartolome: Who: 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians". When: November 11, 1484 to July 18, 1566 Where: Spain Why: his efforts resulted in several improvements in the legal status of the natives, and in an increased colonial focus on the ethics of colonialism. Las Casas is often seen as one of the first advocates for universal human rightsReagan, Ronald- 40th U.S. president/ 1981-1989/ “Tear down this wall!”Referendum- General vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision. Religious fundamentalism- form of religion that upholds belief in strict literal interpretation of scripture/ Islam, protestantRailroad building- The building of permanent rails/ transcontinental 19th century USRepublicanism- beliefs that have defined American political experiment/ sovereign people/ 19th century- started/ started by men opposed to slavery and for a unified nationRed Scare- promotion of fear of a potential rise in communism/used by workers/ 1920sRepublican Party- Michigan/ men opposed to slavery/ 19th century“Republican motherhood”- 20th century term for an attitude towards women’s roles/ during and after American Revolution (1654-1920)Revels, Hiram- 1827-1901/minister and Republican politician/ 1st African American to serve in US senate & congress overall/ represented Mississippi 1870-71 Rock and roll- popular dance music/ 1950sRockefeller, John D. - 1839-1937/ American business magnet and philanthropist/ cofounder of standard oil company Roosevelt, Franklin- 32nd president US/ elected 4 times/ instituted new deal to counter great depression/ led country during WWIIRousseau, Jean- French philosopher & writer/ composer of 18th century/ influenced French revolutionTennessee Valley Authority- Federally owned corporation in the US/ created by congressional charter/ 1933/ result of efforts of Senator George W. NorrisThe Affluent Society- Book by John Kenneth Galbraith/ sought to clearly outline manner in which post WWII US was becoming wealthy in private sectors but remained poor in public sectors/1958Elizabeth C Stanton: American social activist, abolitionist and leading figure of the early women’s rights movement.States’ rights: The rights and powers held by individual U.S states rather than by the federal government.Stamp Act: Parliaments first serious attempt to assert governmental authority over the colonies.Start I: Russian satellite launch vehicle based on a soviet intercontinental ballistic missile.Stimson Doctrine: A policy of United States federal government enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932 to Japan and China of non recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force.Steel plow: invented by steel plow used for farming to break up tough soil.Gloria Steinem: American feminist journalist, and social and political activist who recognized as a leader of and media spokeswomen for the women’s liberation movement.Students for a democratic society: American student organization that flourished in the mid to late 1960s.Subsidies: a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive.Suez crisis: A short conflict following the nationalization of the Suez Canal by President Nasser of Egypt in 1956. Britain and France made a military alliance with Israel to regain control of the canal, but international criticism forced the withdrawal of forces.Tax cuts: Bush- changes to the United States tax codeReagan-undue tax burden, excessive government regulation, and massive social spending programs hampered growth. Reagan proposed a phased 30% tax cut for the first three years of his Presidency Telegraphs: a system for transmitting messages from a distance along a wire, especially one creating signals by making and breaking an electrical connection. ................
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