McDonough Time
|Cold War II | Cold War II |
|Collapse of Communism Study Guide | |
| |Collapse of Communism Answers |
|Who served as President Richard Nixon’s secretary of state in | |
|1972? |Henry Kissinger |
|By 1972 what did President Nixon and Secretary of State Kissinger| |
|realize regarding the relationship between the Soviet Union and |instead of being strong allies, China and the Soviet Union had |
|China? |become rivals for power |
|During the early seventies, what policy did Nixon and Kissinger | |
|initiate (start) towards the Soviet Union and China? |by talking with both the Soviet Union and China, the U.S. hoped |
| |to play the two communist countries off against each other |
|What did the United States begin to establish with communist |formal diplomatic relations |
|China in 1972? | |
|With what Chinese leader did President Nixon meet in 1972? | |
|What is China’s capital? |Mao Zedong |
|To what other communist country did President Nixon travel in | |
|1972? |Beijing |
|Who was the leader of the Soviet Union? |the Soviet Union |
|What was the Soviet Union’s capital? | |
|What treaty did the United States and the Soviet Union sign in |Leonid Brezhnev |
|1972? | |
|Out of what talks did this treaty grow? |Moscow |
| |the SALT Treaty |
|Define the SALT talks. | |
| |the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) |
| |SALT talks = the Soviet-American discussions (1969) to establish |
| |limits on the number of strategic nuclear weapons held by both |
|Why was the SALT treaty so important, in spite of its many |sides |
|loopholes? |the SALT Treaty was the first step toward ending the nuclear arms|
| |race between the United States and the Soviet Union |
| |both internal and external pressures in the 1980s |
|What caused the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the |Ronald Reagan ; Republican |
|Cold War? | |
|Who became president in 1981and to which political party did the | |
|new president belong? |American power |
|What did President Reagan try to assert throughout the world | |
|during his first term? | |
|What did Reagan publicly call the Soviet Union? |an evil empire |
|Under Reagan’s leadership, what did the United States launch? | |
|How did Reagan’s new policy affect the United States relationship|a massive military buildup |
|with the Soviet Union? | |
|Under what conditions would President Reagan consider reductions |tension with the Soviet Union increased |
|in nuclear arms? | |
| |when Reagan was convinced that the United States was at least |
|What action did President Reagan take in Western Europe during |equal to the Soviet Union in military power |
|his first term? |placed new nuclear missiles in Western Europe |
|How did the renewal of the arms race affect the Soviet Union? | |
| |forced the Soviet Union to increase its military budget in order |
|Why was the need to increase military spending a serious problem |to compete with the United States |
|for the Soviet leadership? |because the Soviet economy was very inefficient |
|Who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985? | |
|What was the dual purpose of the new policies immediately adopted|Mikhail Gorbachev |
|by Mikhail Gorbachev? | |
|What does the Russian word glasnost mean? |1) revive the Soviet economy |
|Under Glasnost, what did Gorbachev allow in Soviet society for |2) reform the Soviet system |
|the first time? | |
|Define the term Glasnost. |glasnost = openness |
| | |
| |open criticism of the Soviet government |
|What did the Russian word perestroika mean? | |
|Under perestroika, what types of economic and political changes |Glasnost = Gorbachev’s policy of encouraging freedom of |
|did Gorbachev want to occur in Soviet society? |expression in the Soviet Union |
| |perestroika = restructuring of Soviet society |
|What lay at the heart of perestroika? |1) less government control of the economy |
|What Soviet leader said the Soviet people needed “to teach and to|2) some private enterprise |
|learn democracy”? |3) steps toward establishing democracy |
|Among what group did Gorbachev’s new policies raise high |economic restructuring |
|expectations? |Gorbachev |
|What expectations did Gorbachev’s new policies raise among the | |
|Soviet people? | |
| |among millions of well-educated Russians |
|How did Gorbachev’s reforms affect the communist system? |1) improvement in their standard of living |
|What other movement did the Gorbachev government face during the |2) increased freedom in Soviet society |
|late eighties? |placed even greater internal pressure on the communist system |
|To what in the United States were the Soviet republics |rising nationalism within the Soviet republics |
|equivalent? | |
|From what two sources did external pressures on the Soviet |Soviet republics = American states |
|government come? | |
|What feeling were the eastern European communist nations |1) from its eastern European communist satellites |
|experiencing during the late eighties? |2) President Ronald Reagan |
|Define the term satellite. |rising feeling of nationalism |
| | |
| | |
|What nations became satellites of the Soviet Union after World |satellite = a nation that is formally independent but dominated |
|War II? |by another power |
|List the Russian satellites. |nations of Eastern Europe |
| | |
| |Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, and |
|What movement created great unrest in Poland during the 1980s? |Romania |
|In what other Soviet satellite did the citizens hold mass |the Solidarity labor movement |
|protests during the late eighties? | |
|What western leader added pressure on the Soviet Union by |East Germany |
|traveling to the Berlin Wall and saying, “Mr. Gorbachev, tear | |
|down this wall”? | |
|What structure divided communist East Berlin from democratic West|President Ronald Reagan |
|Berlin? | |
|What structure in Berlin, Germany was the best-known symbol of | |
|the Cold War? | |
|What government had built the Berlin Wall? |the Berlin Wall |
|When and why was the Berlin Wall built? | |
| |the Berlin Wall |
|By late 1989, what happened in Berlin as a result of the | |
|instability of the East German government? | |
| |the East German government |
|What happened in Germany in late 1990? | |
| |1961 ; to keep East German citizens from escaping to democratic |
|After Germany’s reunification, what quickly happened in the |West Germany |
|Soviet Union’s other Eastern European satellites? |German citizens began to tear down the Berlin Wall, and the East |
|What happened to the Soviet Union in 1991? |German government did not try to stop them. |
|What made up the Soviet Union? |Germany was formally reunified under the democratic leadership of|
|What action did the three Baltic republics take in 1991? |West Germany. |
|What precedent did the three Baltic republics set by this action?|Communist governments fell from power. |
| | |
|By the end of 1991 what did Gorbachev agree to do? |It fell apart. |
| | |
|What action did Gorbachev take on Christmas Day, 1991? |15 republics |
|What war had ended by the end of 1991? |declared their independence from the Soviet Union |
| |set precedent for other Soviet republics to declare their |
| |independence |
| |dismantle (take apart) the entire Communist system, including the|
| |Soviet Communist Party |
| |resigned and declared the Soviet Union had ended |
| |the Cold War |
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