01 - Mrs. Todaro Page



Skills Worksheet

26-2 Directed Reading

Section: Movements of Earth

THE ROTATING EARTH

USE THE TERMS FROM THE LIST BELOW TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES THAT FOLLOW. EACH TERM MAY BE USED ONLY ONCE. SOME TERMS MAY NOT BE USED.

daylight rotation revolution

east nighttime year

day west night

1. The spinning of Earth on its axis is called ______________________.

2. A complete rotation of Earth takes about one ______________________.

3. As Earth rotates from west to east, the sun seems to rise in the_______________________.

4. The sun appears to set in the .______________________

5. The side of Earth facing the sun at any given moment experiences.______________________

6. The side of Earth facing away from the sun at any given moment experiences______________________

7. What did Foucault’s pendulum provide in the 19th century?

8. What happens to the path of a pendulum over the course of a day?

9. What causes the apparent change in the path of a pendulum?

10. What causes deflection of ocean currents and wind belts?

11. In which direction are ocean currents and wind belts deflected in the Northern Hemisphere? In the Southern Hemisphere?

12. What is the curving of the path of wind belts and ocean currents called?

Directed Reading continued

THE REVOLVING EARTH

13. WHAT IS THE AVERAGE SPEED OF EARTH AS IT TRAVELS AROUND THE SUN?

14. How long does each complete revolution of Earth around the sun take?

In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches the term or phrase.

15. revolution

16. orbit

17. ellipse

18. perihelion

19. aphelion

20. What is the shape of Earth’s orbit around the sun?

21. What is Earth’s aphelion distance? Earth’s perihelion distance?

CONSTELLATIONS AND EARTH’S MOTION

22. WHAT IS A CONSTELLATION?

23. What did the International Astronomical Union do in 1930?

24. Where did many of the names for the constellations come from?

Directed Reading continued

25. What causes the position of a constellation to appear to change over a period of several hours?

26. What causes the position of a constellation to appear to change, at the same time of the evening, over a period of several weeks?

MEASURING TIME

27. THE BASIS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TIME IS

a. the sun’s motion.

b. the moon’s motion.

c. Earth’s motion.

d. the galaxy’s motion.

28. The measurement of a day is determined by

a. the rotation of Earth on its axis.

b. Earth’s revolution around the sun.

c. the moon’s motion around Earth.

d. the period between successive full moons.

29. The measurement of a year is determined by

a. the rotation of Earth on its axis.

b. Earth’s revolution around the sun.

c. the moon’s motion around Earth.

d. the period between successive full moons.

30. The measurement of a month is based on

a. the rotation of Earth on its axis.

b. Earth’s revolution around the sun.

c. the moon’s motion around Earth.

d Earth’s motion around the moon.

31. Each rotation of Earth on its axis takes

a. 24 hours.

b. 29.5 days.

c. 365 days.

d. 365 1/4 days.

32. Each complete revolution of Earth around the sun takes

a. 24 hours.

b. 29.5 days.

c. 365 days.

d. 365 1/4 days.

Directed Reading continued

33. Today, a month is determined as roughly

a. 29.5 days.

b. one-twelfth of a year.

c. 28 days.

d. 365 days.

34. Who were the first people to use a calendar based on a solar year?

a. the Aztecs

b. the Romans

c. the Babylonians

d. the Egyptians

35. What civilization created a calendar based on a 12-month lunar year?

a. the Roman

b. the Babylonian

c. the Egyptian

d. the Aztec

36. What is a calendar?

37. Why is the extra 1/4 day of the year usually ignored?

38. What is a leap year? Explain why it is necessary.

39. What two Roman rulers were responsible for creating the yearly calendar as we know it?

40. What calendar problem did Pope Gregory XIII address and how did his committee solve it?

Directed Reading continued

41. What is the definition of noon?

42. Is it noon at the same time all over the world? Explain your answer.

43. How many degrees does each of Earth’s 24 standard time zones cover? Explain your answer.

44. How is the time in one zone different from the time in the zone east of it?

45. What is the International Date Line ? What does it mark?

46. Why is daylight time shorter in the winter months than in the summer months?

47. Why does the United States use daylight savings time from April to October?

48. According to daylight savings time, what do we do to clocks in April and

October?

49. Why do equatorial countries not observe daylight savings time?

Directed Reading continued

THE SEASONS

50. EARTH’S AXIS IS

a. vertical.

b. tilted at 12°.

c. tilted at 23.5°.

d. 90°.

51. During each revolution of Earth, the North Pole

a. sometimes tilts toward the sun and sometimes tilts away.

b. is always vertical.

c. always tilts toward the sun.

d. always tilts away from the sun.

52. When the North Pole tilts toward the sun, the Northern Hemisphere has

a. the same amount of daylight as the Southern Hemisphere.

b. longer periods of daylight than the Southern Hemisphere.

c. shorter periods of daylight than the Southern Hemisphere.

d. varying periods of daylight compared to the Southern Hemisphere.

53. When the North Pole tilts away from the sun, the sun’s rays strike the Northern Hemisphere

a. vertically.

b. at a high angle.

c. at a low angle.

d. horizontally.

54. Seasons are caused by

a. Earth’s rotation on its axis.

b. changes in the angle at which the sun’s rays strike Earth.

c. the distance of a place from the equator.

d. differences in Earth’s time zones.

55. Winter occurs in the Northern Hemisphere when

a. the North Pole tilts away from the sun.

b. the North Pole tilts toward the sun.

c. the sun’s rays strike the Northern Hemisphere at a high angle.

d. the sun’s rays creates more daylight hours.

56. A result of fewer daylight hours is

a. less solar energy.

b. more solar energy.

c. higher temperatures.

d. a longer season.

Directed Reading continued

57. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere experiences

a. winter.

b. summer.

c. spring.

d. fall.

Use the terms from the list below to complete the sentences that follow. Each term may be used only once. Some terms may not be used.

autumnal equinox hemisphere equator

equinox vernal equinox celestial equator

58. A line drawn on the sky directly overhead from the equator on Earth is called the. ______________________

59. The moment when the sun appears to cross the celestial equator is a (an). ______________________

60. At an equinox, the angle of the sun’s rays along the ______________________ is 90°.

61. The beginning of fall in the Northern Hemisphere is marked by the ______________________, occurring on September 22 or 23.

62. The beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere is marked by the ______________________, falling on March 21 or 22.

63. What is true of the hours of daylight and darkness everywhere on Earth at an equinox?

64. What is a solstice?

65. What begins on the soltices each year?

66. Along what line do the sun’s rays strike Earth at a 90° angle at the summer solstice? Where is this line located?

67. What happens to the sun in the Northern Hemisphere at the summer solstice?

Directed Reading continued

68. How does the period of daylight change depending on your location on Earth at the summer solstice?

69. Along what line do the sun’s rays strike Earth at a 90° angle at the winter solstice? Where is this line located?

70. Describe the hours of daylight in the Northern Hemisphere at the winter solstice.

70. the loss of the Challenger in 1986 and the Columbia in 2003 with their crews

71. Satellites in orbit provide information about weather all over Earth.

72. Satellites help them navigate.

73. It has led to inventing ways to make objects smaller and lighter.

74. It has led to improvements in heart pumps, based on research of fluid flow through rockets.

SECTION: MOVEMENTS OF EARTH

1. ROTATION

2. day

3. east

4. west

5. daylight

6. nighttime

7. evidence of Earth’s rotation

8. It stays the same, but it appears to change.

9. Earth’s rotation

10. Earth’s rotation

11. to the right; to the left

12. Coriolis effect

13. 29.8 km/s

14. 365 1/4 days

15. C

16. E

17. A

18. B

19. D

20. an ellipse

21. 152 million km; 147 million km

22. a group of stars that are organized in a recognizable pattern

23. It divided the sky into 88 constellations.

24. from the ancient Greeks more than 2,000 years ago

25. Earth’s rotation

26. Earth’s revolution around the sun

27. C

28. A

32. B

30. C

31. A

32. D

33. B

34. D

35. B

36. a system created for measuring long intervals of time by dividing time into days, weeks, months, and years

37. to make the number of days on a calendar a whole number

38. every fourth year, which has an extra day; to account for the extra 1/4 day that occurs every year, so that calendars will be on the same schedule as Earth’s movements

39. Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar

4 0. The calendar had become misaligned with the seasons because the year is not exactly 365 1/4 days long. His committee decided that century years, such as 1800, would not be leap years, unless they are divisible by 400, as is the year 2000.

41. the time when the sun is highest in the sky

42. no. Because of Earth’s rotation, the sun is highest above different locations at different times of day.

43. 15°. Because Earth is a sphere, its circumference equals 360°. Since it takes 24 hours to complete one rotation, it moves 1/24th of 360° in one hour, or 15°.

44. It is one hour earlier.

45. The International Date Line is a line that runs from north to south through the Pacific Ocean. It marks the point on Earth’s surface where the date changes. When it is Friday west of the line, it is Thursday east of the line.

46. because of the tilt of Earth’s axis

47. to take advantage of longer daylight time in those months when the sun rises earlier

48. In April we set them one hour ahead; in October we turn them one hour back.

49. There are not significant changes in the amount of daylight time throughout the year.

50. C

51. A

52. B

53. C

54. B

55. A

56. A

57. B

58. celestial equator

59. equinox

60. equator

61. autumnal equinox

62. vernal equinox

63. The hours of daylight and darkness are equal.

64. A solstice is the point at which the sun is as far north or as far south of the equator as possible.

65. the seasons of winter and summer

66. the Tropic of Cancer, located at 23.5° north latitude

67. It follows its highest path across the sky on that day.

68. The farther north of the equator you are, the longer the period of daylight.

69. the Tropic of Capricorn, located at 23.5° south latitude

70. The daylight hours are the fewest there.

Math Skills

1. x = (1,277,400,000 km ( 628,760,000 km) ( 150,000,000 km

x = 648,640,000 ( 150,000,000

x = 4.32 AU

2. x = (.37 ( .28) ( 150,000,000 km

x = .09 ( 150,000,000

x = 13,500,000 km

3. x = (49 ( 150,000,000 km) ( (29.5 (150,000,000 km)

x = 7,350,000,000 ( 4,425,000,000

x = 2,925,000,000 km

4. x = [(5.4 ( 150,000,000 km) ( (3.1 (150,000,000 km)] ( [(1.7 ( 150,000,000 km) ( (1.4 ( 150,000,000 km)]

x = (810,000,000 ( 465,000,000) _(255,000,000 ( 210,000,000)

x = 345,000,000 ( 45,000,000

x = 300,000,000 km

Graphing Skills

1. June 15; 17.5

2. December 15; 7

3. June 15 is near the summer solstice;places in the Northern Hemisphere have the most hours of daylight on that day. December 15 is near the winter solstice; places in the Northern Hemisphere have the least hours of daylight on that day.

4. Answers may vary. Student graphs should resemble the one for Glasgow. Data plotted will vary by locale. Daylight savings time should not be a factor in plotting data.

Section Quizzes

SECTION: VIEWING THE UNIVERSE

1. C

2. B

3. E

4. D

5. A

6. B

7. C

8. D

9. C

10. B

SECTION: MOVEMENTS OF EARTH

1. B

2. C

3. A

4. E

5. D

6. C

7. B

8. D

9. A

10. A

Chapter Test A

1. G

2. I

3. H

4. E

5. J

6. A

7. B

8. D

9. F

10. C

11. B

12. C

13. D

14. D

15. A

16. A

17. B

18. C

19. B

20. A

Chapter Test B

1. B

2. C

3. E

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a. a closed curve whose shape is determined by two points within the curve

b. the point in a planet’s orbit at which the planet is closest to the sun

c. the motion of a body that travels around another body in space

d. the point in a planet’s orbit at which the planet is farthest from the sun

e. the path that a body follows as it travels around another body in space

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