Chapters 1 and 2: Society Before Trade
Chapters 1 and 2: Lifestyles
Include:
• Foragers
• Pastoralists
• Farmers: Jericho and Catal Huyuk
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• Indus Valley civilization: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
• Early China
• Nubia
• Celtic Europe
Foragers:
➢ Used to gather foods: usually the work of women
➢ Collected fruits and berries for food
➢ Moved from place to place
➢ Had lots of leisure time
➢ Cooked food on fires
➢ Left traces of civilization by cave paintings
➢ Used stone tools
Pastorialists:
Killed small herds of animals for meat
Exchanged food w/farmers for meat
Didn’t carry around bulky possessions
Farmers in Jericho and Catal Huyuk:
➢ Residents made fine pottery, wove baskets, and wove clothing
➢ Hunting very important
➢ Worshipped goddesses
➢ Used silver and gold as decoration
➢ Copper and lead were used as well
➢ Built houses, town walls, towers, and religious strustures
Mesopotamia:
➢ Domesticated animals
➢ Used irrigation agriculture
➢ Had a city-state with self-governing urban centers and agricultural terririories
➢ Had a lugal as the head of their cities
➢ 3 social classes of wealthy, artisans, and slaves
➢ Built ziggurats for their gods
➢ Many male scribes recorded the profession on men but little about the women
➢ Wrote cuneiform: a writing using a weed-like stick
➢ Replaced stone tools with bronze
Egypt:
➢ Lived alongside the Nile river or delta
➢ Had natural resources and was self-sufficient
➢ Constructed pyramids and royal tombs
➢ Used hieroglyphics and other systems of writing
➢ Were obsessed with the after life
➢ And gained knowledge on mummification
Indus Valley Civilization:
➢ Not much information available
➢ People technologically advanced
➢ Ceremics, pottery, and constructions
➢ Widespread trading contacts as far as Mesopotamia
➢ City abandoned and population declined probably as a cause of natural disaster
Early China:
➢ Depended on agriculture highly
➢ Formation of complex social hierarchies
➢ Had religious theologies such as the oracle bone and Mandate to Heaven
➢ Beliefs in Daoism, Confucianism, and Legalism
➢ Status of women declined
➢ Believed in the yin/yang theory
Nubia:
➢ Natural resources of gold and location on trade route
➢ Strongly influenced by Egypt culture
➢ Worshipped the Egyptian gods and goddesses
➢ Epona: horse goddess and Lug: god of light
➢ Trade center of Meroe’
Celtic Europe:
➢ Made up of various groups from Europe
➢ Lived in small kingship groups
➢ Warrior elites
➢ Worshiped gods in natural setting
➢ Were divided into social classes
➢ Warriors, preists, artisans
➢ Pushed to the western edge of the European continent
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