Chapter 18 Note Guide
Crimean War Recap:
The Liberalization of Tsarist Russia
• 1855: Alexander loosens the reigns
• Mir System: Emancipation of 1861- Legal Freedom for Serfs
o Land:1/2 to Peasants & ½ to Lords
[pic]
• Ukases in 1864: Reform Legal System, Local Government
o Replaces ______________________________ legal and political systems
o What type of rule of law in the courts?
o Zemstvos:
o Liberals call for:
o
Russo-Japanese War ( - )
Japan wants:
Russia wants:
Result: Japan angry because Russians using what they had won in 1895
WAR!
1904: Japanese naval attack @ Port Arthur
Each send armies into Manchuria
Battle of Mukden __________________________
Tsushima Strait
Teddy Roosevelt: American interest leads to Treaty of _________________
3 consequences:
1. Russia turns attn. Back to Europe, esp. ___________
2. Russian disgust at ineptitude sparks Rev. of _______
3. Solidifies Japan as “great” power
Background to the Russian Revolution
Alexander II: _____________ of 1861, _____________ 1881
Alexander III: Russification
(meanwhile, Russian cultural, European revival: Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Tchaikovsky)
Industrially, pre-1914, on par, with ~1850 GB & France.
• Importing more than exporting, int’l economy.
Increasing __________ and _____________
Though factories employ many employees, allows for better organization of politics and economy.
Owners: mostly foreign or the tsar (who’s borrowing heavily from Euro)
Become “___________” (constitutional democrats)
Otherwise, country mostly agricultural, organized by mir system:
Peasants value ___________ ownership
Pay redemption until 1906
Paying high __________ (tsar’s borrowing from Europe)
+ Export of food = _____________
“land hunger”: need for more land to pay the above
Revolutionary Parties
1. ___________: cultural legacy of revolt
Want more land and feel deserve it. Class tension with gentry and legacy of revolution
2. ___________
Began with Decembrists Revolt, 1825
Emphasis on perfection of doctrine
Are peasants or industrial workers the proletariat?
Must Russia go through capitalism before socialism?
INTELLIGENSIA - Two types:
A.Populist
▪ Faith in power of the __________
▪ Believe can skip capitalism by strengthening ________
B. Social Democrats
▪ Populists Axelrod and Plekhanov, and eventually __________, who converted to Marxism in exile
▪ Feel peasants are too __________
▪ Revolution :
▪ Must develop capitalism first!
▪ Suspicious:
▪ To others: academic, conditional, too far in future
1903: Congresses in Brussels and London:
Bolshevik Menshevik
`-small rev. elite with centralized party -large, open party
-central committee decides party line -democratic platform making
-Strengthen party with purges -compromise within party and with
other parties
Revolution of 1905
← After 1900:
• Describe Nicholas II:
← Unrest among the Peasants:
• Who is Father Gapon?
← Aug. 1905: Nicholas II calls :
← Oct. 1905: St. Petersburg Soviet general strike stops all work
← Oct. 1905: Nicky issues October Manifesto
◦ Promises _________________________________________
◦ Intended to divide: liberals like this, peasants/workers know is a ploy
◦ Strikes continue; military mutinies
← Nicky recovers… _______________________________________________________________
← Results of 1905:
What about the Dumas?
Summarize the WWI Situation…
Why did the 1905 Revolution Fail?
[pic]
The Two Revolutions of 1917
← 9/1915:
← Zemstovs demand Duma: Reconvene 11/16 and complain of war, inept government
← 12/16/1916: _______________________
← All considering coup d’etat
← 3/8/1917: _____________________________. Troops refuse to fire
← Middle class leaders demand new ministry
← Nicholas disbands ___________________
March…
← March 14: Duma committee forms ______________________________________
← Demand _____________________ and the troops force (under pressure from Petrograd Soviet)
← March 17: Nicholas II abdicates, Russia becomes a republic
Provisional Government:
← Promise elections to a Constituent Assembly to write a constitution
← Continue war, and badly. Petrograd Soviet demands end
← Effects:
1917 Continued:
← July 1917: __________________________ Who is blamed?
← Lvov replaced with Kerensky for popular support
← General Kornilov sends cavalry to “restore order”. All blame Kerensky for allowing.
How did Lenin impose Communist Control in Russia between 1917-1924?
“PEACE, LAND, BREAD!”
← Lenin sets aside dogma to appeal to masses
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
3. ______________________________
4. ______________________________
“All Power to the Soviets!”
← Kerensky: calls pre-parliament. Bolsheviks boycott, call all-__________________ Congress of Soviets
← Night of Nov. 6-7, 1917: Bolsheviks take _________________________________ at Kerensky (Winter Palace)
October (aka November) Revolution:
← Congress of Soviets announces end to __________________________
← Replaced with Council of People’s Commissars:
← 2 resolutions:
Gaining a Dictatorship of the Proletariat
← Jan. 1918 Constituent Assembly meets
← March 1918: Bolsheviks renamed _________________________
Communist Party:
← 3/3/1918: Treaty of _________________.
← Everyone else, with aid from West, formed civil war against all anti-Lenin activity
← Counterrevolutionary Political police: ____________ Established 12/1917
← “War communism”:
Describe the Civil War:
Red Terror:
← Russian “Reign of Terror”
← Objective:
← Results:
USSR & Stalin
USSR stands for _________________________________ established _____________________.
Description:
=
Lenin’s New Economic Policy (________________):
← ____________ + _____________ + ______________= famine
← Lenin: ____________________ happened too fast. Need to compromise with capitalism
← NEP: _______________________________________________
← Allow trade for profit between peasants and workers
← Restores production to 1913 levels by 1928.
Trotsky Lenin
-----------------------
What revolt in 1863 slows down reform?
March 13, 1881: Alexander II approves moderate national DUMA…
March 13, 1881: Alexander II approves moderate national DUMA…
March 13, 1881: Alexander II approves moderate national DUMA…
Lesson for other non-Euros: oust Euros by using their own tactics.
Thus, ”____________”
Exception: kulaks
Lenin:
Denounces any changes to _____________
Combines Marxist politics and Russian
revolutionary tradition
Believed:
Bloody Sunday:
Reaction:
Stolypin Reforms:
← __________________: 1906-1911
← Wants to give reforms and encourage individual ownership -
◦ Peasants allowed to sell share in mir, no more redemption payments.
◦ Zemstvos: increased power
← Reaction:
◦ Liberals: __________________
◦ Conservatives: __________________ Stolypin; too western
◦ Marxists: _________________ believe will quiet peasants
← What happens to Stolypin?
← Bolsheviks win majority in the Petrograd Soviet
2
1
The Party:
The State:
Lenin dies in 1924
Who was successful?
Why?
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