Earth Science



Earth Science!Multiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____1.The point beneath Earth’s surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake is called thea.syncline.b.footwall.c.epicenter.d.focus.____2.The type of seismic waves that arrive at the surface first and move by compressing and expanding the ground like an accordion are calleda.S waves.b.P waves.c.Surface waves.d.Mercalli waves.____3.S waves are also known asa.primary waves.b.secondary waves.c.surface waves.d.focus waves.____pared to P waves and S waves, surface waves movea.faster.b.slower.c.at the same rate.d.farther from the epicenter.____5.What does a seismograph record?a.the Mercalli scale rating for an earthquakeb.the speed of seismic wavesc.the ground movements caused by seismic wavesd.the location of the epicenter____6.If the Coast Guard warns of a giant wave of water approaching the shore as a result of a major earthquake, they are warning ofa.an aftershock.b.liquefaction.c.a tsunami.d.landslides.____7.Geologists know that wherever plate movement stores energy in the rock along faults,a.earthquakes are not likely.b.earthquakes are likely.c.an earthquake is occurring.d.an earthquake could never occur.____8.A force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume is calleda.an aftershock.b.friction.c.liquefaction.d.stress.____9.In what direction do seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake?a.away from the focusb.toward the focusc.from the surface to the interiord.through the mantle only____10.Magma that cools very slowly deep beneath the surface forms minerals with what type of crystals?a.smallb.largec.very hardd.cubic____11.What is the hardest known mineral?a.talcb.quartzc.diamondd.gold____12.Minerals can form deep inside Earth’s crust bya.cleavage and fracture.b.friction along faults.c.crystallization of melted materials.d.evaporation of ancient seas.____13.What is the correct order (starting from the surface) of Earth’s layers?a.crust, outer core, inner core, mantleb.mantle, outer core, inner core, crustc.crust, mantle, outer core, inner cored.outer core, inner core, crust, mantle____14.Earth’s inner core isa.a dense ball of solid metal.b.a layer of molten metal.c.a layer of hot rock.d.a layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin.____15.According to Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift,a.Earth’s surface is made up of seven major landmasses.b.the continents do not move.c.Earth is slowly cooling and shrinking.d.the continents were once joined together in a single landmass.____16.The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is known asa.convection.b.continental drift.c.subduction.d.conduction.____17.Most geologists think that the movement of Earth’s plates is caused bya.conduction.b.earthquakes.c.convection currents in the mantle.d.Earth’s magnetic field.____18.The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant, slow motion is the theory ofa.subduction.b.plate tectonics.c.deep-ocean trenches.d.sea-floor spreading.____19.A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, is known as aa.transform boundary.b.divergent boundary.c.convergent boundary.d.rift valley.____20.Earth’s magnetic field results from movements in thea.mantle.b.outer core.c.inner core.d.crust.____21.A collision between two pieces of continental crust at a converging boundary produces aa.mid-ocean ridge.b.deep-ocean trench.c.rift valley.d.mountain range.____22.The place where two plates come together is known as aa.transform boundary.b.divergent boundary.c.convergent boundary.d.rift valley.____23.Rock that forms from the cooling of magma below the surface or lava at the surface is calleda.sedimentary rock.b.metamorphic rock.c.igneous rock.d.coarse-grained rock.____24.Where does most metamorphic rock form?a.at the surfaceb.just below the surfacec.in ocean watersd.deep underground____25.Igneous rock that formed from lava that erupted onto Earth’s surface is calleda.extrusive rock.b.intrusive rock.c.clastic rock.d.sedimentary rock.____26.Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface can change any rock intoa.chemical rock.b.gemstones.c.metamorphic rock.d.sedimentary rock.____27.A series of processes on Earth’s surface and in the crust and mantle that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another is calleda.erosion.b.crystallization.c.the rock cycle.d.evaporation.____28.Generally, a rock is made up ofa.large crystals.b.a mixture of minerals and other materials.c.small crystals.d.a compound of several elements.____29.The formation of the Hawaiian Islands is one example ofa.volcanoes forming over a hot spot.b.volcanoes forming along plate boundaries.c.the Ring of Fire.d.continental drift.____30.Which type of rock would you expect to form as the result of an explosive eruption?a.pahoehoeb.granitec.pumiced.aa____31.All of the following are examples of physical properties EXCEPTa.melting point.b.hardness.c.ability to burn.d.density.____32.Before lava reaches the surface, the molten material is calleda.rock.b.magma.c.volcanic ash.d.liquid fire.____33.How do most fossils form?a.Living things die and their remains are buried by sediments.b.The hard parts of an organism dry out in the air.c.The soft parts of an organism change to stone.d.Freezing preserves the remains of an organism.____34.The geologic time scale is a record ofa.the thickness of sedimentary rock layers.b.the rate of fossil formation.c.the life forms and geologic events in Earth’s history.d.the time since the evolution of dinosaurs.____35.The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic are divisions in the geologic time scale calleda.centuries.b.periods.c.layers.d.eras.____36.Precambrian Time, which includes most of Earth’s history, began witha.an ice age.b.Earth forming from a mass of dust and gas.c.an asteroid impact.d.the formation of thick deposits of sediment.____37.How did Earth change about 2.5 billion years ago when many organisms began using photosynthesis to make food?a.The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased.b.Mass extinctions occurred.c.The oceans became larger.d.Rainfall increased.____38.As the energy of a wave moves through the water, what happens to the water particles themselves?a.They are carried away.b.They sink to the bottom.c.They move up and down, but do not move forward.d.They slowly move backward.____39.A topographic map differs from a road map in that the topographic map showsa.directions and distance.b.elevation, relief, and slope.c.streams and lakes.d.highways and expressways.____40.Soil formation begins with the weathering ofa.litter.b.bedrock.c.the A horizon.d.humus.____41.Decomposers are the soil organisms thata.store moisture in the soil.b.break down and digest the remains of dead organisms.c.make spaces in the soil for air and water.d.burrow deep below the topsoil.____42.A marble statue is left exposed to the weather. Within a few years, the details on the statue have begun to weather away. This weathering probably is caused bya.oxygen in the air.b.carbonic acid in rainwater.c.lichens.d.abrasion.____43.Water is the only substance on Earth monly exists in all of its different states.b.freezes at very low temperatures.c.boils at very high temperatures.d.exists in the liquid state.____44.When water evaporates, it becomes aa.solid.b.liquid.c.gas.d.solvent.____45.The process by which a gas changes into a liquid is calleda.evaporation.b.condensation.c.melting.d.freezing.____46.Plants use water toa.release as a waste product.b.keep predators away.c.make their own food.d.attract pollinators.____47.Approximately what percentage of Earth’s water is fresh water?a.97 percentb.71 percentc.30 percentd.3 percent____48.Materials that allow water to pass through them easily area.permeable.b.impermeable.c.saturated.d.unsaturated____49.Summers are caused bya.a combination of longer days and more direct rays from the sun.b.less direct rays from the sun.c.longer days and longer nights.d.Earth in its orbit moving closer to the sun.____50.The seasons are caused bya.Earth’s varying distance from the sun.b.Earth’s changing rate of rotation.c.the tilt of Earth’s axis as Earth revolves around the sun.d.shifting climates on Earth’s surface.____51.Increased carbon dioxide may cause global warming bya.allowing more sunlight into the atmosphere.b.reflecting more sunlight from clouds.c.reducing the amount of oxygen in the air.d.trapping more heat in the atmosphere.____52.Earth’s ozone layera.has been thickening over the past several years.b.filters harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.c.exists only over Antarctica.d.traps carbon dioxide in the stratosphere.____53.Scientists predict that banning the use of chlorofluorocarbons willa.have no effect on the ozone layer.b.gradually restore the ozone layer.c.increase ultraviolet light reaching Earth.d.increase the rate of ozone depletion.____54.Regions that receive less than 25 centimeters of rain annually are calleda.tundras.b.savannas.c.deserts.d.steppes.____55.Earth’s rotation takes abouta.365 days.b.6 months.c.24 hours.d.1 month.____56.Day and night are caused bya.the tilt of Earth’s axis.b.Earth’s revolution around the sun.c.eclipses.d.Earth’s rotation on its axis.____57.One complete revolution of Earth around the sun takes abouta.one rotation.b.one season.c.one year.d.one eclipse.____58.Earth has seasons becausea.it rotates on its axis.b.the distance between Earth and the sun changes.c.its axis is tilted as it moves around the sun.d.the temperature of the sun changes.____59.When the north end of Earth’s axis is tilted toward the sun, North America will experiencea.more indirect rays and shorter days.b.more indirect rays and longer days.c.more direct rays and shorter days.d.more direct rays and longer days.____60.The phase of the moon you see depends ona.where you are on Earth’s surface.b.how much of the sunlit side of the moon faces Earth.c.how much of the moon’s surface is lit by the sun.d.whether or not an eclipse is occurring.____61.For a solar eclipse to occur,a.the sun must be directly between Earth and the moon.b.the moon must be directly between Earth and the sun.c.the moon must be directly behind Earth.d.Earth must be directly between the sun and the moon.____62.During what phase of the moon can a lunar eclipse occur?a.new moonb.first quarterc.waxing gibbousd.full moon____63.When are tides highest?a.during the moon’s first quarter phaseb.when the sun, Earth, and the moon are nearly in a linec.during the moon’s third quarter phased.when the moon is at a right angle to the sun____64.Scientists think the moon was formed whena.a large object struck Earth, and ejected material from the collision combined.b.gravitational forces attracted a moon formed elsewhere in space.c.meteoroids collected and solidified within the pull of Earth’s gravity.d.gases from Earth escaped from the atmosphere and condensed in space.____65.Because the moon rotates once for each revolution around Earth,a.you see some phases more than others.b.a different side of the moon faces Earth each day.c.you never see the far side of the moon from Earth.d.the far side of the moon is visible only during the full moon phase.____66.The two factors that combine to keep Earth and the moon in their orbits area.gravity and orbital speed.b.orbital speed and mass.c.mass and inertia.d.gravity and inertia.____67.The tendency of a moving object to continue moving in a straight line or a stationary object to remain in place is calleda.orbital speed.b.mass.c.inertia.d.gravity.____68.A range of colors formed when white light passes through a prism is called aa.lens.b.photograph.c.spectrum.d.ray.____69.Characteristics used to classify stars includea.distance, size, and color.b.size, distance, and brightness.c.color, brightness, and distance.d.size, brightness, and temperature.____70.What color are the coolest stars?a.blue-whiteb.yellowc.redd.orange____71.The Milky Way galaxy is an example of a(n)a.spiral galaxy.b.globular cluster.c.elliptical galaxy.d.irregular galaxy.____72.The solar system formed froma.an expanding galaxy.b.a giant cloud of gas and dust.c.an enormous explosion.d.a black hole.____73.The horizontal distance between wave crests is thea.frequency.b.wavelength.c.trough.d.wave height.____74.The lowest point of a wave is thea.crest.b.wavelength.c.trough.d.frequency.____75.Tides are caused bya.strong winds that blow over ocean waters.b.the interaction of Earth, the moon, and the sun.c.the shifting of the plates on the ocean floor.d.variations in the salinity of ocean water.____76.A tide with the LEAST difference between low and high tide is called aa.spring tide.b.neap tide.c.rip tide.d.monthly tide.____77.Which of the following areas in the ocean is likely to have the lowest salinity?a.a warm, tropical seab.the cold Arctic Oceanc.a bay at the mouth of a big riverd.deep parts of the Pacific Ocean____78.In the Northern Hemisphere, currents curve to the right because of thea.longshore drift.b.density.c.Coriolis effect.d.moon’s gravity.Earth Science!Answer SectionMULTIPLE CHOICE1.ANS:DDIF:L1REF:p. F-51OBJ:F.2.2.1STO:5.1.A.2, 5.8.C.12.ANS:BDIF:L2REF:p. F-53OBJ:F.2.2.1STO:5.7.B.23.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. F-53OBJ:F.2.2.1STO:5.7.B.24.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. F-53OBJ:F.2.2.1STO:5.7.B.25.ANS:CDIF:L2REF:p. F-54OBJ:F.2.3.1STO:5.8.D.26.ANS:CDIF:L3REF:p. F-71OBJ:F.2.4.2STO:5.8.C.17.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. F-69OBJ:F.2.4.1STO:5.2.A.2, 5.8.C.1, 5.8.D.28.ANS:DDIF:L1REF:p. F-44OBJ:F.2.1.1STO:5.7.A.2, 5.1.B.39.ANS:ADIF:L1REF:p. F-52OBJ:F.2.2.1STO:5.7.B.210.ANS:BDIF:L2REF:p. F-125OBJ:F.4.2.1STO:5.8.A.1, 5.6.B.1, 5.1.B.311.ANS:CDIF:L2REF:p. F-119OBJ:F.4.1.2STO:5.8.A.1, 5.3.D.1.a12.ANS:CDIF:L3REF:p. F-125OBJ:F.4.2.1STO:5.8.A.1, 5.6.B.1, 5.1.B.313.ANS:CDIF:L2REF:p. F-10OBJ:F.1.1.2STO:5.8.A.114.ANS:ADIF:L1REF:p. F-12OBJ:F.1.1.2STO:5.3.B.1, 5.8.A.115.ANS:DDIF:L1REF:p. F-19OBJ:F.1.3.1STO:5.8.C, 5.8.C.2, 5.2.A.316.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. F-28OBJ:F.1.4.3STO:5.8.C.117.ANS:CDIF:L2REF:p. F-33OBJ:F.1.5.1STO:5.8.C.1, 5.1.B.118.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. F-33OBJ:F.1.5.1STO:5.8.C.1, 5.1.B.119.ANS:ADIF:L1REF:p. F-35OBJ:F.1.5.2STO:5.8.C.1, 5.3.B.120.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. F-13OBJ:F.1.1.221.ANS:DDIF:L3REF:p. F-35OBJ:F.1.5.2STO:5.8.C.1, 5.3.B.122.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. F-35OBJ:F.1.5.2STO:5.8.C.1, 5.3.B.123.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. F-147OBJ:F.5.1.2STO:5.8.C.2, 5.8.C.124.ANS:DDIF:L1REF:p. F-147OBJ:F.5.1.2STO:5.8.C.2, 5.8.C.125.ANS:ADIF:L1REF:p. F-148OBJ:F.5.2.1STO:5.8.A.1, 5.8.C.1, 5.1.B.126.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. F-160OBJ:F.5.5.1STO:5.8.C.127.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. F-164OBJ:F.5.6.1STO:5.8.C.1, 5.8.A.128.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. F-145OBJ:F.5.1.1STO:5.8.A.129.ANS:ADIF:L2REF:p. F-85OBJ:F.3.1.2STO:5.8.C.1, 5.1.B.3, 5.1.A.230.ANS:CDIF:L2REF:p. F-94, p. F-95OBJ:F.3.3.2STO:5.1.B.3, 5.6.A.2, 5.8.C.131.ANS:CDIF:L2REF:p. F-88OBJ:F.3.2.1STO:5.6.B.1, 5.6.A.232.ANS:BDIF:L2REF:p. F-82OBJ:F.3.1.1STO:5.8.C.1, 5.1.B.133.ANS:ADIF:L1REF:p. G-110OBJ:G.4.1.1STO:5.8.A.1, 5.8.C.234.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. G-127OBJ:G.4.4.1STO:5.2.B.1, 5.8.C.235.ANS:DDIF:L2REF:p. G-129OBJ:G.4.4.2STO:5.2.B.136.ANS:BDIF:L2REF:p. G-130, p. G-131OBJ:G.4.5.1STO:5.1.B.3, 5.9, 5.2.A.1.a, 5.2.A.1.b37.ANS:ADIF:L2REF:p. G-133OBJ:G.4.5.3STO:5.8.C.2, 5.938.ANS:CDIF:L2REF:p. G-96OBJ:G.3.5.1STO:5.8.C.139.ANS:BDIF:L2REF:p. G-27OBJ:G.1.4.1STO:5.8.D40.ANS:BDIF:L3REF:p. G-50OBJ:G.2.2.1STO:5.8.A.1, 5.8.C.141.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. G-53OBJ:G.2.2.3STO:5.8.A.142.ANS:BDIF:L3REF:p. G-43OBJ:G.2.1.2STO:5.8.C.143.ANS:ADIF:L2REF:p. H-10OBJ:H.1.1.3STO:5.6.A.2, 5.6.A.344.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. H-10OBJ:H.1.1.3STO:5.6.A.2, 5.6.A.345.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. H-11OBJ:H.1.1.3STO:5.6.A.346.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. H-13OBJ:H.1.2.1STO:5.8.B, 5.5.A.147.ANS:DDIF:L1REF:p. H-14OBJ:H.1.2.2STO:5.8.B48.ANS:ADIF:L3REF:p. H-35OBJ:H.1.5.1STO:5.8.B49.ANS:ADIF:L2REF:p. I-114OBJ:I.4.1.2STO:5.9.A.350.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. I-114OBJ:I.4.1.2STO:5.9.A.351.ANS:DDIF:L3REF:p. I-137OBJ:I.4.4.2STO:5.2.A.252.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. I-140OBJ:I.4.4.3STO:5.10.B.1, 5.2.A.1.c, 5.2.B.253.ANS:BDIF:L3REF:p. I-140, p. I-141OBJ:I.4.4.3STO:5.10.B.1, 5.2.A.1.c, 5.2.B.2, 5.8.B54.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. I-122OBJ:I.4.2.2STO:5.8.B, 5.3.D.1.b, 5.5.B55.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. ES-661OBJ:ES.19.1.1STO:5.9.A.1, 5.9.A.356.ANS:DDIF:L1REF:p. ES-661OBJ:ES.19.1.1STO:5.9.A.1, 5.9.A.357.ANS:CDIF:L2REF:p. ES-661OBJ:ES.19.1.1STO:5.9.A.1, 5.9.A.358.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. ES-662OBJ:ES.19.1.2STO:5.9.A.3, 5.1.B.3, 5.1.B.159.ANS:DDIF:L3REF:p. ES-664OBJ:ES.19.1.2STO:5.9.A.360.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. ES-673OBJ:ES.19.3.1STO:5.9.A.161.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. ES-676OBJ:ES.19.3.2STO:5.9.A.162.ANS:DDIF:L1REF:p. ES-677OBJ:ES.19.3.2STO:5.9.A.163.ANS:BDIF:L3REF:p. ES-675OBJ:ES.19.3.3STO:5.9.A.264.ANS:ADIF:L2REF:p. ES-683OBJ:ES.19.4.3STO:5.2.A.1.a, 5.9.A.1, 5.1.A.165.ANS:CDIF:L2REF:p. ES-671OBJ:ES.19.3.1STO:5.9.A.1, 5.9.A.2, 5.1.B.366.ANS:DDIF:L2REF:p. ES-669OBJ:ES.19.2.2STO:5.7.A.2, 5.9.A.367.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. ES-668OBJ:ES.19.2.2STO:5.7.A.2, 5.3.D.1.a68.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. ES-745OBJ:ES.21.1.1STO:5.2.B.269.ANS:DDIF:L2REF:p. ES-751OBJ:ES.21.2.1STO:5.9.C.170.ANS:CDIF:L1REF:p. ES-751OBJ:ES.21.2.1STO:5.9.C.171.ANS:ADIF:L1REF:p. ES-771OBJ:ES.21.4.2STO:5.9.D.172.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. ES-777OBJ:ES.21.5.2STO:5.9.B, 5.1.A.173.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. ES-436OBJ:ES.13.1.1STO:5.7.B.274.ANS:CDIF:L2REF:p. ES-436OBJ:ES.13.1.1STO:5.7.B.275.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. ES-443OBJ:ES.13.2.1STO:5.9.A.276.ANS:BDIF:L1REF:p. ES-444OBJ:ES.13.2.2STO:5.9.A.277.ANS:CDIF:L2REF:p. ES-450OBJ:ES.13.3.1STO:5.3.B.1, 5.8.B, 5.6.A.278.ANS:CDIF:L2REF:p. ES-457OBJ:ES.13.4.1STO:5.8.B ................
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