Ms. Galloway's AP World History | The past is never dead ...



Each of the following sections contains relevant terms and questions to guide your studies for the upcoming unit test. Be able to not only identify the terms listed, but to be able to analyze their significance within the appropriate context. Please be aware that this study guide is a starting place, not an exhaustive list of all the potential terms and concepts from this unit.

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The Americas: Aztecs and Incas

Terms to Know:

city-state

Tenochtitlan

“Triple Alliance”

tribute system

“Flowery War”

human sacrifice

Nahuatl

calpulli

chinampas

pochtecas

Mexica

xocolatl / cacao

obsidian

Quetzalcoatl

Huitzilopochtli

Hernán Cortés

La Malinche

class system

Andes

suyus

waranqa

ayllus

“Great Speaker”

mita

mitmaq

terraces

potatoes

huacas

Inti

Inka

Machu Picchu

mummies

Guiding questions:

1. In what ways were the class systems in the Aztec and Incan Empires similar? In what ways did their social or political organization differ?

2. How did the Aztec and Incan Empires maintain control over their extensive territories?

3. How did religion influence the political structure and administration of the Aztec and Incan Empires?

Ottoman Empire

Terms to Know:

Kayi Turks

Seljuk Turks

Sunni Islam

Anatolia

Osman I

sipahi

janissaries

muskets / cannons

slavery

Mehmed II

1453

Istanbul

Suleiman I

Battle of Vienna

harem

Grand Vizier

pashaliks / pashas

millet

jizya

Sunni Islam

Guiding Questions:

1. What policies of religious tolerance or integration were used in governing the Ottoman Empire?

2. What or who were the janissaries? What was their purpose?

3. Explain the social, economic, legal, and military accomplishments of Suleiman the Magnificent.

4. The Ottoman Empire will endure until the twentieth century. What, in your opinion, allows the Empire to survive for so long?

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Safavid Empire

Terms to Know:

Azerbaijan

Shi’a Islam

Persia

Shah Ishmael I

Shah ‘Abbas I

Baghdad

Mamluks

Isfahan

meritocracy

Caspian Sea trade

textile production

Uzbek tribes

Guiding Question:

1. In what ways did Shi’a Islam inform the policies and practices of the Safavid Empire?

2. How did the Safavid Empire’s ongoing conflict with the Ottoman Empire affect trade routes and economic practices in the region?

3. How did the spread of firearms affect the Safavid Empire and its relationship with nearby empires?

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Mughal Empire

Terms to Know:

Delhi Sultanate

Babur

Abu Akbar

religious tolerance

Sunni Islam

Sufism

Hinduism

Mansabdars

Sulh-e-Kul

Din-i-Ilahi

Purdah

sati

Vaishyas

Jahangir

Nur Jahan

Mumtaz Mahal

Shah Jahan

Taj Mahal

Aurangzeb

“Islamization”

Jesuit presence

Mumbai

British East India Company

Dutch East India Company

Guiding Questions:

1. Explain Akbar’s views and policies regarding religious tolerance and syncretism.

2. What were some of the factors that led to the decline of the Mughal Empire? Be sure to consider increasing global connections.

3. Compare and contrast the religious policies of Akbar and Aurangzeb. What are some similarities? What are some differences?

4. What evidence do you see of increasing global connections in the politics, culture, economic system, and social order of the Mughal Empire?

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Ming Dynasty

Terms to Know:

Yuan

Ming Hongwu

Beijing

Forbidden City

Zheng He

“treasure fleet”

Indian Ocean

Portuguese traders

Macao

Jesuits

American silver

Li Zecheng

Manchus

porcelain

silk

compass

isolationism

Guiding Questions:

1. Consider the seven voyages of Zheng He. What prompted the Ming dynasty to end China’s brief flirtation with exploration and international trade?

2. What factors led to the downfall of the Ming dynasty?

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Qing Dynasty

Terms to Know:

Kangxi

queue

Qianlong

Jesuit missionaries

diarchy system

White Lotus Rebellion

Russia

Mongolia

Canton

Guiding Questions:

1. What was the social significance of the queue worn by Chinese men during the Qing dynasty?

2. Both the Qing and the Yuan dynasties were “foreign” dynasties from the north. Beyond their common geographic roots, what are some similarities between the Qing and Yuan dynasties? Consider their social organization and political structure.

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Japan: Unification and Isolation

Terms to Know:

shogun

shogunate

Sengoku (Warring States Period)

Daimyos

Portuguese presence

Francis Xavier

Oda Nobunaga

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

“Sword Hunt”

martial arts

land-survey program

four-class system

Jesuit missionaries

Christianity

Korea

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Edo

alternate attendance

geishas

Dutch presence

Nagasaki harbor

Guiding Questions

1. Describe the transition between the Ashikaga Shogunate and the Tokugawa Shogunate. Be sure to include the Warring States Period and the three military unifiers.

2. What was the Japanese reaction to Christianity? In what ways was Christianity seen as a threat by some Japanese leaders?

3. What prompted the Japanese move towards isolationism in the 17th and 18th centuries?

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Early Russian Empire (reading only)

Khanate of the Golden Horde

Kiev

Dniepper River

Novgorod

Moscow

Mongols

Ivan III (the Great)

tsar (czar)

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

Caspian Sea trade

Oprichniki

boyars

St. Basil’s Cathedral

Time of Troubles

Ivan Tsarovich

volcanic eruption

famine

Romanovs

Mikhail Romanov

Peter the Great

Westernization

St. Petersburg

warm water port

Black Sea

Elizabeth the Great

Winter Palace

beard tax

Catherine the Great

serfdom

Enlightenment

educational reforms

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Italian and Northern Renaissance

Terms to Know:

Florence

Venice

Milan

Papal States

Naples

Medicis

banking

Florentine gold (florins)

humanism

humanities

Petrarch

Erasmus

individualism

Gutenberg’s printing press

moveable type

skepticism

secularism

Niccolo Machiavelli

The Prince

Pope Alexander VI

Leo X

indulgences

Lorenzo de’ Medici

“Renaissance Man”

Leonard da Vinci

perspective

fresco

Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo

Guiding Questions:

1. How was the Renaissance different from the Middle Ages? Consider: intellectual movements, social order, government structures, religious practices, and economic systems.

2. Describe the role banking played in the rise of Florence during the Italian Renaissance.

3. What is a “Renaissance Man?”

4. Describe the effect that thinkers like Machiavelli, Erasmus, Petrarch, Luther, Gallileo, and da Vinci had on European society.

5. The popes from the early Renaissance period have been called the “Terrible Popes.” To what extent do you think they deserve this appellation? Consider their religious policies, their political roles, and their contributions to Renaissance cultural production.

6. What were some of the significant artistic achievements of this period?

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Reformation and Counter-Reformation

Terms to Know

Martin Luther

Ninety-Five Thesis

Lutheranism

Protestantism

celibacy

education

Jesuits

Ignatius Loyola

John Calvin

Calvinists

predestination

vernacular

Henry VIII

Anglicanism

annulment

Anne Boleyn

Catherine of Aragon

Hugenots

Council of Trent

indulgences

salvation through faith

good works

sacraments

Index of Prohibited Books

Inquisition

Guiding Questions:

1. In what ways is the Protestant Reformation an expression of Renaissance values? In what ways is it a repudiation of those values?

2. Explain the role of Henry VIII in the English Reformation.

3. What were some of the major critiques of the Catholic Church at the time of the Protestant Reformation? What were some of the ways in which the Catholic Church responded to these critiques?

4. What was the outcome of the Council of Trent? (What was changed in the Catholic Church? What was reaffirmed?)

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Exploration and Conquest

Terms to Know

Prince Henry the Navigator

Vasco da Gama

trade ports

Christofolo Colon

Hispaniola

West Indies

1492

1519-1521

caste system

New Spain

Peru

Columbian Exchange

trans-Atlantic slave trade

conquistadors

peninsulares

creoles

mestizo

mulato

Price Revolution

Treaty of Tordesilla

Line of Demarcation

encomienda system

Council of the Indies

Viceroy

Virgin of Guadelupe

Bartolome de las Casa

“New Laws”

sugar plantations

slavery

Middle Passage

Philippines

disease

smallpox

Guiding Questions

1. What was the encomienda system, and what was its intended purpose?

2. Explain the caste system used in Spain’s colonies. How did it reinforce (or fail to reinforce) social order?

3. What was the role of the Catholic Church during exploration?

4. What factors led to the increased reliance on African slavery in the Americas?

5. Who was Bartolomé de las Casas, and what did he do?

6. What is the general order of events which leads to permanent colonization?

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