EARTH SCIENCE
EARTH
SCIENCE
The Physical Setting
Second Edition
Thomas McGuire
Earth Science Educator
Amsco School Publications, Inc.
315 Hudson Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
In addition to this book, Amsco School Publications, Inc. publishes the
following books written by Thomas McGuire: Reviewing Earth Science: The
Physical Setting, Third Edition; Laboratory and Skills Manual¡ªEarth Science:
The Physical Setting; Earth Science: Reviewing the Essentials.
This book is dedicated to the thousands of students I have known in 32
years of teaching. I hope they have learned nearly as much from me as I
have from them.
The publisher would like to thank the following educators who reviewed
the manuscript.
Diana K. Harding
Retired
New York State
Education Department
Lee Kowalsky
Earth Science Teacher
Proctor Senior High School
Utica, New York
Janet Iadanza
Earth Science Teacher
Rockwood Park School
Howard Beach, New York
Daniel B. Kujawinski, Ph.D.
Educational Consultant
Brant, New York
Cover Design: Meghan J. Shupe
Text Design: AGT/Howard Petlack
Composition: Northeastern Graphic, Inc.
Art: Hadel Studio and Northeastern Graphic, Inc.
Cover Photo: Eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland;
? Associated Press/Arnar Thorisson/Helicopter.is
Back Cover Photos: Left to right: Portage Glacier, Anchorage, Alaska; M 81
galaxy in Ursa Major, courtesy of NASA; Raplee Anticline, Mexican Hat,
Utah; North Clear Creek Falls in the San Juan Range of the Rocky
Mountains, Colorado (Portage Glacier, Raplee Anticline, North Clear
Creek Falls, courtesy of Thomas McGuire.)
Please visit our Web site at:
When ordering this book, please specify
R 797 H or EARTH SCIENCE: THE PHYSICAL SETTING,
SECOND EDITION, HARDBOUND
ISBN 978-1-56765-946-7
New York City Number 56765-946-6
Copyright ? 2011 by Amsco School Publications, Inc.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 11 12 13 14
To the Student
Earth Science: The Physical Setting, Second Edition, which follows
the New York State Core Curriculum, which is based on National
Standards, is an introduction to the study of Earth Science. The
specific standards covered in each chapter are listed in the table
of contents and next to the text to which they apply and next to
each Student Activity. With this book, you can gain a firm understanding of the fundamental concepts of Earth Science¡ªa base
from which you may confidently proceed to further studies in science and enjoy a deeper appreciation of the world around you. You
also will need to become familiar with the 2010 Earth Science Reference Tables, a document prepared by the New York State Education
Department. You will find the individual tables within the appropriate chapters of this text. You can obtain a copy of the entire document from your teacher or it can be downloaded from the State
Education Web site:
science-rt/esrt2010-engw.pdf
This book is designed to make learning easier for you. Many
special features that stimulate interest, enrich understanding, encourage you to evaluate your progress, and enable you to review
the concepts are provided. These features include:
1. Carefully selected, logically organized content. This book
offers an introductory Earth Science course stripped of unnecessary details that lead to confusion. It covers the New York
State Core Curriculum for the Physical Setting¡ªEarth Science.
2. Clear understandable presentation. Although you will
meet many new scientific terms in this book, you will find
that the language is generally clear and easy to read. Each
new term is carefully defined and will soon become part of
your Earth Science vocabulary. The illustrations and photographs also aid in your understanding, since they, like the
rest of the content, have been carefully designed to clarify
concepts. Words in boldface are defined in place and in the
Glossary. Words in italics are important science words you
already should know.
? iii ?
iv ¡ñ TO
THE
STUDENT
3. Introduction. An introductory section at the beginning of
each chapter sets the stage for the rest of the chapter. Here
you will find a list of Words to Know and the learning objectives for the chapter.
4. Step-by-step solutions to problems followed by practice.
Problem solving is presented logically, one step at a time.
Sample solutions to all types of Earth Science problems are
provided. These sample problems will help you approach
mathematical problems logically. To enhance your newly
acquired skill, you will find practice problems following
most sample problems.
5. Internet sites. Within the chapters are the URLs, or Web
addresses, of various internet sites that provide additional
information or activities.
6. End-of-chapter review questions. The Regents-style, Part
A, multiple-choice questions at the end of each chapter help
you to review and assess your grasp of the content. The
open-ended questions provide practice in answering questions found in Part B and Part C of the Regents exam. To
answer some of these questions you may need to refer to the
Earth Science Reference Tables or the tables found in the
chapters.
7. Appendices. Appendix A introduces you to laboratory
safety. In Appendix B, you will be presented with a format
to follow when preparing laboratory reports. Appendix C
reviews the International System of Units. Appendix D
lists the physical constants important to Earth Science.
Appendix E explores the use of graphs in science.
8. Glossary. This section contains all the boldfaced words
found in the text along with their definitions.
The study of Earth Science can be both stimulating and challenging. The author sincerely hopes that this book will increase
your enjoyment of this science.
Contents
Unit 1 Earth Measures and Models
1 ? Science AND Planet Earth
1
2
1: MA 1, 2, 3; 1: SI 1, 2, 3; 1: ED 1; 2: IS 1, 2, 3; 6: ST 1; 6: M 2;
6: M & S 3; 6: P of C 5; 6: O 6; 7: C 1; 7: S 2
What Is Science? / What Is Earth Science? / How Is Earth Science
Related to Other Sciences? / Why Study Earth Science? / How Do
Scientists Gather and Analyze Information? / How Is Density
Determined? / How Do Scientists Make and Use Graphs? / How Is
Technology Changing the Way Scientists Work?
Student Activities: Good Science and Bad Science; Exponential
Notation in the Real World; Making Estimations; Density of Solids;
The Thickness of Aluminum Foil; Making a Graph of the Revolution
of the Planets; An Internet Scavenger Hunt
2 ? Earth¡¯s Dimensions and Navigation
31
1: MA 1, 2, 3; 1: SI 3; 2: IS:1; 4: 1.1c, d, f, i; 4: 1.2c, 4: 2.1j;
6: M 2; 6: M & S 3;
What Is Earth¡¯s Shape? / What Are Earth¡¯s Parts? / How Is Location
Determined?
Student Activities: How Round Is Earth? Pie Graphs of Earth¡¯s
Spheres; Interpreting Reference Tables; Determining Your Latitude;
Finding Solar Noon; Determining Your Longitude; Reading Latitude
and Longitude on Maps
3 ? Models and Maps
56
1: MA 1, 3; 1: SI 1; 1: ED 1; 2: IS 1 4: 2.1q; 6: ST 1; 6: M 2;
6: M & S 3; 7: S 2
What Is a Model? / What Are Fields? / What Is a Topographic Map?
Student Activities: Models in Daily Life; A Map to Your Home;
Making a Water Compass; Characteristics of Isolines; A Temperature
Field; Making a Topographic Model; Reading Your Local Topographic
Map; A Profile on a Local Topographic Map; Interpreting Isoline Maps;
Rescue and Evacuation Planning
Unit 2 Minerals, Rocks, and Resources
4 ? INVESTIGATING Minerals
84
85
1: MA 1; 1: SI 1, 3; 4: 3.1a, b; 6: M 2
? v ?
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