Chapter 18 Note Guide



Crimean War Recap:

The Liberalization of Tsarist Russia

• 1855: Alexander loosens the reigns

• Mir System: Emancipation of 1861- Legal Freedom for Serfs

o Land:1/2 to Peasants & ½ to Lords

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• Ukases in 1864: Reform Legal System, Local Government

o Replaces ______________________________ legal and political systems

o What type of rule of law in the courts?

o Zemstvos:

o Liberals call for:

o

Russo-Japanese War ( - )

Japan wants:

Russia wants:

Result: Japan angry because Russians using what they had won in 1895

WAR!

1904: Japanese naval attack @ Port Arthur

Each send armies into Manchuria

Battle of Mukden __________________________

Tsushima Strait

Teddy Roosevelt: American interest leads to Treaty of _________________

3 consequences:

1. Russia turns attn. Back to Europe, esp. ___________

2. Russian disgust at ineptitude sparks Rev. of _______

3. Solidifies Japan as “great” power

Background to the Russian Revolution

Alexander II: _____________ of 1861, _____________ 1881

Alexander III: Russification

(meanwhile, Russian cultural, European revival: Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Tchaikovsky)

Industrially, pre-1914, on par, with ~1850 GB & France.

• Importing more than exporting, int’l economy.

Increasing __________ and _____________

Though factories employ many employees, allows for better organization of politics and economy.

Owners: mostly foreign or the tsar (who’s borrowing heavily from Euro)

Become “___________” (constitutional democrats)

Otherwise, country mostly agricultural, organized by mir system:

Peasants value ___________ ownership

Pay redemption until 1906

Paying high __________ (tsar’s borrowing from Europe)

+ Export of food = _____________

“land hunger”: need for more land to pay the above

Revolutionary Parties

1. ___________: cultural legacy of revolt

Want more land and feel deserve it. Class tension with gentry and legacy of revolution

2. ___________

Began with Decembrists Revolt, 1825

Emphasis on perfection of doctrine

Are peasants or industrial workers the proletariat?

Must Russia go through capitalism before socialism?

INTELLIGENSIA - Two types:

A.Populist

▪ Faith in power of the __________

▪ Believe can skip capitalism by strengthening ________

B. Social Democrats

▪ Populists Axelrod and Plekhanov, and eventually __________, who converted to Marxism in exile

▪ Feel peasants are too __________

▪ Revolution :

▪ Must develop capitalism first!

▪ Suspicious:

▪ To others: academic, conditional, too far in future

1903: Congresses in Brussels and London:

Bolshevik Menshevik

`-small rev. elite with centralized party -large, open party

-central committee decides party line -democratic platform making

-Strengthen party with purges -compromise within party and with

other parties

Revolution of 1905

← After 1900:

• Describe Nicholas II:

← Unrest among the Peasants:

• Who is Father Gapon?

← Aug. 1905: Nicholas II calls :

← Oct. 1905: St. Petersburg Soviet general strike stops all work

← Oct. 1905: Nicky issues October Manifesto

◦ Promises _________________________________________

◦ Intended to divide: liberals like this, peasants/workers know is a ploy

◦ Strikes continue; military mutinies

← Nicky recovers… _______________________________________________________________

← Results of 1905:

What about the Dumas?

Summarize the WWI Situation…

Why did the 1905 Revolution Fail?

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The Two Revolutions of 1917

← 9/1915:

← Zemstovs demand Duma: Reconvene 11/16 and complain of war, inept government

← 12/16/1916: _______________________

← All considering coup d’etat

← 3/8/1917: _____________________________. Troops refuse to fire

← Middle class leaders demand new ministry

← Nicholas disbands ___________________

March…

← March 14: Duma committee forms ______________________________________

← Demand _____________________ and the troops force (under pressure from Petrograd Soviet)

← March 17: Nicholas II abdicates, Russia becomes a republic

Provisional Government:

← Promise elections to a Constituent Assembly to write a constitution

← Continue war, and badly. Petrograd Soviet demands end

← Effects:

1917 Continued:

← July 1917: __________________________ Who is blamed?

← Lvov replaced with Kerensky for popular support

← General Kornilov sends cavalry to “restore order”. All blame Kerensky for allowing.

How did Lenin impose Communist Control in Russia between 1917-1924?

“PEACE, LAND, BREAD!”

← Lenin sets aside dogma to appeal to masses

1. ______________________________

2. ______________________________

3. ______________________________

4. ______________________________

“All Power to the Soviets!”

← Kerensky: calls pre-parliament. Bolsheviks boycott, call all-__________________ Congress of Soviets

← Night of Nov. 6-7, 1917: Bolsheviks take _________________________________ at Kerensky (Winter Palace)

October (aka November) Revolution:

← Congress of Soviets announces end to __________________________

← Replaced with Council of People’s Commissars:

← 2 resolutions:

Gaining a Dictatorship of the Proletariat

← Jan. 1918 Constituent Assembly meets

← March 1918: Bolsheviks renamed _________________________

Communist Party:

← 3/3/1918: Treaty of _________________.

← Everyone else, with aid from West, formed civil war against all anti-Lenin activity

← Counterrevolutionary Political police: ____________ Established 12/1917

← “War communism”:

Describe the Civil War:

Red Terror:

← Russian “Reign of Terror”

← Objective:

← Results:

USSR & Stalin

USSR stands for _________________________________ established _____________________.

Description:

=

Lenin’s New Economic Policy (________________):

← ____________ + _____________ + ______________= famine

← Lenin: ____________________ happened too fast. Need to compromise with capitalism

← NEP: _______________________________________________

← Allow trade for profit between peasants and workers

← Restores production to 1913 levels by 1928.

Trotsky Lenin

-----------------------

What revolt in 1863 slows down reform?

March 13, 1881: Alexander II approves moderate national DUMA…

March 13, 1881: Alexander II approves moderate national DUMA…

March 13, 1881: Alexander II approves moderate national DUMA…

Lesson for other non-Euros: oust Euros by using their own tactics.

Thus, ”____________”

Exception: kulaks

Lenin:

Denounces any changes to _____________

Combines Marxist politics and Russian

revolutionary tradition

Believed:

Bloody Sunday:

Reaction:

Stolypin Reforms:

← __________________: 1906-1911

← Wants to give reforms and encourage individual ownership -

◦ Peasants allowed to sell share in mir, no more redemption payments.

◦ Zemstvos: increased power

← Reaction:

◦ Liberals: __________________

◦ Conservatives: __________________ Stolypin; too western

◦ Marxists: _________________ believe will quiet peasants

← What happens to Stolypin?

← Bolsheviks win majority in the Petrograd Soviet

2

1

The Party:

The State:

Lenin dies in 1924

Who was successful?

Why?

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