McDonough Time



|Cold War II | Cold War II |

|Collapse of Communism Study Guide | |

| |Collapse of Communism Answers |

|Who served as President Richard Nixon’s secretary of state in | |

|1972? |Henry Kissinger |

|By 1972 what did President Nixon and Secretary of State Kissinger| |

|realize regarding the relationship between the Soviet Union and |instead of being strong allies, China and the Soviet Union had |

|China? |become rivals for power |

|During the early seventies, what policy did Nixon and Kissinger | |

|initiate (start) towards the Soviet Union and China? |by talking with both the Soviet Union and China, the U.S. hoped |

| |to play the two communist countries off against each other |

|What did the United States begin to establish with communist |formal diplomatic relations |

|China in 1972? | |

|With what Chinese leader did President Nixon meet in 1972? | |

|What is China’s capital? |Mao Zedong |

|To what other communist country did President Nixon travel in | |

|1972? |Beijing |

|Who was the leader of the Soviet Union? |the Soviet Union |

|What was the Soviet Union’s capital? | |

|What treaty did the United States and the Soviet Union sign in |Leonid Brezhnev |

|1972? | |

|Out of what talks did this treaty grow? |Moscow |

| |the SALT Treaty |

|Define the SALT talks. | |

| |the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) |

| |SALT talks = the Soviet-American discussions (1969) to establish |

| |limits on the number of strategic nuclear weapons held by both |

|Why was the SALT treaty so important, in spite of its many |sides |

|loopholes? |the SALT Treaty was the first step toward ending the nuclear arms|

| |race between the United States and the Soviet Union |

| |both internal and external pressures in the 1980s |

|What caused the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the |Ronald Reagan ; Republican |

|Cold War? | |

|Who became president in 1981and to which political party did the | |

|new president belong? |American power |

|What did President Reagan try to assert throughout the world | |

|during his first term? | |

|What did Reagan publicly call the Soviet Union? |an evil empire |

|Under Reagan’s leadership, what did the United States launch? | |

|How did Reagan’s new policy affect the United States relationship|a massive military buildup |

|with the Soviet Union? | |

|Under what conditions would President Reagan consider reductions |tension with the Soviet Union increased |

|in nuclear arms? | |

| |when Reagan was convinced that the United States was at least |

|What action did President Reagan take in Western Europe during |equal to the Soviet Union in military power |

|his first term? |placed new nuclear missiles in Western Europe |

|How did the renewal of the arms race affect the Soviet Union? | |

| |forced the Soviet Union to increase its military budget in order |

|Why was the need to increase military spending a serious problem |to compete with the United States |

|for the Soviet leadership? |because the Soviet economy was very inefficient |

|Who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985? | |

|What was the dual purpose of the new policies immediately adopted|Mikhail Gorbachev |

|by Mikhail Gorbachev? | |

|What does the Russian word glasnost mean? |1) revive the Soviet economy |

|Under Glasnost, what did Gorbachev allow in Soviet society for |2) reform the Soviet system |

|the first time? | |

|Define the term Glasnost. |glasnost = openness |

| | |

| |open criticism of the Soviet government |

|What did the Russian word perestroika mean? | |

|Under perestroika, what types of economic and political changes |Glasnost = Gorbachev’s policy of encouraging freedom of |

|did Gorbachev want to occur in Soviet society? |expression in the Soviet Union |

| |perestroika = restructuring of Soviet society |

|What lay at the heart of perestroika? |1) less government control of the economy |

|What Soviet leader said the Soviet people needed “to teach and to|2) some private enterprise |

|learn democracy”? |3) steps toward establishing democracy |

|Among what group did Gorbachev’s new policies raise high |economic restructuring |

|expectations? |Gorbachev |

|What expectations did Gorbachev’s new policies raise among the | |

|Soviet people? | |

| |among millions of well-educated Russians |

|How did Gorbachev’s reforms affect the communist system? |1) improvement in their standard of living |

|What other movement did the Gorbachev government face during the |2) increased freedom in Soviet society |

|late eighties? |placed even greater internal pressure on the communist system |

|To what in the United States were the Soviet republics |rising nationalism within the Soviet republics |

|equivalent? | |

|From what two sources did external pressures on the Soviet |Soviet republics = American states |

|government come? | |

|What feeling were the eastern European communist nations |1) from its eastern European communist satellites |

|experiencing during the late eighties? |2) President Ronald Reagan |

|Define the term satellite. |rising feeling of nationalism |

| | |

| | |

|What nations became satellites of the Soviet Union after World |satellite = a nation that is formally independent but dominated |

|War II? |by another power |

|List the Russian satellites. |nations of Eastern Europe |

| | |

| |Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, and |

|What movement created great unrest in Poland during the 1980s? |Romania |

|In what other Soviet satellite did the citizens hold mass |the Solidarity labor movement |

|protests during the late eighties? | |

|What western leader added pressure on the Soviet Union by |East Germany |

|traveling to the Berlin Wall and saying, “Mr. Gorbachev, tear | |

|down this wall”? | |

|What structure divided communist East Berlin from democratic West|President Ronald Reagan |

|Berlin? | |

|What structure in Berlin, Germany was the best-known symbol of | |

|the Cold War? | |

|What government had built the Berlin Wall? |the Berlin Wall |

|When and why was the Berlin Wall built? | |

| |the Berlin Wall |

|By late 1989, what happened in Berlin as a result of the | |

|instability of the East German government? | |

| |the East German government |

|What happened in Germany in late 1990? | |

| |1961 ; to keep East German citizens from escaping to democratic |

|After Germany’s reunification, what quickly happened in the |West Germany |

|Soviet Union’s other Eastern European satellites? |German citizens began to tear down the Berlin Wall, and the East |

|What happened to the Soviet Union in 1991? |German government did not try to stop them. |

|What made up the Soviet Union? |Germany was formally reunified under the democratic leadership of|

|What action did the three Baltic republics take in 1991? |West Germany. |

|What precedent did the three Baltic republics set by this action?|Communist governments fell from power. |

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|By the end of 1991 what did Gorbachev agree to do? |It fell apart. |

| | |

|What action did Gorbachev take on Christmas Day, 1991? |15 republics |

|What war had ended by the end of 1991? |declared their independence from the Soviet Union |

| |set precedent for other Soviet republics to declare their |

| |independence |

| |dismantle (take apart) the entire Communist system, including the|

| |Soviet Communist Party |

| |resigned and declared the Soviet Union had ended |

| |the Cold War |

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