UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA



UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Sol Price School of Public Policy

Spring Semester 2017

PPD 694 Coastal Policy and Planning (Course Code 51245R)

Instructor: James A. Fawcett, Ph.D. Classroom:

Office: AHF 141 (Sea Grant office is CAS 200) Time: W 6:00-9:20 PM

Office Hours: W 4:00-5:00 PM 4 units

Phone: 213 740 4477 Email: Fawcett@usc.edu

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE

Beginning in the early 1970s, California and a handful of other states as well as a number of countries with significant coastlines determined that those coastlines were being developed at the expense of significant, irreplaceable resource values. Responding to that perception in the U.S., a few states (notably California, Rhode Island and Washington) developed homegrown coastal management statutes in the absence of federal guidance or funding. In 1972, these state efforts were instrumental in inspiring Congress to create a program for the entire nation (coastal and Great Lakes states). In other parts of the world, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development advanced similar notions. Now, more than 40 years later, this nation’s coastlines are managed under a host of state initiatives and state coastal management agencies, some more successful than others. Similarly, other nations have taken a strong interest in their own coasts and developed their own unique styles of coastal management. The experience of four decades of resource management provides us with a richly worked policy environment in which we can study the urban coastline.

This course will examine coastal management in the coastal zone as a microcosm of the more general conflicts that exist between public and private users of scarce land resources elsewhere. These issues are inherently multidimensional so we’ll spend a good deal of time on the conflict between development and resource protection on the coast including issues of sustainability of coastal resources. Our emphasis will be upon that elusive goal: finding a balance between resource protection and economic development especially where coastal resources are limited and claims for their use are enthusiastically expressed by many parties.

As a dramatic example of those conflicts, we’ll look at urban seaports as a model for examining how those trade-offs are negotiated. Since we are studying in the backyard of the busiest seaport complex in the United States, it seems only reasonable to use it as a lens through which we can view these issues. Seaports provide us with some of the most dramatic examples of the conflicts that exist between resource preservation and development. For example, seaports use the coastal zone for economic development and yet damage habitat; cause pollution and traffic congestion as an externality of their normal operation yet provide an essential port of entry and debarkation for imports and exports. We will use seaports to examine the extent to which the diseconomies of their operation are balanced by the benefits of such activity.

We cannot avoid questions of governance in exploring where political legitimacy lies in allocating coastal land uses. There are a number of models upon which we can draw from coastal states that have labored over three decades to balance the claims of multiple users. Thus, the coastline is also a superb laboratory in which to observe, over time, institutional conflicts over land use.

The course is divided into eight sections: introduction to basic principles; scientific approaches to coastal resources; economic approaches to environmental goods; establishing coastal management regimes; the US experience in coastal management; issues of governance; challenges posed by industrial uses of the coastline, especially seaports; and resilience. Ultimately, the objective is for students to develop an appreciation for an integrated notion of coastal management including an understanding of the challenges posed in balancing resource protection and economic development. During weeks two through six, we will take about 30 minutes at the start of each class to discuss one chapter from J.S. Mill’s Essay on Liberty, a text which I have found particularly useful for students working on public policy issues.

PRESENTATION ASSIGNMENT

Each week, I will ask one member of the class (or two) to identify and discuss with the class one issue that is important to our understanding of CM. This should be done not so much as a presentation but as a seminar for the class. Topics can range from issues in the press to your own research or matters about which you are familiar. The discussion should be planned for 15 minutes. We’ll do a sign up at the beginning of the semester as to the person responsible for each week but to keep it current, we’ll negotiate the issues the week before the presentation. We will start in Week 3 and the presentation will be graded. While I want this to be both fun and interesting, I’ll expect more rigor from those presenting later in the semester.

COURSE PREREQUISITES

Graduate standing

GRADING

Issue presentation and in-class participation: 10%

Occasional paper assignments 10%

Midterm exam: 25%

Research paper: 30%

Final exam: 25%

POLICY RE PARTICIPATION AND LATE ASSIGNMENTS

We will be covering coastal management from a variety of perspectives. For that reason, attendance in class is critical to a good understanding of the material.

Written material is due on the date assigned and will be accepted late only under circumstances that the instructor determines to be extraordinary.

POLICY RE DISABILITIES

Any student requesting academic accommodations based on a disability is required to register with Disability Services and Programs (DSP) each semester. A letter of verification for approved accommodations can be obtained from DSP. Please be sure the letter is delivered to Dr. Fawcett as early in the semester as possible. DSP is located in STU 301 and is open from 8:30 AM to 5:00 PM Monday through Friday. Website and contact information for DSP: , (213) 740-0776 (Phone), (213) 740-6948 (TDD only), (213) 740-8216 (FAX) ability@usc.edu.

STATEMENT ON ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

USC seeks to maintain an optimal learning environment. General principles of academic honesty include the concept of respect for the intellectual property of others, the expectation that individual work will be submitted unless otherwise allowed by an instructor, and the obligations both to protect one’s own academic work from misuse by others as well as to avoid using another’s work as one’s own. All students are expected to understand and abide by these principles. SCampus, the Student Guidebook, contains the Student Conduct Code in Section 11.00, while the recommended sanctions are located in Appendix A: . Students will be referred to the Office of Student Judicial Affairs and Community Standards for further review, should there be any suspicion of academic dishonesty. The Review process can be found at: . Information on intellectual property at USC is available at: .

Academic policies (RECORDING OF CLASS LECTURES and purchased research)

Section 11.12 of the student handbook, SCampus, which identifies the following violations of community standards:

A. Acquisition of term papers or other assignments from any source and the subsequent presentation of those materials as the student’s own work, or providing term papers or assignments that another student submits as his/her own work.

B. Distribution or use of notes or recordings based on university classes or lectures without the express permission of the instructor for purposes other than individual or group study. This includes, but is not limited to, providing materials for distribution by services publishing class notes. This restriction on unauthorized use also applies to all information that had been distributed to students or in any way had been displayed for use in relationship to the class, whether obtained in class, via email, on the Internet or via any other media. (See Section C.1 Class Notes Policy.)

C. Recording a university class without the express permission of the instructor and announcement to the class. Recording can inhibit future free discussion and thus infringe on the academic freedom of other students as well as the instructor.

Emergency Preparedness/Course Continuity in a Crisis

In case of a declared emergency if travel to campus is not feasible, USC executive leadership will announce an electronic way for instructors to teach students in their residence halls or homes using a combination of Blackboard, teleconferencing, and other technologies.

READING MATERIALS

Required Texts

Timothy Beatley, David J. Brower and Anna K. Schwab. 2002. Introduction to Coastal Zone Management, Second Edition. Covelo, CA: The Island Press.

Biliana Cicin-Sain and Robert W. Knecht. 1998. Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management: Concepts and Practices. Washington, DC and Covelo, CA: Island Press.

Stefan Collini (Ed.). 1989. J.S. Mill: On Liberty and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Daniel A. Mazmanian and Michael E. Kraft. 1999, Toward Sustainable Communities: Transition and Transformations in Environmental Policy. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger. 2007. Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Cass R. Sunstein. 2005. Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Beatley, Timothy. 2009. Planning for Coastal Resilience: Best Practices for Calamitous Times. Covelo, CA: Island Press.

Readings to be provided by the instructor from the following

Robert G. Healy, John S. Rosenberg. 1979. Land Use and the States, Second Edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (For Resources for the Future). [OUT OF PRINT]

Robert G. Healy, Ed. 1978. Protecting the Golden Shore: Lessons from the California Coastal Commissions. Washington, DC: The Conservation Foundation. [OUT OF PRINT]

Recommended

The Breen and Hoyle books are interesting but expensive so if you’re interested in looking at them I’ll bring copies for your perusal.

Ann Breen and Dick Rigby. 1997. Waterfronts: Cities Reclaim Their Edge (2nd Ed.). Washington, DC, The Waterfront Press.

Brian Hoyle (Ed.). 1996. Cityports, Coastal Zones and Regional Change: International Perspectives on Planning and Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Other interesting works.

Robert Fisher and William Ury. 1981. Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In.

New York: Penguin Books.

Pascal Bruckner. 2014. The Fanaticism of the Apocalypse: Save the Earth, Punish Human Beings. Boston: Polity Press. (Trade paperback, ISBN-13: 9780745669779).

Useful online references:

United Nations Environment Programme:

NOAA Office of Coastal and Ocean Resource Management: coastalmanagement.

California Coastal Commission:

Hawaii Coastal Management Program:

Rhode Island Coastal Management Program:

California Coastal Act of 1976 (as amended):

American Association of Port Authorities:

Alameda Corridor Transportation Authority:

Port of Long Beach:

Port of Los Angeles:

Port of Oakland:

Port of Stockton:

Port of San Francisco:

Ports Association of Louisiana:

Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Task Force:

CLASS SCHEDULE

January 11 Course introduction

o Discussion of assignments and organization of the class material

o Discussion of terminology

o Lottery for presentation dates

- What is coastal management?

- History of CM

- Rationale for why we study coastal management

- How does it relate to comprehensive planning?

- Range of the disciplines where is it practiced

January 18 Fundamental Principles in Coastal Management

- Property Rights: Public vs. Private

- Access to the coast: who has it and who doesn’t

- Public beach laws

- The public trust doctrine

Readings: Collini (J.S. Mill), Collini’s Introduction [Not Mills’ “Introductory” Chapter]

Healy & Rosenberg, Ch. 1 & 2 (handout)

Assignment: 1-2 page paper on what you consider to be the most important coastal management issues confronting the world today

January 25 Environmental Economics

- Public goods theory

Assignment: Research paper proposal due (1-page proposal)

Readings: Collini (J.S. Mill), Ch. 1, “Introductory”

Beatley, et al., Ch. 3

February 1 Fundamental Principles in Coastal Management

- Coastal Dependency

- Coastal Access

- Climate Change and Sea Level Rise

Readings: Collini (J.S. Mill), Ch. 2, “On the Liberty of Thought and Discussion”

Beatley, Ch. 2

Healy (Clark), Ch. 5 (handout)

February 8 Fundamental Principles in Coastal Management (continued)

- Management by resource boundaries rather than political boundaries

- Special Management Areas

- Resource values and how they can be damaged by development

- Influence of seaports in the coastal zone: resource values at stake

- How is mitigation of resource degradation achieved? Does it work?

- Special Area Management Plans and Seaports

Readings: Collini (J.S. Mill), Ch. 3, “Of individuality, as one of the elements of well-being”

Cicin-Sain, Ch. 1 & 2

Assignment: 1-2 page paper, TOPIC TO BE ANNOUNCED IN CLASS

February 15 Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) and Establishing CM Regimes

- Establishing the need for coastal management

- Definition of terms

- Governance: who should manage coastal resources?

- A global consensus?

Readings: Collini (J.S. Mill), Ch. 4, “Of the limits to the authority of society over the individual”

Cicin-Sain, Ch. 3 & 4

February 22 ICM and Evolution of International Oceanic and Environmental Regimes

- A taxonomy of coastal management regime types

- Political will and coastal management

- Intergovernmental politics

Readings: Collini (J.S. Mill), Ch. 5, “Applications”

Cicin-Sain, Ch. 5 & 6

March 1 ICM: Integrating Science and Policy, then Implementing the Policy

- How does science work its way into policy?

- How do policymakers manage complex questions from science including inconclusive scientific evidence?

- What can scientists and policy analysts as advisors to policymakers do to facilitate understanding of science and policy recommendations?

- Implementing policy—making coastal management work in practice

Readings: Cicin-Sain, Ch. 7 & 8

March 08 MIDTERM EXAM (6:00-7:30 PM)

Sustainability and Coastal Management (seminar) (starting at 7:45 PM)

- What is the meaning of “sustainability” in the coastal management context?

- What is the objective of a sustainable coastal management regime?

o In an urban context

o In a rural context

o What about the urban fringe?

- A typology of sustainability

- Discussion of Beatley’s notions of coastal resilience

Reading: Mazmanian & Kraft, Ch. 1-3

Nordhaus & Shellenberger, Ch. 1-4

Bill Mongelluzzo, “The Road to Colonet,” in Journal of Commerce, 9:1, Jan. 7, 2008 (handout)

March 22 The US Approach to Coastal Management

- Governance: The Federal Role in Coastal Management

- The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1976

- Federalism and coastal management

- Federal oversight of state coastal management programs

- Other influential federal statutes that influence coastal land uses

- Federal consistency and the states

- Federal influence on seaport development and transportation infrastructure

Readings: Knauss, J. (1990). The Stratton Commission, It’s History and Legacy. Oceanography, p. 53-55. (Handout)

Beatley, Ch. 5

Assignment: 1-2 page paper, TOPIC TO BE ANNOUNCED IN CLASS

March 29 The US Approach to Coastal Management (continued)

Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning

- State implementation of federal coastal management guidelines

- Differences in state programs

- Rationale for differences in state planning regimes

- What is marine spatial planning?

- How does it relate to traditional coastal management?

Readings: Beatley, Ch. 6 & 7

White House Council on Environmental Quality, Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force. (2009). Interim Framework for Effective Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning. Available at:

Beatley, Planning for Coastal Resilience, Ch. 1-7 (start now)

April 05 Use Conflicts on the Coast: The Case of Seaports

- Seaport Operations: A Primer

- Land use consequences of containerization

- Infrastructure concentration in “load center” ports

- Environmental issues in seaports

Reading: Fawcett & Marcus, Are Port Growth and Coastal Management Compatible?

Sunstein, Laws of Fear…, Ch. 1-6 (start now)

April 12 Resilience, Adaptation and Sustainability Redux

-Philosophy toward coastal resilience

-Temporal dimensions of resilience

-Economic benefits and costs: 1) Who is most vulnerable?; 2) Economic consequences of planning for resilience

-Policy development: Do the Dutch have all the answers?

Reading: Beatley, Planning for Coastal Resilience, Ch. 1-7

Assignment: Research Papers due in class (hard copy in a folder)

April 19 Coastal Sustainability: What the hell does it mean?

Reading: Sunstein, Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle, Ch. 1-6

April 26 What’s in Store for Coastal Management?

Reading: Sunstein, Laws of Fear…, Ch. 7-8

May 3 FINAL EXAM (6:00-8:00 PM)

JAF:

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