Chapters 1 and 2: Society Before Trade



Chapters 1 and 2: Lifestyles

Include:

• Foragers

• Pastoralists

• Farmers: Jericho and Catal Huyuk

• Mesopotamia

• Egypt

• Indus Valley civilization: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

• Early China

• Nubia

• Celtic Europe

Foragers:

➢ Used to gather foods: usually the work of women

➢ Collected fruits and berries for food

➢ Moved from place to place

➢ Had lots of leisure time

➢ Cooked food on fires

➢ Left traces of civilization by cave paintings

➢ Used stone tools

Pastorialists:

Killed small herds of animals for meat

Exchanged food w/farmers for meat

Didn’t carry around bulky possessions

Farmers in Jericho and Catal Huyuk:

➢ Residents made fine pottery, wove baskets, and wove clothing

➢ Hunting very important

➢ Worshipped goddesses

➢ Used silver and gold as decoration

➢ Copper and lead were used as well

➢ Built houses, town walls, towers, and religious strustures

Mesopotamia:

➢ Domesticated animals

➢ Used irrigation agriculture

➢ Had a city-state with self-governing urban centers and agricultural terririories

➢ Had a lugal as the head of their cities

➢ 3 social classes of wealthy, artisans, and slaves

➢ Built ziggurats for their gods

➢ Many male scribes recorded the profession on men but little about the women

➢ Wrote cuneiform: a writing using a weed-like stick

➢ Replaced stone tools with bronze

Egypt:

➢ Lived alongside the Nile river or delta

➢ Had natural resources and was self-sufficient

➢ Constructed pyramids and royal tombs

➢ Used hieroglyphics and other systems of writing

➢ Were obsessed with the after life

➢ And gained knowledge on mummification

Indus Valley Civilization:

➢ Not much information available

➢ People technologically advanced

➢ Ceremics, pottery, and constructions

➢ Widespread trading contacts as far as Mesopotamia

➢ City abandoned and population declined probably as a cause of natural disaster

Early China:

➢ Depended on agriculture highly

➢ Formation of complex social hierarchies

➢ Had religious theologies such as the oracle bone and Mandate to Heaven

➢ Beliefs in Daoism, Confucianism, and Legalism

➢ Status of women declined

➢ Believed in the yin/yang theory

Nubia:

➢ Natural resources of gold and location on trade route

➢ Strongly influenced by Egypt culture

➢ Worshipped the Egyptian gods and goddesses

➢ Epona: horse goddess and Lug: god of light

➢ Trade center of Meroe’

Celtic Europe:

➢ Made up of various groups from Europe

➢ Lived in small kingship groups

➢ Warrior elites

➢ Worshiped gods in natural setting

➢ Were divided into social classes

➢ Warriors, preists, artisans

➢ Pushed to the western edge of the European continent

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