BIOLOGY BENCHMARK STUDYGUIDE M



BIOLOGY BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE M. MAY

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following is NOT a goal of science?

|a. |to investigate and understand the natural world |

|b. |to explain events in the natural world |

|c. |to use data to support a particular point of view |

|d. |to use derived explanations to make useful predictions |

ANS: C

2. The work of scientists usually begins with

|a. |testing a hypothesis. |c. |creating experiments. |

|b. |careful observations. |d. |drawing conclusions. |

ANS: B

3. Science differs from other disciplines, such as history and the arts, because science relies on

|a. |facts. |c. |observations. |

|b. |testing explanations. |d. |theories. |

ANS: B

4. Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two-week period results in

|a. |inferences. |c. |hypotheses. |

|b. |variables. |d. |data. |

ANS: D

5. You suggest that the presence of water could accelerate the growth of bread mold. This is a(an)

|a. |conclusion. |c. |experiment. |

|b. |hypothesis. |d. |analysis. |

ANS: B

6. A hypothesis

|a. |can be completely proven. |

|b. |may be disproved by a single experiment. |

|c. |does not have to be tested to be accepted as probably correct. |

|d. |is a proven fact. |

ANS: B

7. Hypotheses may arise from

|a. |prior knowledge. |c. |informed, creative imagination. |

|b. |logical inferences. |d. |all of the above |

ANS: D

8. Which of the following is a valid hypothesis for why a plant appears to be dying?

|a. |The plant is not being watered enough. |

|b. |The plant is being watered too much. |

|c. |The plant is receiving too much sunlight. |

|d. |all of the above |

ANS: D

9. In science, a hypothesis is useful only if

|a. |it is proven correct. |c. |it can be tested. |

|b. |it can be proven incorrect. |d. |the explanation is already known. |

ANS: C

10. A student suggests that a certain species of bacteria grows better in the light than in the dark. The student has 10 culture plates on which to grow the bacteria. Which of the following would be the best experiment to test this idea?

|a. |Grow 10 plates in the dark. |

|b. |Grow 10 plates in the light. |

|c. |Grow 5 plates in the dark and 5 plates in the light. |

|d. |Grow 10 plates in the light, with extra water. |

ANS: C

11. Which of the following variables present in Redi’s experiment on spontaneous generation is NOT a controlled variable?

|a. |gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat |

|b. |types of jars used |

|c. |types of meat used |

|d. |temperature at which the jars were stored |

ANS: A

12. A controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test

|a. |a conclusion. |c. |several variables. |

|b. |a mass of information. |d. |a single variable. |

ANS: D

13. Scientists publish the details of important experiments so that

|a. |their work can be repeated. |

|b. |their experimental procedures can be reviewed. |

|c. |others can try to reproduce the results. |

|d. |all of the above |

ANS: D

14. The ability to reproduce results is an important part of any

|a. |hypothesis. |c. |law. |

|b. |theory. |d. |experiment. |

ANS: D

15. When enough experimental data support a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a(an)

|a. |fact. |c. |inference. |

|b. |theory. |d. |conclusion. |

ANS: B

16. A theory

|a. |is always true. |

|b. |is the opening statement of an experiment. |

|c. |may be revised or replaced. |

|d. |is a problem to be solved. |

ANS: C

17. Which of the following theories is(are) needed to explain why marsupial mammals are found only in Australia?

|a. |theory of evolution |c. |both a and b |

|b. |theory of plate tectonics |d. |neither a nor b |

ANS: C

18. A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations is a(an)

|a. |hypothesis. |c. |theory. |

|b. |inference. |d. |controlled experiment. |

ANS: C

19. Biology is the study of

|a. |the land, water, and air on Earth. |c. |animals and plants only. |

|b. |the living world. |d. |the environment. |

ANS: B

20. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?

|a. |growth and development |c. |response to the environment |

|b. |ability to move |d. |ability to reproduce |

ANS: B

21. Which of the following characteristics of living things best explains why birds fly south for the winter?

|a. |Living things respond to their environment. |

|b. |Living things maintain internal balance. |

|c. |Living things are made up of units called cells. |

|d. |Living things are based on a universal genetic code. |

ANS: A

22. Cell specialization in multicellular organisms allows cells to

|a. |reproduce. |c. |respond to their environment. |

|b. |perform different functions. |d. |be less complex. |

ANS: B

23. The amount of light and temperature are examples of

|a. |factors necessary for life. |c. |factors to which living things respond. |

|b. |methods of energy production. |d. |factors that affect reproduction. |

ANS: C

24. The process by which organisms keep their internal conditions fairly constant is called

|a. |homeostasis. |c. |metabolism. |

|b. |evolution. |d. |photosynthesis. |

ANS: A

25. Which of the following levels of organization includes all of the living things on Earth?

|a. |population |c. |biosphere |

|b. |community |d. |environment |

ANS: C

26. What is the term for a group of organisms of one type living in the same place?

|a. |biosphere |c. |population |

|b. |ecosystem |d. |environment |

ANS: C

27. Which of the following terms includes all the others?

|a. |biologist |c. |zoologist |

|b. |botanist |d. |paleontologist |

ANS: A

28. Which level of organization includes all of the other levels?

|a. |organism |c. |population |

|b. |ecosystem |d. |community |

ANS: B

29. In the metric system, the basic unit of length is the

|a. |gram. |c. |yard. |

|b. |liter. |d. |meter. |

ANS: D

30. How many meters are in 2.4 km?

|a. |240 |c. |24,000 |

|b. |2,400 |d. |240,000 |

ANS: B

31. On the Celsius temperature scale, what is the boiling point of water?

|a. |68° |c. |212° |

|b. |100° |d. |1000° |

ANS: B

32. Which is NOT a unit of measurement in the metric system?

|a. |meter |c. |kilometer |

|b. |inch |d. |gram |

ANS: B

33. The basic unit of mass in SI is the

|a. |meter. |c. |liter. |

|b. |ounce. |d. |gram. |

ANS: D

34. To observe a small, living organism, a scientist might use a(an)

|a. |electronic balance. |c. |compound light microscope. |

|b. |TEM. |d. |electron microscope. |

ANS: C

35. What is the highest possible magnification that a scientist can use in order to study living cells?

|a. |1,000x with a compound light microscope |

|b. |1,000x with a scanning electron microscope |

|c. |2,000x with a transmission electron microscope |

|d. |10,000x with a transmission electron microscope |

ANS: A

36. Which of the following is the best reason for using a scanning electron microscope?

|a. |ability to magnify objects that are larger than 0.2 micrometers |

|b. |ability to observe live organisms |

|c. |ability to see three-dimensional images of the surfaces of objects |

|d. |ability to see movement within living cells |

ANS: C

37. An instrument that allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lenses to form an image is a(an)

|a. |compound light microscope. |c. |TEM. |

|b. |electron microscope. |d. |SEM. |

ANS: A

38. An instrument used to separate cell parts according to density is the

|a. |compound light microscope. |c. |blender. |

|b. |electron microscope. |d. |centrifuge. |

ANS: D

39. What is the term given to a group of cells that develops from a single original cell?

|a. |community |c. |nutrient solution |

|b. |cell culture |d. |cell fractionation |

ANS: B

40. A scientist has a sample of mouse blood and wants to separate the blood cells from the liquid portion of the blood. The best instrument to use would be a

|a. |compound light microscope. |c. |test tube. |

|b. |centrifuge. |d. |forceps. |

ANS: B

41. What technique is used to separate different cell parts?

|a. |microscopy |c. |cell fractionation |

|b. |cell culture |d. |all of the above |

ANS: C

42. Safety procedures are important when working

|a. |in a laboratory. |c. |with animals. |

|b. |in the field. |d. |all of the above |

ANS: D

43. Which of the following is NOT considered a safety procedure?

|a. |Read all the steps in your activity before doing it. |

|b. |If in doubt about any part of an activity, trust your instincts. |

|c. |Follow your teacher’s instructions. |

|d. |Follow the textbook directions exactly. |

ANS: B

44. What types of living organisms should you NOT come into contact with in your biology laboratory?

|a. |plants |

|b. |organisms that cause disease |

|c. |organisms that can be seen only with a microscope |

|d. |animals |

ANS: B

45. Because you may come in contact with organisms you cannot see, what safety procedure MUST be followed?

|a. |Read over your activity. |

|b. |Open the windows of the laboratory. |

|c. |Wash your hands thoroughly after completing the activity. |

|d. |Do not wear long sleeves. |

ANS: C

COMPLETION

1. During an experiment, measuring the height of a plant in centimeters would be an example of collecting ____________________ data.

ANS: quantitative

2. The information you gather during an experiment is called your ____________________.

ANS: data

3. Based on his ____________________, Redi made a prediction that keeping flies away from meat would prevent the appearance of maggots.

ANS: hypothesis

4. The name given to the idea that life could arise from nonliving matter is _________________________.

ANS: spontaneous generation

5. The scientist named ____________________ finally settled the argument over whether or not life could arise from nonliving matter.

ANS: Louis Pasteur

6. In science, a theory is a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of ____________________.

ANS: observations

7. The science that seeks to understand the living world is called ____________________.

ANS: biology

8. The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes is called ____________________.

ANS: metabolism

9. Biologists who study cactuses and African violets would be called ____________________.

ANS: botanists

10. A revised version of the original ____________________ system is called SI, or the International Systems of Units.

ANS: metric

11. A mass of 3000 kg is equal to ____________________ t.

ANS: 3

12. A specimen smaller than 0.2 micrometers must be completely dried out before being studied using a(an) ____________________ microscope.

ANS: electron

13. The ____________________ microscope is generally used in high-school laboratories.

ANS: compound light

14. To obtain identical copies of a single cell, scientists make a ____________________.

ANS: cell culture

15. Whenever you are working in your biology laboratory, it’s important for you to follow ____________________.

ANS: safety precautions

SHORT ANSWER

1. What is an inference?

ANS:

An inference is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience.

2. A number of rats are divided into two groups: One group is fed a normal diet, whereas the other group is fed the same diet but with one necessary mineral left out. The animals receiving the normal diet remained healthy; those in the other group grew weaker. Formulate a hypothesis based on this experiment.

ANS:

Sample answer: The missing mineral in the diet is needed for the health of the rats.

3. What is a hypothesis?

ANS:

A hypothesis is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations.

4. What flaw did supporters of spontaneous generation find with Spallanzani’s experimentation and his resulting conclusion that nonliving gravy did not produce living things?

ANS:

Spallanzani had excluded air from his experimental sealed jar, and other scientists hypothesized that air was a necessary factor in the process of generating life because air contained the “life force” needed to produce new life.

5. Using proper equipment is necessary when testing hypotheses. How was the flask Pasteur used in testing the hypothesis of spontaneous generation essential to his success?

ANS:

Pasteur’s flask was designed so that air was allowed to flow into the jar of broth, but it protected the broth from microorganisms.

6. What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

ANS:

A theory is a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations; a hypothesis is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations.

7. What are the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction?

ANS:

In sexual reproduction, two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of the new organism, whereas in asexual reproduction, the new organism has a single parent.

8. Which characteristic of living things is important to the survival of a group of animals rather than an individual member of this group? Why?

ANS:

Reproduction is important to maintaining a group of animals. A member of the group can survive without reproduction, but the entire group would die out if none of its members reproduced.

9. What structures are included in the level of organization called groups of cells?

ANS:

Tissues, organs, and organ systems are included in this level of organization.

10. What are five of the levels of organization that biologists study?

ANS:

Answers can include any five of the following: molecules, cells, groups of cells, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.

11. What is the metric system?

ANS:

The metric system is a decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10.

12. Why might scientists prefer using metric units of length rather than feet or inches?

ANS:

Metric units of length are easy to use because they are based on multiples of 10.

13. How do light microscopes differ from electron microscopes?

ANS:

Light microscopes produce images by focusing light rays, whereas electron microscopes produce images by focusing beams of electrons.

14. What does cell fractionation allow a scientist to study?

ANS:

Cell fractionation allows a scientist to study a particular part of a cell.

15. What safety precaution must you carry out after every scientific activity?

ANS:

Wash your hands thoroughly after every scientific activity.

OTHER

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

A scientist conducted an experiment to determine the effect of environment on the color of fur of a Himalayan rabbit. The Himalayan rabbit typically has a white coat except for its colder nose, feet, tail, and ears, which are black. The scientist shaved an area of hair on the back of each rabbit, then placed an ice pack over the shaved area on one rabbit (A).

[pic]

Figure 1–1

1. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 1–1, which rabbit is the control?

ANS:

Rabbit B is the control.

2. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 1–1, what is the variable in this experiment?

ANS:

Ice (temperature) is the variable.

3. Formulating Hypotheses Before completing the experiment in Figure 1–1, the scientist made a hypothesis. What is the hypothesis she is testing?

ANS:

The fur color of the Himalayan rabbit changes with the temperature.

4. Applying Concepts Why is Rabbit B essential to this experiment?

ANS:

Rabbit B is the control. An experiment without a control has no value, because the cause of any observed change cannot be determined.

5. Drawing Conclusions Based on your observations of Figure 1–1, conclude what effect temperature has on Himalayan rabbits.

ANS:

When the body of a Himalayan rabbit is cool, the rabbit’s hair will grow in dark. When the rabbit’s body is warm, the hair color is the normal white color.

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

[pic]

Figure 1-2

6. Interpreting Graphics According to Figure 1–2, how many populations of organisms are represented in this community?

ANS:

There are six populations in this community: hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, shrub.

7. Interpreting Graphics According to Figure 1–2, what are the nonliving elements in this ecosystem?

ANS:

Nonliving elements include rocks and the stream.

8. Applying Concepts The ecosystem shown in Figure 1–2 is part of what larger level of organization?

ANS:

This ecosystem is part of the biosphere.

9. Applying Concepts Each population in Figure 1–2 is made up of what level of organisms?

ANS:

Each population is made up of individual organisms.

10. Applying Concepts A population of rabbits lives on the other side of the prairie shown in Figure 1–2. Are the rabbits considered a part of this community? Explain your answer.

ANS:

No, the rabbits live in a different area. A community is defined as the populations that live together in a defined area.

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

|Common Metric Units |

|Length |Mass |

|1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm) |1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g) |

|1 meter = 1000 millimeters (mm) |1 gram = 1000 milligrams (mg) |

|1000 meters = 1 kilometer (km) |1000 kilograms = 1 metric ton (t) |

|Volume |Temperature |

|1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL) |0ºC = freezing point of water |

|1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm3) |100ºC = boiling point of water |

Figure 1–3

11. Using Tables and Graphs What four common metric units in Figure 1–3 are used to measure length?

ANS:

meter, centimeter, millimeter, kilometer

12. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 1–3, why are conversions easier to do using the metric system rather than using traditional English units, such as inches, feet, and yards?

ANS:

The metric system is based on multiples of 10, whereas traditional English units have many different conversion factors.

13. Using Tables and Graphs What is the boiling point of water in degrees Celsius?

ANS:

The boiling point of water in degrees Celsius is 100°C.

14. Applying Concepts Using Figure 1–3, what number does the prefix kilo- represent?

ANS:

The prefix kilo- means 1000.

15. Calculating If you have 2 L of water, how many milliliters do you have?

ANS:

Two L of water is equal to 2000 mL.

ESSAY

1. What is the goal of science?

ANS:

The goal of science is to investigate and understand the natural world, to explain events in the natural world, and to use those explanations to make useful predictions.

2. As the result of an experiment, you reject your hypothesis. Explain why you should not consider your efforts a waste of time.

ANS:

If the results of your experiment cause you to reject your hypothesis, you may change your hypothesis and carry out a new experiment. Further, the results of your first experiment may lead to many ideas for possible solutions to related problems. No matter what the outcome, a tested hypothesis has value because it helps researchers advance scientific knowledge.

3. While walking outside one night, you notice that moths are staying close to a light. Think about this phenomenon and generate a hypothesis to explain why it occurs. Outline the design of a controlled experiment that would test your hypothesis.

ANS:

Hypothesis: The moths are attracted to the light and/or heat. One way to test this hypothesis is to set up two identical light bulbs. Turn one bulb on and keep the other off to determine whether only the lit bulb attracts the moths.

4. Can a theory change over time? Explain your answer.

ANS:

A theory can change over time. No theory is considered absolute truth. As new evidence is uncovered, a theory may be revised or replaced by a more useful explanation.

5. How would you determine whether something is living or nonliving?

ANS:

Anything lacking one or more of the following characteristics of life is nonliving: made up of cells; reproduces; based on a universal genetic code; grows and develops; obtains and uses materials and energy; responds to its environment; maintains a stable internal environment; and, taken as a group, changes over time.

6. What is meant by a population of organisms? Describe two examples.

ANS:

A population is a group of one type of organisms that live in an area. Examples might include a herd of bison on a prairie; all of the clover plants in a field; all of the aphids on a plant; all of the earthworms in a particular plot of ground. Accept any two answers that correctly identify a population with one type of organism in one location.

7. Under what conditions would you use a compound light microscope and each type of electron microscope?

ANS:

A compound light microscope is used to view living cells and organisms. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to view the interiors of dead cells when greater magnifications are needed. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used for three-dimensional images of the surfaces of dead organisms.

8. Compare and contrast two common laboratory techniques: cell culturing and cell fractionation.

ANS:

Cell culturing is used to obtain material to study by placing a single cell into a nutrient solution. A group of cells then develops from the single original cell. Cell fractionation separates the different parts of a cell, which allows the study of a particular cell part.

9. Why is a universal system of measurement necessary in science? What are some units of the system used now, and what do they measure?

ANS:

A universal system of measurement allows scientists around the world to communicate their findings. Metric units such as meters, liters, grams, and Celsius allow scientists to measure length, volume, mass, and temperature, respectively.

10. Identify five things you might encounter in the laboratory that require you to practice safety precautions.

ANS:

Answers might include flames, heating elements, electricity, chemicals, hot liquids, sharp instruments, breakable glassware, and living or dead organisms.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. A seed plant is anchored in the ground by its

|a. |stems. |c. |leaves. |

|b. |roots. |d. |trichomes. |

ANS: B

2. Ground tissue is found in a plant’s

|a. |stems only. |c. |roots and stems only. |

|b. |stems and leaves only. |d. |roots, stems, and leaves. |

ANS: D

3. What type of tissue is the first tissue in a plant seedling?

|a. |ground |c. |meristematic |

|b. |vascular |d. |dermal |

ANS: C

4. In angiosperms, xylem consists of tracheids and

|a. |sieve tube elements. |c. |vessel elements. |

|b. |companion cells. |d. |parenchyma cells. |

ANS: C

5. If some of the xylem of a young oak tree were destroyed, it would most likely interfere with the tree’s ability to

|a. |conduct sugars to the roots. |c. |absorb water from the soil. |

|b. |absorb sunlight. |d. |conduct water to the leaves. |

ANS: D

6. Unlike tracheids, vessel elements

|a. |die before they conduct water. |c. |are found in angiosperms. |

|b. |form a continuous tube. |d. |are found in phloem. |

ANS: B

7. Vascular tissue in plants consists of

|a. |meristem. |c. |parenchyma and collenchyma cells. |

|b. |xylem and phloem. |d. |epidermal cells. |

ANS: B

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

[pic]

Figure 23–6

11. Interpreting Graphics What do the arrows in Figure 23–6 represent?

ANS:

The arrows represent the movement of water through a plant.

12. Inferring What kind of vascular tissue is involved in the processes represented in Figure 23–6?

ANS:

Xylem tissue transports water through a plant.

13. Inferring In Figure 23–6, what process causes water to move upward in part B of the plant?

ANS:

Capillary action causes water to move upward in part B.

14. Inferring In part C of Figure 23–6, what process is helping to bring water to the top of the plant?

ANS:

Transpiration is helping to bring water to the top of the plant.

15. Inferring What process is helping to move water upward through part A of Figure 23–6?

ANS:

Root pressure is helping to move water upward through part A.

SHORT ANSWER

1. What are three causes of disease?

ANS:

Diseases can be inherited, caused by materials in the environment, and produced by pathogens.

2. Why do you think blood is tested for pathogens before it is given to another person?

ANS:

Pathogens in the donor’s blood, such as HIV or hepatitis viruses, can be transmitted to another person through the blood; all efforts are taken to minimize the spread of disease through the blood supply.

3. Acyclovir is sometimes used to treat chickenpox and mononucleosis. This drug works by inhibiting the synthesis of viral DNA. Can acyclovir be considered an antibiotic? Why or why not?

ANS:

No, acyclovir is not an antibiotic because antibiotics are compounds that inhibit bacterial growth and are used to treat bacterial infections; acyclovir is an antiviral drug, which is used to treat some viral infections.

4. What are antibiotics?

ANS:

Antibiotics are compounds that kill bacteria without harming the cells of the human or animal hosts.

5. What role do interferons play in the immune system? Are they effective against all pathogens?

ANS:

Interferons, which interrupt viral replication, are produced by virus-infected cells and help slow down viral infections; thus, they are not effective at stopping nonviral pathogens.

6. How does the skin act as a nonspecific defense against pathogens?

ANS:

As long as the skin is not broken, it forms a secure barrier against invading pathogens; in addition, oil and sweat glands in the skin produce an acidic environment that kills bacteria on the surface of the skin.

7. Measles (rubeola) and German measles (rubella) are caused by different viruses. If you have recovered from rubeola, are you protected against infection with rubella? Why or why not?

ANS:

No, your body is not protected against infection with rubella because the two diseases are caused by two different viruses carrying two different antigens.

8. How do allergies occur?

ANS:

Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to certain antigens.

9. Describe the mechanism that causes allergies.

ANS:

Allergies result when antigens from allergens bind to mast cells, which release histamines, which in turn cause increased blood flow, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes.

10. What causes autoimmune diseases?

ANS:

When the immune system mistakes its own body’s cells for pathogens and attacks them, an autoimmune disease results.

11. Zidovudine (AZT) is a drug that inhibits the enzyme HIV needs to multiply. What effect would you expect AZT to have on the number of T cells in an HIV-infected person’s blood and immune system overall?

ANS:

The drug should increase the number of T cells in the blood and boost the person’s immune system.

12. What effects does HIV have on the immune system?

ANS:

HIV attacks helper T cells, reducing their number in the blood, weakening the immune system, and making the body susceptible to rare infections that the body is usually able to resist.

13. What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

ANS:

A benign tumor is one that is not cancerous and will not spread throughout the body; a malignant tumor is cancerous and is likely to spread.

14. List four behaviors that will help maintain your overall health.

ANS:

The four behaviors are: eating a healthful diet, getting plenty of exercise and rest, abstaining from harmful activities, and having regular checkups.

PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 1054 OBJ: 40.4.2

NAT: F.1

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