Ms. Galloway's AP World History | The past is never dead ...
Each of the following sections contains relevant terms and questions to guide your studies for the upcoming unit test. Be able to not only identify the terms listed, but to be able to analyze their significance within the appropriate context. Please be aware that this study guide is a starting place, not an exhaustive list of all the potential terms and concepts from this unit.
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The Americas: Aztecs and Incas
Terms to Know:
city-state
Tenochtitlan
“Triple Alliance”
tribute system
“Flowery War”
human sacrifice
Nahuatl
calpulli
chinampas
pochtecas
Mexica
xocolatl / cacao
obsidian
Quetzalcoatl
Huitzilopochtli
Hernán Cortés
La Malinche
class system
Andes
suyus
waranqa
ayllus
“Great Speaker”
mita
mitmaq
terraces
potatoes
huacas
Inti
Inka
Machu Picchu
mummies
Guiding questions:
1. In what ways were the class systems in the Aztec and Incan Empires similar? In what ways did their social or political organization differ?
2. How did the Aztec and Incan Empires maintain control over their extensive territories?
3. How did religion influence the political structure and administration of the Aztec and Incan Empires?
Ottoman Empire
Terms to Know:
Kayi Turks
Seljuk Turks
Sunni Islam
Anatolia
Osman I
sipahi
janissaries
muskets / cannons
slavery
Mehmed II
1453
Istanbul
Suleiman I
Battle of Vienna
harem
Grand Vizier
pashaliks / pashas
millet
jizya
Sunni Islam
Guiding Questions:
1. What policies of religious tolerance or integration were used in governing the Ottoman Empire?
2. What or who were the janissaries? What was their purpose?
3. Explain the social, economic, legal, and military accomplishments of Suleiman the Magnificent.
4. The Ottoman Empire will endure until the twentieth century. What, in your opinion, allows the Empire to survive for so long?
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Safavid Empire
Terms to Know:
Azerbaijan
Shi’a Islam
Persia
Shah Ishmael I
Shah ‘Abbas I
Baghdad
Mamluks
Isfahan
meritocracy
Caspian Sea trade
textile production
Uzbek tribes
Guiding Question:
1. In what ways did Shi’a Islam inform the policies and practices of the Safavid Empire?
2. How did the Safavid Empire’s ongoing conflict with the Ottoman Empire affect trade routes and economic practices in the region?
3. How did the spread of firearms affect the Safavid Empire and its relationship with nearby empires?
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Mughal Empire
Terms to Know:
Delhi Sultanate
Babur
Abu Akbar
religious tolerance
Sunni Islam
Sufism
Hinduism
Mansabdars
Sulh-e-Kul
Din-i-Ilahi
Purdah
sati
Vaishyas
Jahangir
Nur Jahan
Mumtaz Mahal
Shah Jahan
Taj Mahal
Aurangzeb
“Islamization”
Jesuit presence
Mumbai
British East India Company
Dutch East India Company
Guiding Questions:
1. Explain Akbar’s views and policies regarding religious tolerance and syncretism.
2. What were some of the factors that led to the decline of the Mughal Empire? Be sure to consider increasing global connections.
3. Compare and contrast the religious policies of Akbar and Aurangzeb. What are some similarities? What are some differences?
4. What evidence do you see of increasing global connections in the politics, culture, economic system, and social order of the Mughal Empire?
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Ming Dynasty
Terms to Know:
Yuan
Ming Hongwu
Beijing
Forbidden City
Zheng He
“treasure fleet”
Indian Ocean
Portuguese traders
Macao
Jesuits
American silver
Li Zecheng
Manchus
porcelain
silk
compass
isolationism
Guiding Questions:
1. Consider the seven voyages of Zheng He. What prompted the Ming dynasty to end China’s brief flirtation with exploration and international trade?
2. What factors led to the downfall of the Ming dynasty?
[pic]
Qing Dynasty
Terms to Know:
Kangxi
queue
Qianlong
Jesuit missionaries
diarchy system
White Lotus Rebellion
Russia
Mongolia
Canton
Guiding Questions:
1. What was the social significance of the queue worn by Chinese men during the Qing dynasty?
2. Both the Qing and the Yuan dynasties were “foreign” dynasties from the north. Beyond their common geographic roots, what are some similarities between the Qing and Yuan dynasties? Consider their social organization and political structure.
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Japan: Unification and Isolation
Terms to Know:
shogun
shogunate
Sengoku (Warring States Period)
Daimyos
Portuguese presence
Francis Xavier
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
“Sword Hunt”
martial arts
land-survey program
four-class system
Jesuit missionaries
Christianity
Korea
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Edo
alternate attendance
geishas
Dutch presence
Nagasaki harbor
Guiding Questions
1. Describe the transition between the Ashikaga Shogunate and the Tokugawa Shogunate. Be sure to include the Warring States Period and the three military unifiers.
2. What was the Japanese reaction to Christianity? In what ways was Christianity seen as a threat by some Japanese leaders?
3. What prompted the Japanese move towards isolationism in the 17th and 18th centuries?
[pic]
Early Russian Empire (reading only)
Khanate of the Golden Horde
Kiev
Dniepper River
Novgorod
Moscow
Mongols
Ivan III (the Great)
tsar (czar)
Ivan IV (the Terrible)
Caspian Sea trade
Oprichniki
boyars
St. Basil’s Cathedral
Time of Troubles
Ivan Tsarovich
volcanic eruption
famine
Romanovs
Mikhail Romanov
Peter the Great
Westernization
St. Petersburg
warm water port
Black Sea
Elizabeth the Great
Winter Palace
beard tax
Catherine the Great
serfdom
Enlightenment
educational reforms
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Italian and Northern Renaissance
Terms to Know:
Florence
Venice
Milan
Papal States
Naples
Medicis
banking
Florentine gold (florins)
humanism
humanities
Petrarch
Erasmus
individualism
Gutenberg’s printing press
moveable type
skepticism
secularism
Niccolo Machiavelli
The Prince
Pope Alexander VI
Leo X
indulgences
Lorenzo de’ Medici
“Renaissance Man”
Leonard da Vinci
perspective
fresco
Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
Guiding Questions:
1. How was the Renaissance different from the Middle Ages? Consider: intellectual movements, social order, government structures, religious practices, and economic systems.
2. Describe the role banking played in the rise of Florence during the Italian Renaissance.
3. What is a “Renaissance Man?”
4. Describe the effect that thinkers like Machiavelli, Erasmus, Petrarch, Luther, Gallileo, and da Vinci had on European society.
5. The popes from the early Renaissance period have been called the “Terrible Popes.” To what extent do you think they deserve this appellation? Consider their religious policies, their political roles, and their contributions to Renaissance cultural production.
6. What were some of the significant artistic achievements of this period?
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Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Terms to Know
Martin Luther
Ninety-Five Thesis
Lutheranism
Protestantism
celibacy
education
Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola
John Calvin
Calvinists
predestination
vernacular
Henry VIII
Anglicanism
annulment
Anne Boleyn
Catherine of Aragon
Hugenots
Council of Trent
indulgences
salvation through faith
good works
sacraments
Index of Prohibited Books
Inquisition
Guiding Questions:
1. In what ways is the Protestant Reformation an expression of Renaissance values? In what ways is it a repudiation of those values?
2. Explain the role of Henry VIII in the English Reformation.
3. What were some of the major critiques of the Catholic Church at the time of the Protestant Reformation? What were some of the ways in which the Catholic Church responded to these critiques?
4. What was the outcome of the Council of Trent? (What was changed in the Catholic Church? What was reaffirmed?)
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Exploration and Conquest
Terms to Know
Prince Henry the Navigator
Vasco da Gama
trade ports
Christofolo Colon
Hispaniola
West Indies
1492
1519-1521
caste system
New Spain
Peru
Columbian Exchange
trans-Atlantic slave trade
conquistadors
peninsulares
creoles
mestizo
mulato
Price Revolution
Treaty of Tordesilla
Line of Demarcation
encomienda system
Council of the Indies
Viceroy
Virgin of Guadelupe
Bartolome de las Casa
“New Laws”
sugar plantations
slavery
Middle Passage
Philippines
disease
smallpox
Guiding Questions
1. What was the encomienda system, and what was its intended purpose?
2. Explain the caste system used in Spain’s colonies. How did it reinforce (or fail to reinforce) social order?
3. What was the role of the Catholic Church during exploration?
4. What factors led to the increased reliance on African slavery in the Americas?
5. Who was Bartolomé de las Casas, and what did he do?
6. What is the general order of events which leads to permanent colonization?
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